USCA11 Case: 19-13486 Date Filed: 10/01/2021 Page: 1 of 10
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19-13486
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
SHADDY WHITTAKER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ARNALDO SANCHEZ,
D.O., FCC Coleman,
EDGAR MORALES,
MLP, FCC Coleman,
D. IVEY,
Nurse, FCC Coleman,
LARRY R. JOHNSON,
Medical Doctor, Leesburg Regional Medical Center,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
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2 Opinion of the Court 19-13486
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cv-00596-PGB-PRL
____________________
Before NEWSOM, ANDERSON, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Shaddy Whittaker, a prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals
from the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Arnold Sanchez, Edgar Morales, Nurse D. Ivey and Dr. Larry John-
son in this civil rights action, brought pursuant to Bivens v. Six Un-
known Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics,
403 U.S.
388 (1971). The district court granted summary judgment to the
defendants on both of Whittaker’s claims -- (1) deliberate indiffer-
ence to his medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment;
and (2) medical malpractice in violation of the Federal Tort Claims
Act (“FTCA”). After careful review, we affirm.
We review a district court order granting summary judg-
ment de novo and view “the evidence and all reasonable inferences
drawn from it in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”
Battle v. Bd. of Regents,
468 F.3d 755, 759 (11th Cir. 2006). A dis-
trict court may grant summary judgment if “the movant shows
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19-13486 Opinion of the Court 3
that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the mo-
vant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Shaw v. City of
Selma,
884 F.3d 1093, 1098 (11th Cir. 2018). If shown, the burden
shifts to the nonmovant to establish that a genuine issue of fact ex-
ists.
Id. An issue of fact is “genuine” if the record taken as a whole
could lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmovant. Hick-
son Corp. v. N. Crossarm Co.,
357 F.3d 1256, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004).
Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than
counseled pleadings and, therefore, are liberally construed. Tan-
nenbaum v. United States,
148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
Nevertheless, pro se litigants are still required to conform to pro-
cedural rules. Albra v. Advan, Inc.,
490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir.
2007). The district court need not “rewrite an otherwise deficient
pleading in order to sustain an action.” Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd.,
760 F.3d 1165, 1168–69 (11th Cir. 2014).
The relevant background, for purposes of summary judg-
ment, is this. On January 12, 2015, Whittaker fell, while incarcer-
ated at FCC Coleman, and injured his right hand. He alleged that,
after the injury, he went to the prison medical unit. There, Nurse
Ivey advised Whittaker to go to “sick call,” where on January 16,
2015, Whittaker was treated by Edgar Morales. The pertinent
medical records reflect that Morales immediately ordered an x-ray,
which showed a fracture of Whittaker’s hand, and sent Whittaker
to a local hospital for treatment. At the hospital, Dr. Johnson diag-
nosed a finger fracture, fitted an aluminum splint on the finger, and
noted that Whittaker “[w]ill need Orthopedic eval within a week.”
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When Whittaker returned to prison, he said he felt “great” and was
ready to return to his unit.
At a follow-up visit with Morales at the prison medical unit
on January 20, Whittaker complained of pain and was taking ibu-
profen daily. Morales requested an orthopedic evaluation by Janu-
ary 30 and advised Whittaker, in the meantime, to follow up at sick
call “as needed” and to return to the medical unit immediately if
his condition were to worsen. For unknown reasons, Whittaker’s
appointment with the orthopedist was delayed by three weeks,
but, notably, he did not return to the medical unit with any com-
plaints during that time. On February 23, the orthopedist removed
Whittaker’s splint and noted that while there was “significant dis-
placement in the healing of the [fracture],” Whittaker reported
minimal to no pain and did not need future splinting nor a follow-
up visit with the orthopedist. Whittaker saw Morales in the prison
medical unit on March 30, did not complain of pain, had good
range of motion, and showed mild swelling due to a callus at the
fracture site.
First, we are unpersuaded by Whittaker’s claim that the dis-
trict court erred in granting summary judgment to the defendants
on his Eighth Amendment claim. To prevail on a claim of deliber-
ate indifference to a serious medical need in violation of the Eighth
Amendment, a plaintiff must show: (1) a serious medical need; (2)
the defendants’ deliberate indifference to that need; and (3) causa-
tion between that indifference and the plaintiff’s injury. See Town-
send v. Jefferson Cnty.,
601 F.3d 1152, 1158 (11th Cir. 2010); Mann
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19-13486 Opinion of the Court 5
v. Taser Int’l., Inc.,
588 F.3d 1291, 1306-07 (11th Cir. 2009). To
prove that an official acted with deliberate indifference, the plaintiff
must show that the official (1) had subjective knowledge of a risk
of serious harm, (2) disregarded the risk, and (3) displayed conduct
beyond negligence. Gilmore v. Hodges,
738 F.3d 266, 274 (11th
Cir. 2013).
We’ve recently emphasized that “the deliberate indifference
standard . . . is far more onerous than normal tort-based standards
of conduct sounding in negligence, and is in fact akin to subjective
recklessness as used in the criminal law.” Hoffer v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t
of Corr.,
973 F.3d 1263, 1271 (11th Cir. 2020) (quotations omitted).
As a result, medical treatment violates the Eighth Amendment
“only when it is so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive
as to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fair-
ness.”
Id. (quotations omitted). On the one hand, “[w]hen the
need for treatment is obvious, medical care which is so cursory as
to amount to no treatment at all may amount to deliberate indif-
ference.” Brown v. Johnson,
387 F.3d 1344, 1351 (11th Cir. 2004).
But, on the other hand, evidence of negligence “in diagnosing or
treating a medical condition” or a showing of medical malpractice
does not establish deliberate indifference. Estelle v. Gamble,
429
U.S. 97, 106 (1976). This means that “[w]here a prisoner has re-
ceived some medical attention and the dispute is over the adequacy
of the treatment, federal courts are generally reluctant to second
guess medical judgments and to constitutionalize claims which
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6 Opinion of the Court 19-13486
sound in state tort law.” Hoffer, 973 F.3d at 1272 (quotations omit-
ted).
On the summary record before us, Whittaker has failed to
show any dispute of material fact concerning his Eighth Amend-
ment claims. For starters, Whittaker admitted in his complaint that
Nurse Ivey instructed him as to the proper way to receive medical
attention when he complained of pain in his hand -- she advised
that he go to sick call, and a few days later he received treatment at
sick call by Morales. Whittaker did not provide any evidence that
Ivey’s conduct in instructing him on how to seek medical attention
was deliberately indifferent, much less negligent.
As for the three-week delay for the orthopedic consultation,
the undisputed record indicates that Whittaker received care and a
splint for his hand injury at the hospital, several days later he com-
plained to Morales in the prison medical unit that he was in pain,
Morales requested an orthopedist appointment within 10 days, the
orthopedist appointment instead took place about 30 days later,
and during the delay, Whittaker did not return to the medical unit
with any complaints. Then, at a follow-up visit another month or
so after he saw the orthopedist, Whittaker did not report any pain.
There is nothing in this record that indicates that Morales or any-
one else in the medical department knew that the delay in treat-
ment would place Whittaker at a serious risk of harm and chose to
ignore it, nor, importantly, that their conduct was anything more
than mere negligence. See Gilmore, 738 F.3d at 274. Indeed, this
is not a case where his treatment was so cursory as to amount to
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19-13486 Opinion of the Court 7
no treatment at all; rather, Whittaker has disputed the adequacy of
the treatment he received, and we cannot say that there was any
dispute of fact about whether the treatment he received was so
reckless as to shock the conscience. Hoffer, 973 F.3d at 1271-72.
Accordingly, the district court did not err in entering summary
judgment on Whittaker’s Eighth Amendment claims.
We also find no merit to Whittaker’s claim that the district
court erred in granting summary judgment to the defendants on
his FTCA claim. Under the FTCA, the United States is liable for
the negligence of federal employees acting within the scope of their
employment if a private person under like circumstances would be
liable under law of the state where the act or omission occurred.
28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b)(1), 2674; Zelaya v. United States,
781 F.3d
1315, 1322 (11th Cir. 2015). Because the acts and omissions are al-
leged to have occurred in Florida, Florida law applies.
28 U.S.C. §
1346(b)(1).
Whether a claim constitutes a medical malpractice claim un-
der Florida law depends upon whether it meets the statutory defi-
nition of a medical malpractice claim. J.B. v. Sacred Heart Hosp.
of Pensacola,
635 So. 2d 945, 947 (Fla. 1994). A medical malpractice
claim is defined as a claim arising out of the rendering of, or the
failure to render, medical care or services.
Fla. Stat. § 766.106(1)(a).
The plaintiff’s labels are not dispositive as to whether a claim
sounds in medical malpractice; the district court must decide if the
allegations in the complaint rely on the application of the medical
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malpractice standard of care. Vance v. Okaloosa-Walton Urology,
P.A.,
228 So. 3d 1199, 1200 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017).
Under Florida’s medical negligence statute, the prevailing
professional standard of care for a given health care provider shall
be that level of care, skill, and treatment which, in light of all rele-
vant surrounding circumstances, is recognized as acceptable and
appropriate by reasonably prudent similar health care providers.
Fla. Stat. §§ 766.102(1), 766.202(7) (defining “medical negligence”
as “medical malpractice”). If the complaint asserts a medical mal-
practice claim, the plaintiff must establish the standard of care
owed by the defendant, the defendant’s breach of the standard of
care, and proximate causation between the breach and the dam-
ages claimed. Gooding v. Univ. Hosp. Bldg., Inc.,
445 So. 2d 1015,
1018 (Fla. 1984);
Fla. Stat. § 766.102(1). The standard of care is usu-
ally determined by consideration of expert testimony. Pate v.
Threlkel,
661 So. 2d 278, 281 (Fla. 1995). Expert testimony is not
necessary where only the exercise of common sense and ordinary
judgment are required to prove medical negligence. Stepien v. Bay
Mem’l Med. Ctr.,
397 So. 2d 333, 334 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981); ac-
cord Atkins v. Humes,
110 So. 2d 663, 665 (Fla. 1959). But, where
the method of treatment is challenged, expert testimony is re-
quired. Sims v. Helms,
345 So. 2d 721, 723 (Fla. 1977). The reason
is because “neither the court nor the jury can or should be permit-
ted to decide . . . what is or is not a proper diagnosis or an accepta-
ble method of treatment.”
Id. (quotations omitted). A plaintiff’s
failure to establish what standard of care applies renders him
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19-13486 Opinion of the Court 9
unable to establish a breach of the standard of care. Stepien,
397
So. 2d at 334. Where a defendant shows that a plaintiff is unable to
present evidence of the negligence he alleges in his complaint, no
genuine issue of material fact exists, and summary judgment may
be granted against him. Sims,
345 So. 2d at 724.
Here, even if we liberally construe Whittaker’s brief as ap-
pealing the grant of summary judgment on his FTCA claim, he has
not shown that the district court erred in granting summary judg-
ment. Notably, to succeed on his FTCA claim, Whittaker was re-
quired to prove the elements of an FTCA medical malpractice
claim, which include the standard of care owed by the government.
See Tannenbaum, 148 F.3d at 1263; Gooding,
445 So. 2d at 1018;
Fla. Stat. § 766.102(1). The allegations contained in Whittaker’s
amended complaint concern the appropriate diagnosis the FCC
Coleman medical staff should have made and the correct form of
treatment they should have pursued -- thus, establishing the stand-
ard of care in this case turns on questions that require expert med-
ical testimony, rather than mere common sense, to answer. See
Sims,
345 So. 2d at 723; see also Stepien,
397 So. 2d at 334. But
Whittaker did not present any expert medical testimony to estab-
lish the standard of care that FCC Coleman owed him, so he was
unable to show that FCC Coleman breached any standard of care,
and, as a result, was unable to establish the elements of medical
malpractice. Stepien,
397 So. 2d at 334; Sims,
345 So. 2d at 724.
Accordingly, the district court did not err in entering summary
judgment in favor of the government. Sims,
345 So. 2d at 724.
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AFFIRMED.
