Jeffrey Cross v. EquityExperts.org, LLC ( 2021 )

USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 1 of 22
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 19-14067
____________________
JEFFREY CROSS,
PAMELA CROSS,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
versus
EQUITYEXPERTS.ORG, LLC,
c/o Jacqueline Galofaro
6632 Telegraph Road, #399
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48301
doing business as Equity Experts,
Defendant-Appellant.
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 2 of 22
2 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cv-03804-AT
____________________
Before WILSON, LAGOA, and ED CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
After the defendant in this lawsuit was served with the com-
plaint, the deadline to answer it or to file a responsive pleading
came and went. The plaintiffs sought a default, and the Clerk en-
tered it. The plaintiffs filed a motion for a default judgment, and a
magistrate judge issued an order directing the defendant to re-
spond. The order also directed the defendant to appear at an evi-
dentiary hearing. Disregarding those orders, the defendant neither
responded nor appeared.
The magistrate judge conducted the evidentiary hearing,
heard testimony from the plaintiffs and considered other evidence
they submitted, and issued a report and recommendation. At that
point, eight months after it had been served, the defendant finally
made an appearance in the case. It filed objections to the report, a
belated answer to the complaint, and a motion to set aside default.
The district court later entered a default judgment and
awarded damages. Now the defendant contends that it should be
allowed to assert an untimely statute of limitations defense, and it
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 3 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 3
challenges the amount of damages awarded, though not that there
were some damages. Its defensive maneuvers are too little, too
late.
I.
Equityexperts.org, LLC (Equity Experts) is a debt collector
specializing in the collection of unpaid fees that homeowner asso-
ciations have assessed against residents. 1 In its efforts to collect
debts for its clients, it uses the mail and makes phone calls, and it
often employs counsel to put liens on property and to conduct col-
lection litigation.
Jeffrey and Pamela Cross are homeowners in a subdivision
in Cobb County, Georgia. The homeowners association (HOA)
for their subdivision erroneously assessed a fee related to the mail-
box at the Cross family home. The error “spun out of control” and
resulted in Equity Experts filing a lien against the Crosses’ home on
October 30, 2014, and later filing a state court lawsuit against the
Crosses. The Crosses nonetheless continued to pay their HOA fees
as they came due. The spurious lien Equity Experts put on their
1 We take as true the well-pleaded factual allegations of the complaint. See
Cotton v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 402 F.3d 1267, 1278 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[A]
defaulted defendant is deemed to admit the plaintiff’s well-pleaded allegations
of fact, he is not held to admit facts that are not well-pleaded or to admit con-
clusions of law.” (cleaned up)).
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 4 of 22
4 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
house was for $1218.20, which included the erroneous mailbox as-
sessment plus collection fees.2
On September 29, 2016, Equity Experts, through counsel,
filed a lawsuit against Mr. and Mrs. Cross in Georgia state court in
Cobb County, seeking $2802.02, an amount that included more
collection fees. While the collection action was pending, employ-
ees of Equity Experts repeatedly called the Crosses and attempted
to settle a debt in the amount of $2802, even though Mr. Cross told
them that he was represented by counsel and that there was litiga-
tion pending. Direct calls from Equity Experts to the Crosses con-
tinued until September 2017, despite the debt collector’s
knowledge that the Crosses were represented by counsel.
The Crosses thought the matter might finally be resolved in
the state court collection action, but before the end of discovery,
Equity Experts voluntarily dismissed that lawsuit. Equity Experts
knew when it filed the collection action that there was no “actual
evidence” to prove the claims but used litigation to try to coerce
the Crosses to settle a debt they did not owe.
On September 28, 2017, Mr. and Mrs. Cross filed a lawsuit
against Equity Experts in federal district court in Georgia, alleging
violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) and
the Georgia Fair Business Practices Act (GFBPA) along with vari-
ous state law tort claims. Equity Experts did not file a timely
2The claim of lien that was filed in Cobb County court was signed by Jordan
B. Foreman, Esq., as “authorized representative” for Equity Experts.
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 5 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 5
answer or any other responsive pleading, and the Crosses sought
and received a Clerk’s entry of default.
The Crosses then filed a motion for default judgment sup-
ported by their declarations. On July 3, 2018, a magistrate judge
issued an order directing Equity Experts to respond to the Crosses’
motion. The order stated that a hearing was required under Fed-
eral Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2) “in order to determine
whether default judgment should be entered and if so, in what
amount.” The order directed the Crosses to “be prepared to pre-
sent sufficient information or evidence to allow the Court to deter-
mine: (1) the truth of [the] allegations set forth in their Complaint,
including the specific conduct that supports [their] claims; (2) the
damages alleged to have been sustained by [them], including the
type and amount of damages for which [they sought] a default
judgment to be entered; and (3) whether those damages were
caused by [Equity Experts’] conduct.” The order provided notice
of a hearing set for August 23, 2018, and directed the Crosses and
Equity Experts to appear.
In response to that order, Equity Experts did not follow the
court’s directions. It did not respond to the Crosses’ motion for
default judgment, and it did not appear at the hearing.
The Crosses did appear at the hearing and were represented
by their attorney, Kris Skaar. They testified and submitted addi-
tional evidence. Mr. Cross testified that they never owed any of
the money that Equity Experts was trying to collect through the
lien and that the “whole thing” had arisen from a $125 billing error.
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 6 of 22
6 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
Because of the inflated amount of money that Equity Experts
claimed the Crosses owed, they were denied use of their neighbor-
hood amenities, including the pool and the tennis courts, even
though the Crosses continued to pay the HOA fees, which were
approximately $465 per year (totaling $1848 for the four-year pe-
riod that Equity Experts engaged its debt collection campaign
against the Crosses). They were unable to attend social gatherings
with their neighborhood friends at the pool or tennis courts. They
were also denied use of the clubhouse for their crawfish boil fund-
raisers for juvenile diabetes, an annual event the Crosses tradition-
ally host in honor of their daughter who has Type I diabetes.
Mr. Cross testified that he attempted to refinance the house
to pay off a high-interest credit card debt, but he was unable to
close on the refinancing in early 2017 because of the lien on the
house. To show damages resulting from that, he relied on the
mathematical calculations in his declaration, which had been sub-
mitted to the court before the hearing along with the Crosses’ mo-
tion for default judgment. The declaration stated that the Crosses
had sought a $40,000 second mortgage on their home, fixed for 20
years with a 4.435% APR, which would have allowed them to pay
off a $40,000 credit card debt that had a 12.99% APR. Over the
course of twenty years, that would mean interest payments total-
ing $72,402.89 instead of $20,398.03 — a difference of $52,004.86.
Both Mr. and Mrs. Cross testified about the frustrations
caused by Equity Experts’ conduct during the four-year period it
attempted to collect a debt they did not owe. Mrs. Cross testified
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 7 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 7
that she was embarrassed when the sheriff came to serve the papers
for the state court collection action and the neighbors saw. It was
embarrassing when they could not go to the pool while their
daughter was at home from college. It was embarrassing that peo-
ple might know they had a lien on their house. She lost sleep and
worried that they might lose the house. Even talking about it at
the hearing made her “stomach hurt.” The situation caused argu-
ments with her husband because she wanted him to go ahead and
pay the claimed debt even though they did not owe it, just to end
all of the trouble.
About three months after the evidentiary hearing, the mag-
istrate judge issued a report recommending that the district court
grant the Crosses’ motion for default judgment on their Fair Debt
Collection Practices Act and Georgia Fair Business Practices Act
claims and on their state law claims for slander of title and abusive
collection.3 The report determined that filing an invalid lien
against the Crosses’ home was grounds for a valid FDCPA claim.
It noted that an Equity Experts’ employee had called Mr. Cross di-
rectly to settle the purported debt, while knowing that he was rep-
resented by counsel, which clearly violated the FDCPA.4
3The report recommended denying the motion on the Crosses’ claims for in-
vasion of privacy and tortious infliction of emotional distress. The district
court did deny those claims, and that part of the judgment is not challenged.
4The report also found that Equity Experts directed the homeowners’ associ-
ation to deny the Crosses access to the neighborhood amenities in order to
coerce them to pay debts they did not owe. In its review of the report, the
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 8 of 22
8 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
The report and recommendation also found that the Crosses
had alleged violations of the GFBPA because under Georgia law,
allegations of unfair or deceptive debt collection conduct that are
sufficient to trigger the FDCPA also plausibly allege violations of
the Georgia Act. The magistrate judge concluded that filing a friv-
olous state court lawsuit, cutting off access to neighborhood amen-
ities, and repeatedly engaging in direct contact with Mr. Cross
while knowing that he was represented by counsel — all to coerce
district court noted that the complaint did not contain any allegations that Eq-
uity Experts “directed the HOA” to deny the Crosses access to any neighbor-
hood amenities. But Mr. Cross had testified at the hearing before the magis-
trate judge that because of the inflated amount of money that Equity Experts
claimed the Crosses owed, they were denied use of the amenities, including
the pool and the tennis courts, even though the Crosses continued to pay the
HOA fees, which were about $465 per year.
The district court found that even though the Crosses continued to pay the
HOA fees, they “suffered reprisal from the HOA for unpaid amounts” and
were denied access to the neighborhood amenities. And it determined that
“the surest explanation for the balance due” coupled with the denial of neigh-
borhood amenities is that “it arose from [Equity Experts’] wrongfully assessed
collection costs for its unlawful debt collection activity.” As a result, the court
concluded that “the damages for denial [of] HOA amenities flowed from [Eq-
uity Experts’] violations of the FDCPA.” We find no error, much less any clear
error, in the district court’s finding that the Crosses’ loss of use of the neigh-
borhood amenities, despite having paid their HOA fees, was an injury that
“flowed from” Equity Experts’ conduct. See SunAmerica Corp. v. Sun Life
Assur. Co. of Can., 77 F.3d 1325, 1337 (11th Cir. 1996) (“As in virtually every
other area of the law, we will review [these] factfindings only for clear error.”).
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 9 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 9
the Crosses into paying — were intentional violations of the Geor-
gia Act.
The report determined that the Crosses had stated a claim
for slander of title under Georgia law as a result of the “maliciously
recorded . . . lien based on a false amount.” And it concluded that
they had suffered special damages because they were denied favor-
able loan terms on a home equity loan after the lender discovered
the lien on their property. Finally, the report found that they had
stated a claim under Georgia law for the tort of abusive collection,
which was based on the same factual allegations.
The report determined damages for the FDCPA, GFBPA,
slander of title, and abusive collection claims. It found that Mr. and
Mrs. Cross were entitled to $1000 each in statutory damages under
the FDCPA, for a total of $2000. It also found that they suffered
actual damages stemming from the lost opportunity to qualify for
a home equity loan, the cost of defending the collection lawsuit,
the loss of use of neighborhood amenities that they had paid for,
and mental distress. On the loan denial, the Crosses sought
$3628.16, which was the difference in monthly payments between
the 4.432% rate they could have gotten in April 2017 and the
12.99% rate they actually paid on the same amount during the 16-
month period while the lien was in effect. 5 The report found that
they were entitled to that amount of damages stemming from the
5The Crosses calculated 16 months as the relevant time period, and Equity
Experts does not challenge that.
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 10 of 22
10 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
cloud on their title caused by Equity Experts’ slander of title and
violations of the FDCPA and GFBPA.
On the loss of neighborhood amenities, the report deter-
mined that the Crosses were entitled to $1848, based on the HOA
fees they paid while they were unable to use the amenities for four
years. The report recommended awarding the flat fee of $600 as
requested for the attorney’s fees for defending the collections law-
suit in state court.
Based on the violations of the FDCPA, the GFBPA, and Eq-
uity Experts’ tortious conduct, the Crosses had requested $50,000
in general emotional distress damages, but the report recom-
mended awarding $30,000. To determine the appropriate amount
of damages, the magistrate judge relied on the Crosses’ testimony
at the evidentiary hearing about their emotional distress, embar-
rassment, sleeplessness, and frustration arising from Equity Ex-
perts’ conduct.
The report recommended granting the Crosses’ request to
treble their actual damages ($36,076.16) under the GFBPA for a to-
tal of $108,228.48 under that statute. It found that Equity Experts’
conduct was intentional and recommended an award of punitive
damages in the amount of $25,000 for the Crosses’ GFBPA, slander
of title, and abusive collection claims. Finally, the report recounted
the amounts requested for attorney’s fees and costs, detailed the
reasonableness of the rates requested, and applying the lodestar
method, recommended awarding fees in the amount of $11,426
and costs in the amount of $1047.87. To recapitulate, the amounts
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 11 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 11
were as follows: $2000 statutory damages under FDCPA;
$36,076.16 actual damages under GFBPA (trebled to $108,228.48);
$25,000 punitive damages; $11,426 attorney’s fees; and $1047.87 lit-
igation costs, for a total of $147,702.35.
Equity Experts made its first appearance in the case when it
objected to the magistrate judge’s carefully detailed report and rec-
ommendations. After filing its objections, Equity Experts moved
to set aside the default, and the only argument it asserted was that
it had not been properly served. It also finally answered the com-
plaint. The Crosses opposed the motion to set aside the default.
The district court determined that it would be premature to
review the substance of the magistrate judge’s report and recom-
mendations on the Crosses’ motion for default judgment while Eq-
uity Experts’ motion to set aside the default was pending. As a re-
sult, the court referred Equity Experts’ motion back to the magis-
trate judge for a decision.
The magistrate judge issued a second report, concluding
that Equity Experts had been properly served and recommending
that the district court deny Equity Experts’ motion to set aside the
Clerk’s entry of default. The report found that good cause did not
justify setting aside the default, and it emphasized the company’s
failure to follow the court’s orders and the fact that it did not appear
in the case until it filed objections to the first report and recommen-
dation. Equity Experts offered no excuse for its delay other than
its argument that service of process was insufficient, and the mag-
istrate judge had already determined that argument lacked merit.
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 12 of 22
12 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
The magistrate judge found that Equity Experts’ delay and
its failure to timely engage in the case showed a reckless disregard
for the judicial proceedings. And he found that the Crosses would
be prejudiced if the court vacated the default because they had ex-
pended substantial efforts on briefing and presenting evidence and
testimony at the default judgment hearing. They would have to
start all over again with their claims eight months after Equity Ex-
perts was properly served. Under the circumstances, there was no
good cause to set aside the default. The report also directed the
clerk to “docket” the judge’s earlier report on the Crosses’ motion
for default judgment.
Equity Experts filed objections to the second report, contin-
uing to argue that service of process was insufficient, and asking
the district court to set aside the entry of default. The district court
overruled those objections and adopted the second report and rec-
ommendation in its entirety. After that, the court reviewed the first
report and recommendations on the Crosses’ motion for default
judgment.
The district court adopted in part that report and recom-
mendation. It noted that Equity Experts had not responded to the
underlying motion for default judgment but had filed objections to
the report. The court exercised its discretion to decline to consider
arguments that were not raised before the magistrate judge, see
Williams v. McNeil, 557 F.3d 1287, 1292 (11th Cir. 2009), including
Equity Experts’ belatedly raised affirmative defense that the statute
of limitations barred the Crosses’ FDCPA and GFBPA claims. The
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 13 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 13
court determined that the objection was forfeited because it was
not raised in a timely responsive pleading and, in effect, double-
forfeited because it wasn’t raised before the magistrate judge. As a
result, it overruled Equity Experts’ statute of limitations objections
to the FDCPA and GFBPA claims.
As we have noted, see supra n.4, the court agreed with Eq-
uity Experts that the complaint contained no allegation that Equity
Experts had “directed” the HOA to block the Crosses’ access to the
neighborhood amenities, and it declined to adopt the magistrate
judge’s report to the extent it found that the claim that the denial
of amenities itself violated the FDCPA, the GFBPA, or that it was
the basis for a state law claim of abusive debt collection. The dis-
trict court did find, however, that the Crosses were denied access
to the neighborhood amenities even though they had continued to
pay the HOA fees, and “the surest explanation” for the ongoing
“balance due” along with the denial of amenities was that “it arose
from [Equity Experts’] wrongfully assessed collection costs for its
unlawful debt collection activity.” As a result, the court concluded
that “the damages for denial of HOA amenities flowed from [Eq-
uity Experts’] violations of the FDCPA.” It adopted as modified the
magistrate judge’s recommendations about the FDCPA claims and
fully adopted the report on the GFBPA claim.
The court also adopted the report’s recommendations about
the slander of title claim, including the measure of damages. And
it accepted the report’s recommendations about the other damages
calculations, including $30,000 for emotional distress. It noted that
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 14 of 22
14 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
the magistrate judge had conducted a hearing at which he consid-
ered evidence of the Crosses’ emotional distress and had “gauged
the credibility” of their testimony. It concluded that the magistrate
judge reached the correct result as to the amount of damages.
The court granted judgment in favor of the Crosses on their
FDCPA and GFBPA claims and their claims under Georgia law for
slander of title and abusive collection. It awarded judgment in the
amount of $147,702.35.
II.
Equity Experts first contends that the district court should
have considered its statute of limitations defense, which it failed to
assert until it filed objections to the magistrate judge’s report. A
district court has the discretion to decline to consider arguments
that were not raised before the magistrate judge. See Williams, 557
F.3d at 1292 (“The district court retained the final adjudicative au-
thority and properly exercised its discretion in deciding whether to
consider any new arguments raised by [a petitioner] in his objec-
tions to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation.”). And
we review the exercise of that discretion only for abuse of it. See
id.The district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to
consider Equity Experts’ belatedly raised affirmative defense. That
defense was particularly tardy here. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1) (“In
responding to a pleading, a party must affirmatively state any . . .
affirmative defense, including . . . statute of limitations . . . .”); Day
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 15 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 15
v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 122 F.3d 1012, 1015 (11th Cir. 1997)
(“The statute of limitations is an affirmative defense which must be
specifically pled.”); Am. Nat’l Bank of Jacksonville v. F.D.I.C., 710
F.2d 1528, 1537 (11th Cir. 1983) (holding that the defendant
“waived its right to advance the statute of limitations defense by its
failure to assert this affirmative defense in any pleading filed below
in compliance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)”). Equity Experts did not
file a timely answer or responsive pleading after the complaint was
served. It did not respond to the Crosses’ motion for default judg-
ment, even though the magistrate judge ordered it do so. And it
did not appear at the evidentiary hearing on that motion, even
though it was given notice and directed to appear.
Only after the magistrate judge issued his report did Equity
Experts finally appear in the case by filing objections to it, and at
that late stage, it finally asserted a statute of limitations affirmative
defense. The district court acted within its discretion in refusing to
consider that argument, which could have been, but was not, pre-
sented to the magistrate judge before then. As the district court
recognized, we said in Williams that allowing a party to raise new
arguments and present new evidence that it did not present to the
magistrate judge “would effectively nullify the magistrate judge’s
consideration of the matter and would not help to relieve the work-
load of the district court.” 557 F.3d at 1292 (quotation marks omit-
ted). If the district court had allowed the belatedly asserted affirm-
ative defense at that point in the proceedings, it would have
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 16 of 22
16 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
unfairly prejudiced the plaintiffs. The district court properly exer-
cised its discretion in refusing to consider that defense.
III.
Equity Experts also contends that the amount of damages
awarded was too high. It challenges the award of $30,000 in mental
distress damages (trebled to $90,000 under the GFBPA) and the
award of $25,000 in punitive damages. 6 Equity Experts does not
argue that those damages should not have been awarded but only
that the amount of them should have been lower.
Equity Experts does not dispute that it violated the FDCPA
and the GFBPA. It does not challenge the FDCPA award and does
6 Inits initial brief to this Court, Equity Experts focused on the mental distress
part of the actual damages award, which was $30,000 trebled to $90,000, and
the Crosses responded to that argument in their brief. The total actual dam-
ages amount awarded under the GFBPA was $36,076.16, which included the
payments made based on the less favorable interest rate as a result of the lien
($3628.16), loss of access to neighborhood amenities for which HOA fees had
been paid ($1848), and attorney’s fees for defending the state court collection
action ($600), resulting in a total trebled amount of $108,228.48.
In its reply brief, Equity Experts attempted to challenge the entirety of the
GFBPA actual damages award, generally contending that the total amount of
that award, $36,076.16 trebled to $108,228.48, is excessive. Because it waited
until its reply brief to challenge the excessiveness of the other parts of the
GFBPA damages award, that argument is forfeited. See Sapuppo v. Allstate
Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 682–83 (11th Cir. 2014) (holding that argu-
ments raised for the first time in a reply brief are forfeited). Equity Experts
raised no challenge to the awards of $2000 in total statutory damages under
the FDCPA, $11,426 in attorney’s fees, or $1047.87 in litigation costs.
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 17 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 17
not dispute that a violation of that Act is also a violation of the
Georgia Act. See Harris v. Liberty Cmty. Mgmt., Inc., 702 F.3d
1298, 1303 (11th Cir. 2012) (“The GFBPA, which is to be inter-
preted and construed consistently with the Federal Trade Commis-
sion Act, see Ga. Code Ann. § 10–1–391(b), applies to unfair prac-
tices in the collection of debts and a violation of the FDCPA con-
stitutes a violation of the GFBPA.”). It does not dispute the district
court’s finding that its violations were intentional. It does not dis-
pute that the GFBPA allows for treble damages for an intentional
violation. See Ga. Code Ann. § 10-1-399(c).
In short, Equity Experts argues that the Crosses did not suf-
fer all that much and were not particularly vulnerable plaintiffs,
that its own conduct was not all that bad, and that, as a result, the
amount of emotional distress damages awarded plus punitive dam-
ages was excessive, although it doesn’t say by how much. It asks
us to remand the case for the district court “to award actual and
punitive damages more in line with other cases.”
We generally review only for clear error a district court’s de-
termination about the amount of an award of damages. See Hiatt
v. United States, 910 F.2d 737, 742 (11th Cir. 1990) (“In reviewing
damage awards, we afford considerable deference to the district
court; we will reverse the award only if we find it to be clearly er-
roneous.”); see also Meader By & Through Long v. United States,
881 F.2d 1056, 1060 (11th Cir. 1989) (“We judge the district court’s
award of damages by the clearly erroneous standard. We will re-
verse the court only if, after reviewing all the evidence, we are left
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 18 of 22
18 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been com-
mitted.” (citations and quotation marks omitted)). Equity Experts
contends, however, that an abuse of discretion standard applies
here because the district court reviewed de novo the magistrate
judge’s factfindings about damages and adopted those findings in
its final judgment. We need not decide whether that contention is
correct because it does not matter. The district court’s determina-
tion of the amount of emotional distress and punitive damages was
neither clearly erroneous nor an abuse of discretion.
When a default judgment is entered, if all the essential evi-
dence is already in the record, a district court is not required to
conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine the amount of dam-
ages. See S.E.C. v. Smyth, 420 F.3d 1225, 1232 n.13 (11th Cir. 2005).
The magistrate judge did conduct a hearing in this case, heard live
testimony from Mr. and Mrs. Cross, and considered their eviden-
tiary submissions. The district court, as it was required to do, re-
viewed de novo the parts of the magistrate judge’s report to which
Equity Experts had timely objected, including the amount of dam-
ages the report recommended awarding. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1);
Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3) (“The district judge must determine de
novo any part of the magistrate judge’s disposition that has been
properly objected to. The district judge may accept, reject, or mod-
ify the recommended disposition; receive further evidence; or re-
turn the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.”).
The magistrate judge’s report determined that the Crosses
were entitled to recover general damages for their “mental and
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 19 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 19
emotional anguish” caused by Equity Experts’ violations of the
FDCPA and GFBPA and its tortious conduct. The report re-
counted the Crosses’ testimony from the evidentiary hearing
“about the severity of their emotional distress, embarrassment,
sleeplessness, and frustration due to [Equity Experts’] conduct” and
found that “general damages for emotional distress [were] appro-
priate.” The report noted that their “emotional distress [was] not
traceable to a single claim,” but to avoid duplicative recovery, it
recommended awarding the general damages, including emotional
distress damages, under the GFBPA. It relied on decisions in which
courts had awarded from $7000 to $15,000 in actual damages to
individual plaintiffs for FDCPA or GFBPA violations. In the pre-
sent case there were, of course, two plaintiffs, Mr. and Mrs. Cross.
Their damages were then trebled under the GFBPA, as the statute
plainly requires under these circumstances. See Ga. Code Ann. §
10-1-399(c) (providing that, with certain exceptions not applicable
here, “a court shall award three times actual damages for an inten-
tional violation”).
After reviewing Equity Experts’ objections and the evi-
dence, the district court agreed that the magistrate judge reached
the correct result in awarding $30,000 in emotional distress dam-
ages to the Crosses. And it also accepted the magistrate judge’s
recommendation on punitive damages, the award of which was
tied to the Crosses’ GFBPA, slander of title, and abusive collection
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 20 of 22
20 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
claims and was based on a finding that Equity Experts’ conduct was
intentional. 7
A plaintiff who establishes a GFBPA violation may recover
actual damages. See Ga. Code Ann. § 10-1-399(a), (c); Regency Nis-
san, Inc. v. Taylor, 391 S.E.2d 467, 471 (Ga. Ct. App. 1990) (“[T]he
measure of damages to be applied for a[] [G]FBPA violation is that
of ‘actual injury suffered.’”). Under Georgia law, emotional dis-
tress is an actual injury resulting in actual damages, and proof of
7 In its initial brief to this Court, Equity Experts made no specific argument
about the punitive damages award, complaining only that it was too high. The
GFBPA allows for punitive damages when conduct is intentional. See Ga.
Code Ann. § 10-1-399(a) (providing that “exemplary damages shall be awarded
only in cases of intentional violation”); Colonial Lincoln-Mercury Sales, Inc. v.
Molina, 262 S.E.2d 820, 823–24 (Ga. Ct. App. 1979) (upholding an award of
“exemplary” or punitive damages under the GFBPA and explaining that “[t]he
intentional violation as contemplated by the [G]FBPA is a volitional act con-
stituting an unfair or deceptive act or practice conjoined with culpable
knowledge of the nature (but not necessarily the illegality) of the act.”). And
as we have mentioned, it is undisputed that Equity Experts’ conduct was in-
tentional. As for the alleged excessiveness, the ratio of punitive damages
($25,000) to the total amount of actual damages ($36,076.16) is less than 1:1.
And just because a punitive damages award is coupled with a trebled actual
damages award under the GFBPA does not mean that the total award is exces-
sive. See Conseco Fin. Servicing Corp. v. Hill, 556 S.E.2d 468, 473 (Ga. Ct.
App. 2001) (“The [G]FBPA authorizes punitive damages in addition to man-
dating treble damages for intentional violations.”). To the extent that Equity
Experts has preserved its challenge to the amount of punitive damages
awarded, that challenge fails.
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 21 of 22
19-14067 Opinion of the Court 21
that injury can support an award of actual damages. See Zieve v.
Hairston, 598 S.E.2d 25, 32 (Ga. Ct. App. 2004); see also Head v.
Ga. Pac. Ry. Co., 7 S.E. 217, 218 (Ga. 1887) (“Wounding a man’s
feelings is as much actual damage as breaking his limbs. The differ-
ence is that one is internal and the other external; one mental, the
other physical. In either case the damage is not measurable with
exactness. There can be a closer approximation in estimating the
damage to a limb than to the feelings; but at last the amount is in-
definite. The [factfinder] would have a much wider discretion in
dealing with feelings than with an external injury.”).
Equity Experts waged a long-term collection campaign
against the Crosses based on a debt they did not owe, and the
Crosses testified that the debt collector’s conduct caused them
emotional distress, including embarrassment and frustration. See
Bogle v. McClure, 332 F.3d 1347, 1359 (11th Cir. 2003) (“[A] plain-
tiff’s own testimony of embarrassment and humiliation can be suf-
ficient to support an award for compensatory damages.”). They
faced multiple coercion tactics and resulting problems: a lien on
their home; a state court collection lawsuit; direct collection calls
while they were represented by counsel and the state court litiga-
tion was pending; loss of neighborhood amenities; and interference
with a home equity loan that would have enabled them to pay off
a high-interest credit card debt. In awarding the Crosses $30,000 in
emotional distress damages, the court accounted for the injuries to
both plaintiffs with a single damage award, which is effectively
$15,000 per individual plaintiff. Far greater damages awards based
USCA11 Case: 19-14067 Date Filed: 11/12/2021 Page: 22 of 22
22 Opinion of the Court 19-14067
on a single plaintiff’s emotional distress have been upheld. See,
e.g., Williams v. First Advantage LNS Screening Sols. Inc., 947 F.3d
735, 744 (11th Cir. 2020) (upholding a $250,000 general award for
emotional distress, lost wages, and reputational harm); see also
McCollough v. Johnson, Rodenburg & Lauinger, LLC, 637 F.3d
939, 958 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that substantial evidence sup-
ported the jury’s $250,000 emotional distress damage award on
FDCPA claims). As the district court emphasized, the magistrate
judge held a hearing, considered the Crosses’ evidence of emo-
tional distress, and “gauged the credibility” of their testimony.
Based on that evidence, the district court determined that a collec-
tive award of $30,000 to the Crosses was the correct amount, and
those findings are due great deference. See Owens v. Wainwright,
698 F.2d 1111, 1113 (11th Cir. 1983) (“Appellate courts reviewing a
cold record give particular deference to credibility determinations
of a fact-finder who had the opportunity to see live testimony.”).
Equity Experts has shown no reversible error in any aspect
of the district court’s damages award.
AFFIRMED. 8
8 This appeal was originally scheduled for oral argument but was removed
from the oral argument calendar by unanimous consent of the panel under
11th Cir. R. 34–3(f).