PUBLISH
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
11/13/98
THOMAS K. KAHN
No. 96-4852
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 94-6566-CIV-HIGHSMITH
MARC BERMAN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ORKIN EXTERMINATING COMPANY, INC.,
a Delaware Corporation,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Florida
(November 13, 1998)
Before EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, and CLARK and WELLFORD*, Senior Circuit Judges.
CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge:
_________________________
*Honorable Harry W. Wellford, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
Plaintiff-appellant Marc Berman appeals the judgment for defendant-
appellee Orkin Exterminating Company, Inc. (“Orkin”) on Berman’s employment
discrimination claim. We reverse.
I.
Berman, a member of the Jewish religion, began his employment with
Orkin in 1989 as a termite salesman in the Hallandale, Florida office. Berman
qualified for the president’s club and honor council based on his 1990 sales. In May
1990, Berman questioned manager David Bernstein regarding the reduction in
Berman’s commission from his sale of fumigation contract, and was told that the
reduction was because “[y]ou’re Jewish.”1 About the same period of time, Berman
heard manager Raul Quiroga refer to Jewish and Jamaican persons in the Hallandale
office as “Jewmaicans” and comment that “[t]he Jew didn’t make any money today.”2
Berman said that manager Jose Rodriguez once said to Berman “[y]ou’re a Jew; you
1
R4 at 24-26. Bernstein testified that Berman’s religion had no bearing on the reduction of
the commission, and explained that it was a business decision. R8 at 562-563.
2
R4 at 31. Orkin employees Scott Morris and Sean Daniels testified that they had overheard
Quiroga make multiple comments at various times regarding Berman’s religion. Morris and
Daniels said that Quiroga’s use of the term “Jewmaican” became commonplace in the office, and
was used several times during a month. R6 at 299, 345-348. Quiroga denied making such
comments.
2
know how to make money.”3 Bernstein testified that Berman never complained to
him about any religious comments made in the Hallandale office.
In February 1992, Berman was promoted to sales manager of the West
Palm Beach office. While Berman worked in West Palm Beach, regional sales
coordinator William Hill made two comments to Berman which Berman considered
to be anti-Semitic.4 After Berman turned down a promotion to Miami, he was
transferred to the Pompano office as a salesman.5 In May 1993, while Berman worked
in the Pompano office, a message was left on Berman’s home answering machine
concerning a sales lead in which the speaker referred to Berman being Jewish.6
Berman identified the voice on the answering machine as belonging to Pompano
3
R4 at 31-32. Berman qualified for the president’s club again in 1991 based on his yearly
sales. Morris said that he also heard Rodriguez use the term “Jewmaican” several times in
reference to Berman. R6 at 310-312.
4
Berman testified that during a meeting break, Hill “came up to me and he said, ‘I told you
to sit down. You fucking people never listen.’” R4 at 34-35. A few weeks after Berman turned
down a promotion to Miami, Berman testified that Hill said “[y]ou had your chance, and I can’t
believe you people would turn down a raise.” R4 at 35-36. Hill also denied making any
statements using the term “you people” to Berman, or knowing anything about Berman’s
religion.
5
Hill said that Berman was transferred because he was ineffective as the West Palm Beach
sales manager.
6
On the message, the speaker referred to Berman as “[y]ou Jewish fuck.” R3 at 148,
Appendix D at 100-101.
3
branch manager Mark Craven.7 After receiving this message, Berman’s sales territory
was eliminated. In June 1993, Berman filed a Charge of Discrimination with the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) alleging discrimination based
on his religion. Hill, Miami region manager Tom Cafiero, and South Florida region
manager Joseph Cannariato were aware of Berman’s first EEOC charge.
On August 12, 1993, Cannariato offered Berman in writing a transfer to
the Fort Lauderdale office as a sales supervisor with a slight increase in pay.8 On
August 16, 1993, Cannariato and Berman discussed the Ft. Lauderdale sales
supervisor position, but Berman rejected the offer.9 Berman testified that he declined
the transfer because he was afraid that he would not be able to completely satisfy
Cannariato and would not have been able to sell.10 After Berman had rejected the
offer, Cannariato, on August 16, 1993, involuntarily transferred Berman to Ft.
7
South Florida region manager Joseph Cannariato confirmed that the voice on the tape
sounded like Craven, and explained that he had given Craven a corrective action report after
Cannariato heard the tape. Orkin employee Scott Morris testified that Craven told him to “[r]ide
with Marc, he’s a Jew and he can teach you how to make money.” R6 at 292.
8
R4 at 52.
9
R4 at 52.
10
Howard Houston, Orkin region service coordinator and former Fort Lauderdale sales
manager, testified that, although he had never spoken with Berman concerning the sales
supervisor position, the job of sales supervisor would have had only a minimal impact on
Berman’s ability to sell and would have had ample time to sell. Cannariato and Orkin branch
manager John Markerson also stated that Berman would have been able to continue selling if he
had accepted the sales supervisor’s job. R6 at 477; R8 at 575.
4
Lauderdale as a sales person.11 On August 26, 1993, Berman filed a second EEOC
charge alleging retaliation based on the filing of his first EEOC charge.12 Within a
few days of Berman’s transfer to the Fort Lauderdale office, his sales territory was
cut in half, but was later reinstated.13 When Berman complained, he was told by
branch manager Howard “Sam” Houston that “ if [Berman] d[idn]’t like it, [Berman]
should quit.”14 Berman never complained of religious discrimination to Houston or
advised Houston that Berman had filed an EEOC complaint.
In October 1993, Berman was transferred from the Fort Lauderdale office
to the Hallandale office, and was told that he would have his original territory.15 In
Hallandale, Berman’s sales manager was Dennis Bacerio, and his branch manager was
11
In an inter-office memorandum, Cannariato stated that the “reason for the transfer is the
constant personality conflict between you and Mark Craven. Cannariato testified that he
initiated the transfer based on the “great conflict of interest” between Berman and Craven. R8 at
573. Berman testified that he was transferred from the Pompano office to the Fort Lauderdale
office on August 18, 1993. R4 at 48, 52-53; R5 at 234.
12
Berman alleged that, after the filing of his first EEOC charge, he was not given sales leads;
despite his complaints, his supervisors failed to correct the failure to give him sales leads; he was
offered a transfer which would have resulted in his not being able to sell or to satisfy the regional
manager; was transferred to Ft Lauderdale; and his sales territory was cut in half. R3-148,
Appendix A. Cannariato said that he never took any action against Berman because he had filed
an EEOC charge. R8 at 569.
13
Orkin employee Harvey Bernstein testified that Berman’s territory was “much larger than
the other territories.” R6 at 422.
14
R4 at 54, 58.
15
Cannariato told Berman that he was being transferred because he was disruptive. R4 at 63.
5
Alex McKinsey. On a weekly basis or when Berman did not understand something,
Bacerio would ask whether Berman wanted Bacerio “to speak Jewish to [him].”16
Berman’s Hallandale territory was cut five blocks on his first day, five additional
blocks a week later, and to one-half its previous size in May 1994. The May 1994 cut
caused Berman an economic loss since May was the “best month of the year for
termite sales.” In June 1994, Berman’s territory was reinstated, cut, and reinstated
again. Berman was terminated on July 15, 1994.
Berman filed this action against Orkin alleging religious discrimination
and retaliation in violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.17 The case proceeded
to trial. At the close of Berman’s case and at the close of the entire case, Orkin moved
for judgment as a matter of law but the district court reserved ruling on Orkin’s
motions. The jury rendered a verdict for Berman for $18,500.00 on his retaliation
claim, but for Orkin on Berman’s religious discrimination claim.
After the jury was dismissed, the court ordered Orkin to file a brief in
support of its motion for judgment as a matter of law as to the retaliation claim, and
16
R5 at 92-93; R6 at 276-278. Morris testified that he had heard Bacerio and several other
managers make the same statement, or the statement “Do I need to speak Yiddish to you,” to
Berman. R6 at 303-304, 331-332. Morris also testified that he heard Bacerio say, in reference to
Berman, that he was “not giving that Jewish bastard any leads I don’t have to,” and “I’m tired of
arguing with that Jewish bastard . . . .“ R6 at 306-309.
17
42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2 and 2000e-3. Berman also alleged a state law defamation claim.
The district court granted Orkin’s motion to dismiss the defamation claim, and Berman does not
challenge this dismissal on appeal
6
for Berman to respond. Orkin renewed its motion for judgment as a matter of law,
Berman responded, and Orkin replied. The district court granted Orkin’s motion
finding that Berman “presented no evidence to satisfy the third element of a prima
facie case” that “any adverse employment action was causally related to the filing of
[Berman’s] grievance with the EEOC.” It noted that Berman had acknowledged that
Orkin’s failure to provide him with sales leads predated Berman’s filing of a
18
complaint with the EEOC. It noted that, although Berman claimed that Orkin
retaliated against him by reducing the size of his territory while he worked in the Fort
Lauderdale and Hallandale offices, Berman presented no evidence that “the managers
charged with making these decisions” were involved in, or even aware of [Berman’s]
complaint against the Pompano office.”19 Berman timely appealed.
II.
On appeal, Berman argues that there was sufficient evidence for a
reasonable jury to find that he had proven a prima facie case of retaliation. He alleged
that the district court focused on only the sales leads and reduction of his territory, and
failed to consider the “illusory promotion” and the involuntary transfers. He stated
that the adverse employment acts occurred after he had filed both his initial and
18
R3-179 at 5.
19
R3-179 at 5-6.
7
second EEOC charges. He maintains that Orkin’s regional manager responsible for
the transfers, the assistant regional manager, and the regional sales coordinator were
aware of the EEOC charges.
This court reviews de novo the district court’s grant of judgment as a
matter of law, and applies the same standard as that applied by the district court.20 A
court must view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party
and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party when considering
a motion for judgment as a matter of law.21 The court should grant the motion only
if it finds that reasonable people exercising impartial judgment could not arrive at a
contrary verdict, and may not weigh the evidence or decide the credibility of the
witnesses.22 To survive a motion for judgment as a matter of law, the nonmoving
party must provide more than a scintilla of evidence that there is a “substantial conflict
in evidence to support a jury question.”23
20
Combs v. Plantation Patterns,
106 F.3d 1519, 1526 (11th Cir. 1997).
21
Id., quoting Carter v. City of Miami,
870 F.2d 578, 581 (11th Cir. 1989)
22
Combs,
106 F.3d at 1526, citing Carter,
870 F.2d at 581.
23
Combs,
106 F.3d at 1526.
8
To prove discriminatory treatment violating Title VII, a plaintiff must
first establish a prima facie case of discrimination.24 If the plaintiff presents direct
evidence that a "discriminatory animus played a significant or substantial role in the
employment decision, the burden shifts to the employer to show that the decision
would have been the same absent discrimination."25 A statement by a person who
played no part in the adverse personnel decision is not direct evidence of
discrimination.26
Absent direct evidence of discrimination, a plaintiff in a retaliation case
must establish a prima facie case by showing that (1) the plaintiff engaged in a
statutorily protected activity; (2) the employer took an adverse employment action
against him; and (3) there is a causal connection between the protected activity and
the adverse action.27 The third prong is satisfied if the evidence shows that the
protected activity and the adverse action are not totally unrelated.28 If a prima facie
24
Coutu v. Martin County Board of County Commissioners,
47 F.3d 1068, 1073 (11th Cir.
1995).
25
Haynes v. W.C. Caye & Co.,
52 F.3d 928, 931 (11th Cir. 1995).
26
See Mauter v. The Hardy Corporation,
825 F.2d 1554, 1557 (11th Cir. 1987).
27
Bigge v. Albertsons, Inc.,
894 F.2d 1497, 1501 (11th Cir. 1990).
28
Id., citing Simmons v. Camden County Board of Education,
757 F.2d 1187, 1189 (11th
Cir.), cert. denied,
474 U.S. 981,
106 S.Ct. 385,
88 L.Ed.2d 338 (1985); Coutu,
47 F.3d at 1073;
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
411 U.S. 792,
93 S.Ct. 1817, 1824,
36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973).
9
case is established, the inference is raised that discriminatory intent motivated the
adverse employment action, and the burden shifts to the employer to "clearly articulate
in a reasonably specific manner a legitimate non-discriminatory reason" for the
adverse action with credible evidence.29 If the employer satisfies this burden, the
burden again shifts to the plaintiff to show that the proffered reason is a pretext for the
true discriminatory reason.30 The transfer of an employee which results in a
substantial reduction in the employee's income is an adverse employment action.31
In a retaliation case where the plaintiff has failed to produce direct
evidence of discrimination, the employer may rebut the prima facie case of retaliation
by articulating a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for the employment action with
credible evidence.32 In order to state a retaliation claim, the plaintiff need only show
that he had a “reasonable belief” that an unlawful employment practice was occurring,
and is not required to show that the employer actually engaged in an unlawful
employment practice.33
29
Id.
30
Id.
31
Baker v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
903 F.2d 1515, 1519 (11th Cir. 1990).
32
Id.
33
Wu v. Thomas,
863 F.2d 1543, 1549 (11th Cir.), reh’g denied
871 F.2d 122 (1989) (finding
it irrelevant that the plaintiff had lost an earlier sex discrimination claim against her employer).
10
It is undisputed that Berman engaged in a statutorily protected activity
by filing EEOC charges alleging religious discrimination on June 15, 1993, and on
August 26, 1993. Although Berman did not ultimately prevail, it appears that, based
on the comments regarding his religion and the transfers and reductions in his
territory, he had a “reasonable belief” that an unlawful employment practice was
occurring.
The district court found that Berman had failed to show that Orkin had
taken adverse employment action against him after he had filed his EEOC charge, and
had failed to show that any adverse employment action was causally related to his
EEOC charge. But the district court failed to consider that an involuntary transfer,
when coupled with a sharp corresponding reduction in territory size, can constitute
adverse employment action. On causation, the court overlooked testimony that one
of the managers, Joseph Cannariato, involved in the transfers was not only aware of
Berman’s EEOC complaint, but -- according to Cannariato -- was motivated chiefly
by the “conflict of interest” between Berman and his alleged harasser. Also, the first
transfer occurred within five weeks after Berman had filed his EEOC charge and both
transfers occurred within a couple of months of the complaint. Based on this
evidence, it appears that Berman established a prima facie case of retaliation
11
Therefore, the district court erred in granting judgment as a matter of law to Orkin on
the retaliation claim.
For these reasons, the district court’s order granting judgment as a matter
of law to Orkin on Berman’s retaliation claim is REVERSED, and the jury’s verdict
for Berman is REINSTATED.
WELLFORD, Senior Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
In this vigorously contested case, the jury found in favor of the defendant on
Berman's discrimination claim. The district court entered a final judgment in defendant's favor on
this claim and we have affirmed this action. Plaintiff filed his discrimination claim on or about June
12
1315, 1993. He complained about adverse actions taken against him by reason of his religion in
paragraphs 14 through 34, inclusive, that took place before he filed his discrimination charge.34 He
sets forth asserted discriminatory religious conduct under Title VII through paragraph 70 of his
complaint. Plaintiff failed to sustain all of these charges, some of which entailed conduct after June
15, 1993.
There is no question but that Berman received promotions and pay increases while
he was working for defendant. He declined an offered promotion (or any with a pay increase) to a
position of sales supervisor in Orkin's Miami office in 1992, and Berman declined, at a later time,
another such promotion to Orkin's Pompano office. Berman does not challenge this jury verdict on
the discrimination claim.
Berman's retaliation charge, filed August 26, 1993, asserted these claims:
(1) sales leads were given to others, and his complaints
went unanswered;
(2) he was promised a new territory which was cut in
half;
(3) hearsay information that a branch manager will never
offer him a managerial position again.
The EEOC found no basis to believe there had been, in fact, a violation of the statute of July 18,
1994.
The district court, which had opportunity to hear the proof and evidence, granted
judgment as a matter of law to defendant. The district court made a finding as to contention (1) that
34
In Paragraphs 50 through 54 and 57 and 58, Berman reiterated some of these same charges
pertaining to alleged discriminatory conduct of defendant that occurred prior to June 15, 1993.
13
Berman acknowledged that defendant's alleged failure to give him sales leads took place before his
original charge on June 15, 1993. This is borne out by the original complaint.
The district court found that "plaintiff acknowledged that, at all times, his territory
was at least as large as that of other salespeople, and Berman had no knowledge whether or not
territory changes resulted from changes in the size of staff," as defendant maintained.
Even if arguendo it were assumed that there were a basis for these changes, the
district court concluded that "plaintiff failed to establish that any adverse employment action was
causally related to the filing of the plaintiff's grievance with the EEOC."
Berman's case, at best, was a thin one. Especially troubling was refusal of the offer
of promotion in light of uncontradicted testimony of Orkin officials that had he accepted this
promotion, this supervisory position would have had little, if any, impact on his continued ability
to sell. Also troubling is that Berman's many other complaints about being mistreated because he
was Jewish were found not to have any substance by the jury (nor by the EEOC).
Reluctantly, I join the opinion that we should reverse the district court with respect
to the retaliation claim and the award of damages. I would not, however, grant reinstatement to
Berman under the circumstances of this case.
14
