PUBLISH
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 97-4024
D. C. Docket No. 95-2033-CIV-JAL
DEBRA A. BRADDY,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
SECURITY, Douglas Jamerson, Secretary of Labor,
ROBERT LYNCH, in his individual capacity,
E. KATHRYN DAVIS, in her individual capacity,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
(January 21, 1998)
Before DUBINA, Circuit Judge, FAY and KEITH*, Senior Circuit Judges.
FAY, Senior Circuit Judge:
___________________________________________________________________
*Honorable Damon Jerome Keith, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
In this civil rights action brought by Debra Braddy, defendants Robert Lynch and E. Kathryn
Davis appeal the district court’s denial of their motion for summary judgment based on qualified
immunity. In finding Lynch ineligible for qualified immunity and Davis deserving of qualified
immunity, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
I. BACKGROUND
Debra “Dane” Braddy, a former unemployment compensation appeals referee for the Florida
Department of Labor (“DOL”), alleges that while she was employed as an appeals referee for the
DOL, defendants Lynch and Davis violated her Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection right to
be free from intentional discrimination in the workplace based on race and sex. The record on
appeal before this court is replete with conflicting evidence. This is, however, an appeal from a
denial of summary judgment, and, accordingly, we will draw all reasonable inferences from the
record evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Greason v. Kemp,
891 F.2d
829, 831 (11th Cir. 1990). Additionally, this court will not make credibility determinations and we
will accept the evidence of the nonmoving party for purposes of summary judgment. See Mize v.
Jefferson City Bd. of Educ.,
93 F.3d 739, 742 (11th Cir. 1996). With these tenets in mind, the record
reveals the following.
From March 1, 1994 until January 3, 1995, the DOL employed Debra A. Braddy, a black
female, as an unemployment compensation appeals referee. From March 1, 1994 to June 20, 1994,
Davis supervised Braddy in the performance of her duties as an appeals referee. On June 21, 1994,
2
the DOL placed Lynch in the position of Braddy’s immediate supervisor, and Davis became
Lynch’s supervisor. On October 13, 1994, Braddy requested a transfer to the Fort Lauderdale office
of the DOL. On that same day, Braddy filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, alleging discrimination in the workplace based on race and sex. Braddy’s transfer was
approved and on October 18, 1994, Braddy reported to the Fort Lauderdale office where she was
under the supervision of Bill Robinson, a black male.1 On December 27, 1994, while on unpaid
leave from the DOL, Braddy began her employment with the Dade County government.2 On
December 29, 1994, Braddy submitted a written resignation to the DOL, stating that her resignation
would be effective January 3, 1995. The incidents which form the basis of Braddy’s sexual
harassment and race discrimination claims occurred after Lynch began supervising Braddy. Given
that a more detailed chronology is impossible because Braddy cannot recall the dates on which the
various incidents of harassment occurred, we will now recount the relevant facts associated with
Lynch and Davis.
A. Defendant Lynch
In her affidavit and by her deposition testimony, Braddy offered evidence that Lynch
discriminated against her and harassed her in the workplace on a number of occasions. Braddy
offered evidence of the following acts:
(a) Braddy testified that Lynch ran behind her with a bull whip and exclaimed, “This is my
sexual fantasy for you.” Braddy found this incident to be both sexually and racially
1
Braddy maintained the same salary, job title, duties and benefits in the Fort Lauderdale
office that she had in the Miami office.
It is unclear from the record in what capacity Braddy was employed by the Dade County
2
government.
3
offensive.3
(b) On a separate occasion, Lynch told Braddy that watching the movie “Posse” made him
want to “kick some black ass.”
(c) When Braddy inquired of Lynch regarding her transfer from the Miami office to the Fort
Lauderdale office of the DOL, Lynch replied that such a move would be good, “because I
am so sexually attracted to you that I can’t work without having you.”
(d) During the course of her employ with Lynch as a supervisor, Lynch struck Braddy on
the rear end with file folders and made other sexual advances.
(e) Lynch arranged the stuffed animals on the desk in his office so that they appeared to be
copulating.
(f) Lynch displayed photographs in his office of women wearing revealing swimsuits.
(g) On one occasion, Lynch spoke to Braddy about his wife, his wife’s two lesbian friends,
and “porno” queens.
(h) Prior to Braddy’s employment with the DOL, Lynch hired a male stripper for an office
party.
(I) Lynch denied Braddy compensatory time in retaliation of her rejection of Lynch’s sexual
advances.4
Lynch disputes that any of these incidents occurred as Braddy has stated, but for the purposes of this
opinion we will assume Braddy’s testimony to be both accurate and truthful.
3
This incident occurred on Friday, October 1, 1994. Braddy was unable to recall the specific
dates for the other incidents of alleged harassment.
4
In her affidavit filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Brady testifies
that while she was denied compensatory time, other similarly situated white appeals referees were
granted compensatory time by Lynch.
4
B. Defendant Davis
There is evidence in the record that Davis was aware of at least some acts of harassment by
Lynch. Braddy told Davis about her problems with Lynch, specifically reporting the incident with
the whip, on Monday, October 4, 1994. Davis was not at work on October 1 when the incident
occurred because Davis did not work on Fridays.5 On October 4, 1994, Davis held a meeting with
Lynch and Braddy to discuss what had transpired.6 After listening to Braddy’s complaints, Davis
responded by telling Braddy that she would have “Maggie” Magaly Armernteros, the owner of the
whip, remove the whip from the premises.7 After the meeting, Braddy left the following message
with Robert Whaley, Director of the Unemployment Appeals Compensation Bureau:
Hi , Robert, this is Dane [Braddy]. I had my meeting with Kitty [Davis] and Bob [Lynch]
and I’m quite satisfied with how it went . . . Absolutely no negative feedback. And I really
– I think it’s going to work itself out quite nicely and that way we can continue to work as
a team here. At least that’s what I’m hoping.
Braddy testified by affidavit that the reason she left such a message was because she feared she
would suffer retaliation by Lynch and Davis should Whaley conduct an investigation.8 Despite
Braddy’s message, Whaley came to the Miami DOL office and investigated Braddy’s earlier
5
Braddy testifies in her deposition that Lynch was at his worst when Davis was absent from
work.
According to the deposition of testimony of Braddy, “the subject of the meeting was that
6
I was fed up with Bob [Lynch].”
Armenteros was the Deputy Clerk responsible for collecting the referees decisions. In 1992
7
she was given the whip by an employee who teasingly called her a “slave driver” because of the
manner in which she would badger the referees to get their opinions in on time.
8
While it is unclear from the record when the conversation took place, sometime before the
meeting with Davis and Lynch Braddy contacted Whaley to register her complaints about Lynch.
Whaley told her he would be in Miami on a scheduled visit and would investigate the matter upon
his arrival.
5
complaint. During his visit, Braddy testified that Lynch and Davis subjected her to angry stares.
On another occasion, in Davis’s presence, Lynch said to Braddy, “Oh Dane, you look sexy.”
When Braddy immediately pointed out to Davis that her outfit was not sexy, but was in fact bland,
Davis replied that maybe the outfit was sexy to him.9 Braddy also testified in her affidavit that after
her transfer to the Fort Lauderdale office, which Davis also supervised, Davis made more frequent
trips to the Fort Lauderdale office,10 and that Davis subjected Braddy to “harsh and constant
criticism” and often refused to help her with the questions she had. Braddy feared that the increased
number of visits indicated that she would be subject to retaliation by Davis.
C. Procedural History
Braddy brought this suit against Douglas Jamerson, in his official capacity as Florida
Secretary of Labor, and against her former supervisors, Lynch and Davis, in their individual
capacities. In her complaint, Braddy alleges against Jamerson one count of sexual harassment and
racial discrimination in the workplace in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e to 2000e-17. Against Lynch and Davis, Braddy alleges her former supervisors
violated
42 U.S.C. § 1983 by intentionally discriminating against her on the basis of race and sex
in violation of her equal protection rights as secured by the Fourteenth Amendment. The defendants
filed separate motions for summary judgment and the district court denied each of their motions.
Defendants Lynch and Davis appeal the district court’s order to the extent it determines that they
9
In Braddy’s deposition, Braddy testified to the following exchange: “And I said, Kitty
[Davis], see what I mean. This is not a sexy outfit. I am really sick of him. And she looks at him
and says, well, different people have different standards, Dane, maybe it’s sexy to him.”
10
Davis contends, and the deposition of Braddy supports, that Davis made the weekly trips
(rather than monthly) to Fort Lauderdale to train a new employee there.
6
are not entitled to qualified immunity.11
II. DISCUSSION
A district court’s summary judgment denying qualified immunity can be appealed
immediately. Madiwale v. Savaiko,
117 F.3d 1321, 1323 - 1324 (11th Cir. 1997). We review the
denial of qualified immunity de novo and apply the same standards as those controlling the district
court. Adams v. Poag,
61 F.3d 1537, 1542 (11th Cir. 1995). The moving party is entitled to
summary judgment only if, when taking the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Mize,
93 F.3d at 742.
In determining whether or not a state official is entitled to qualified immunity, our analysis
turns on whether the state official, in the exercise of his or her discretionary authority, violated
“clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have
known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald,
457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). When state officials are sued in their
individual capacities, the application of qualified immunity to their actions is the rule rather than the
exception, and “only in exceptional cases will government actors have no shield against claims made
against them in their individual capacities.” Lassiter v. Alabama A & M Univ.,
28 F.3d 1146, 1149
(11th Cir. 1994) (en banc) (emphasis in original). Since the conduct of Davis at issue is markedly
dissimilar from the conduct of Lynch at issue, we analyze whether Davis and Lynch are entitled to
qualified immunity separately.
A. Defendant Davis
Braddy contends that she had a clearly established right to be free from sexual harassment
11
Secretary of Labor Jamerson is not a party to this appeal.
7
and racial discrimination in the workplace, and that since Davis’s actions violated or infringed upon
these rights, she is not entitled to the protection of qualified immunity. We disagree. Assuming it
is true that Braddy was entitled under the Equal Protection Clause to be free from sexual harassment
and racial discrimination while an employee of the DOL, she must show more than that to eliminate
the shelter qualified immunity provides for Davis in the exercise of her discretionary authority.
Rather, Braddy must show that when Davis acted as she did, “the law was developed in such a
concrete and factually defined context to make it obvious to all reasonable government actors, in the
defendant’s place, that ‘what he [she] is doing’ violates federal law.” Jones v. City of Dothan, Ala.,
121 F.3d 1456, 1459 (11th Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). Accordingly, we must carefully review
exactly what Davis’s actions were in order to determine if it was or should have been obvious to her
that what she was doing was in violation of federal law. We conclude that it was not.
For Davis, as Lynch’s supervisor, to be liable under § 1983, her liability must be based on
something more than the theory of respondeat superior. Brown v. Crawford,
906 F.2d 667, 671 (11th
Cir. 1990); McLaughlin v. City of LaGrange,
662 F.2d 1385, 1388 (11th Cir. 1981). As articulated
in Brown:
Supervisor liability [under § 1983] occurs either when the supervisor personally participates
in the alleged constitutional violation or when there is a causal connection between actions
of the supervising official and the alleged constitutional deprivation. The causal connection
can be established when a history of widespread abuse puts the responsible supervisor on
notice of the need to correct the alleged deprivation, and he [she] fails to do so. The
deprivations that constitute widespread abuse sufficient to notify the supervising official
must be obvious, flagrant, rampant, and of continued duration, rather than isolated
occurrences.
906 F.2d at 671 (citations omitted).
Braddy argues that by her conduct, Davis actively participated in and impliedly authorized
the harassment against her. The record does not support this contention. Other than testimony
8
regarding angry stares, more frequent trips by Davis to the Fort Lauderdale DOL office, and often
critical review by Davis of Braddy in Fort Lauderdale, there is nothing in the record that remotely
indicates that Davis personally participated in the sexual harassment and racial discrimination that
form the basis of Braddy’s § 1983 suit. These allegations by Braddy, the angry stares, the more
frequent trips, and the increased criticism by Davis of Braddy, do not violate federal employment
laws and certainly are insufficient to rise to the level to divest Davis of the qualified immunity to
which she is otherwise entitled.12
The more difficult question is whether a causal connection exists between Davis’s
supervision of Lynch and the constitutional violation as alleged by Braddy. The standard by which
a supervisor is held liable in her individual capacity for the actions of a subordinate is extremely
rigorous. The causal connection between Lynch’s offensive behavior and Davis’s liability as his
supervisor for such behavior can only be established if the harassment was sufficiently widespread
so as to put Davis on notice of the need to act and she failed to do so. A few isolated instances of
harassment will not suffice, the “deprivations that constitute widespread abuse sufficient to notify
the supervising official must be obvious, flagrant, rampant, and of continued duration.” Brown,
906
F.2d at 671. After careful review of the record, we conclude that while Davis’s response to
Braddy’s complaints may not have been optimal, it was not constitutionally inadequate for purposes
of qualified immunity.
In response to Braddy’s complaints, on October 4, 1994, Davis held a meeting with Braddy
and Lynch and gave Braddy the opportunity to air her complaints about Lynch. As a result of the
12
“Unless a government agent’s act is so obviously wrong, in the light of preexisting law,
that only a plainly incompetent officer or one who was knowingly violating the law would have
done such a thing, the government actor has immunity from suit.” Lassiter,
28 F.3d at 1149.
9
meeting, Davis directed that the offending whip be removed from the office. After the meeting,
Braddy telephoned Whaley, Davis’s supervisor, and left a message on his voice mail indicating that
the problems in the Miami office had been resolved. Despite Braddy’s claims that she left the
message because she feared a possible reprisal should Whaley investigate, an objective recipient of
this message could very well reasonably conclude that indeed the problems had been resolved in the
Miami office. Additionally, this court notes with interest that Lynch’s behavior was at its worst
when Davis was out of the office. Certainly Davis could have done more to discipline Lynch, but
the question is whether her response to the situation was constitutionally inadequate. In balancing
Lynch’s behavior, Davis’s notice of Lynch’s conduct, and Davis’s response to Lynch’s behavior,
this court cannot conclude that Davis should have known that her acts against Braddy were
obviously unlawful. See Lassiter,
28 F.3d at 1149. Accordingly, we reverse the order of the district
court with respect to Davis’s motion for summary judgment based on her qualified immunity as an
officer of the state.
B. Defendant Lynch
While the question of whether Davis is entitled to qualified immunity may be a close one,
we do not hesitate to determine that Lynch’s conduct pushed him from beneath the protective
umbrella of qualified immunity. If a jury believes Braddy’s allegations, including the allegation that
Lynch followed Braddy down an office hall, bull whip in hand, and said “this is my sexual fantasy
for you,” then a jury could very reasonably find that Lynch’s behavior was clearly and obviously
in violation of existing federal law. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order denying
Lynch’s motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity.
III. CONCLUSION
10
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the district court is reversed in part and affirmed in
part.
REVERSED IN PART and AFFIRMED IN PART.
11
