United States v. Jonathan Lee Vernier , 152 F. App'x 827 ( 2005 )

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
October 11, 2005
No. 04-12668
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________ CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 03-10021-CR-SH
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JONATHAN LEE VERNIER,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(October 11, 2005)
Before BARKETT and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and GEORGE *, District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
*
Honorable Lloyd D. George, United States District Judge for the District of Nevada, sitting
by designation.
Jonathan Lee Vernier appeals his 210-month sentence and $70,296.52
restitution order imposed after pleading guilty to: (1) the knowing and
unauthorized use of one or more unauthorized access devices (a credit card) issued
to another person in order to withdraw $4,928, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
1029(a)(2) (Count 1); and (2) the transportation of more than $5,000 of stolen
property (jewelry) in interstate commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314 (Count
2).
On appeal, Vernier argues that the sentence must be vacated because (1) the
district court was “unalterably predisposed toward a particular punishment,”
United States v. Greenman, 700 F.2d 1377, 1379 (11th Cir. 1983), in violation of
the Defendant’s due process rights; (2) the district court erred as a matter of law in
granting an upward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1; (3) the district court’s
sentence amounted to plain error under the line of Supreme Court cases
culminating in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. ___, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed.
2d 621 (2005); and (4) the district court’s restitution order was invalid. After
thorough review, we affirm the sentence in all respects except for the order of
restitution.
I. Background
A. The Guilty Plea
2
On January 16, 2004, pursuant to a detailed written plea agreement and a
stipulated set of facts, Vernier pled guilty to Counts 1 and 2 of a five-count
indictment. The agreement provided that (1) the government would dismiss the
remaining three courts of the indictment after sentencing;1 (2) that the loss
involved in the relevant conduct was more than $120,000 and less than $200,000
for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1), and, accordingly, that a ten-level “loss”
enhancement was warranted; and (3) that the offenses embodied in Counts 1 and 2
involved theft from the person of another (Ran Mesika) for purposes of U.S.S.G. §
2B1.1(b)(3), and therefore, an additional two-level enhancement was warranted.
The parties also agreed and stipulated to the following basic facts. On April
12, 2003, Ran Mesika, a twenty-two year old Israeli, left San Diego in his 1991
Ford Econoline van. Mesika’s van contained $123,430.75 worth of jewelry that
had been consigned to him by a jewelry company. Mesika intended to sell the
jewelry as he traveled across the country. Mesika also possessed a Visa credit card
issued by an Israeli credit card company.
Prior to May 1, 2003, Mesika met the Defendant and offered him a ride. By
the early morning of May 1st, the two men arrived in Lake Charles, Louisiana.
1
Vernier was also indicted for interstate transportation of a motor vehicle owned by
another, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2312 (Count 3); and the assault of two FBI agents during the
course of their official duties, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111(a) (Counts 4 and 5).
3
Sometime before 9:48 a.m., the Defendant “took possession, custody, and control
of the subject van and subject jewelry from Mesika without Mesika’s voluntary
consent, authorization or approval, that is, the subject van and subject jewelry were
stolen from Mesika by Vernier.”
Besides the van and jewelry, the Defendant also “took possession, custody,
and control” of Mesika’s credit card. At about 9:48 a.m. on May 1st, the
Defendant unsuccessfully attempted a $200 cash advance withdrawal from an
ATM machine at a truck stop in Louisiana using Mesika’s credit card. Vernier
made a second attempt two minutes later and successfully withdrew $200, and then
made a third successful withdrawal at 9:52 a.m.
Between May 2nd and May 5th, Vernier made some forty-six cash advance
withdrawals using Mesika’s credit card in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and
Florida, totaling about $4,928.00. On May 13, 2003, the Defendant was spotted by
law enforcement agents leaving a campsite in Key West, Florida. Mesika’s van
was found at the campsite. Vernier was arrested and the van was searched. It
contained “thousands of pieces of the subject jewelry.” Finally, the parties
stipulated that the jewelry had traveled in interstate commerce prior to May 13th.
B. The Presentence Investigation Report
The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) detailed the stipulated facts,
4
adding some additional details including the circumstances surrounding the
Defendant’s arrest and Mesika’s disappearance.
Among other things, the PSI recounted that law enforcement discovered that
Vernier had used the name “Ran Mesika” when he registered at the Key West
campsite, that Vernier had called himself “Trouble,” and that the Defendant told a
woman that Mesika’s van was his and that he was a jewelry salesman.
When federal law enforcement agents identified themselves to Vernier, the
Defendant pushed the agents away and fled on foot. Along the way, Vernier
pushed a woman off a motor scooter, seized it and drove it through the streets of
Key West as the agents pursued him. Soon thereafter, Vernier dove in the water,
swam to another location, pushed another woman off a bicycle, which he used to
flee, and was ultimately apprehended.
A subsequent search of the van and campsite revealed, among other things,
the consigned jewelry and a plastic tarp, which was placed over the rear of
Mesika’s van, concealing the California license plate. Agents also located DNA
evidence on a tire iron and a camera tripod, and found blood stains throughout the
van, including on the van’s carpet, and blood splatter on the windows and a light
fixture in the rear of the van. The DNA found at the scene and in the van matched
Mesika’s DNA. DNA evidence also excluded the Defendant as a source of the
5
DNA found on the blood stained items seized in the van.
Based on this fact pattern, the PSI grouped Counts 1 and 2, and set the
Defendant’s base offense level at six, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(2). The PSI
also increased the base offense level by ten levels based on the “loss” amount
agreed to by the parties, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(F), and by an
additional two levels, again based on the stipulated facts, because the offense
involved theft from another, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(3). Pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2, the PSI also recommended another two-level increase, based on
the Defendant’s reckless creation of a substantial risk of death or serious bodily
injury during the course of his flight from law enforcement officers in Key West.
The Defendant’s timely acceptance of responsibility yielded a three-level
reduction, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, and a total offense level of seventeen.
The Defendant’s very extensive criminal history resulted in twelve criminal
history points. Two additional points were added because Vernier committed the
charged offenses after having escaped from a Colorado jail in April 2003 while
serving a term of imprisonment, and one more point was added since he committed
the charged offenses less than two years after escaping from prison. As a
consequence, Vernier was given a Criminal History Category of VI yielding a
presumptive guideline range of fifty-one to sixty-three months imprisonment.
6
Finally, the PSI noted three possible grounds for upward departure and observed
that the government intended to seek a § 5K2.1 upward departure specifically
because the Defendant intended or knowingly caused Mesika’s death or serious
bodily injury.
The Defendant filed written objections to the PSI seeking, among other
things, the elimination of Paragraphs 18 and 19 from the PSI, which outlined the
DNA testing results and the disappearance of Mesika, on the grounds that the
information was “not relevant” to the charges the Defendant pled guilty to. The
Defendant added that this was not a death case, and there was no evidence of
Mesika’s death or of the Defendant’s responsibility for it, observing that the lack
of knowledge of Mesika’s whereabouts was an insufficient foundation to establish
a basis for departure. The Defendant also challenged the proposed two-level
increase, pursuant to § 3C1.2, and portions of the restitution section of the PSI,
contesting among other things, the value of the stolen jewelry included because it
had been recovered.
The government, in turn, responded to the Defendant’s objections, and
moved for a fifteen-level upward departure, pursuant to § 5K2.1, contending that
Vernier caused the death of Mesika in the course of committing the charged
crimes. The government detailed the legal basis for the departure and outlined the
7
evidence it intended to adduce at the sentencing hearing in order to establish that
Mesika was dead and Vernier was responsible.
C. The Sentencing Hearing
Vernier’s sentencing hearing took place on May 10, 2004, at which time the
district court took testimony presented by the government on the issues
surrounding Mesika’s purported death and the Defendant’s flight. Again the
Defendant objected on the grounds that the government had improvidently turned
the sentencing hearing into a murder trial when, in fact, it properly concerned only
the interstate transportation of stolen property and the improper use of an access
device. The Defendant added that the proposed testimony would “poison the well”
and improperly prejudice the court.
The district court summarily overruled the Defendant’s objections, said that
it would entertain no further argument, and allowed the government to present the
testimony of four FBI agents and Mesika’s father. Among other things, the
testimony established that the Defendant and Mesika were captured on video
surveillance tapes taken at a Wal-Mart store in North Lake Charles, Louisiana,
depicting them together at 4:19 a.m. on May 2, 2003. The tapes also showed
Vernier re-entering the Wal-Mart alone around 6:40 a.m. Still other video
surveillance tapes taken from an ATM at a truck stop that same morning, on May
8
2nd, showed Vernier alone, using Mesika’s credit card. Those tapes also revealed
Mesika’s van in the parking lot and then driving away after Vernier finished his
credit card transaction.
Mesika’s cellular telephone records were also introduced, which established
phone calls made between midnight and 3:00 a.m. on May 2nd, originating in
Texas, and calls made between 3:00 and 4:00 a.m. in Louisiana. No phone calls
were made or received on Mesika’s cellular phone after 7:00 p.m. that day.
Inside Mesika’s van, located at the Key West campsite, the agents found a
rug cleaner, a plastic cleaner, a scrub brush, and air freshener. They also
discovered that the van’s rug and walls had just been scrubbed clean.
Nevertheless, the agents found blood, and blood splatter, throughout the van,
including on the passenger-side rear window, the overhead light, and the door jam.
The agents also found a tire iron and rope in the back of the van. The tire iron,
which was discovered underneath a suitcase containing the stolen jewelry, had
visible human tissue and blood residue on it. As noted, DNA testing determined
Mesika to be the source of the blood and the human tissue.
Finally, Mesika’s father, an Israeli citizen, testified that he had spoken with
his son, Ran Mesika, every day by cell phone prior to May 2, 2003, but that he has
not heard from his son since that date. He also testified that his son generally slept
9
in the van to save money. Moreover, according to the testimony of an FBI agent,
Mesika’s van contained a folding metal bedframe and a friend of Mesika’s had
informed him that the bedframe contained a mattress when Mesika left San Diego.
When the van was searched, however, it contained only the metal bedframe.
Vernier’s counsel cross-examined the government’s witnesses, but presented
no witnesses or evidence on the Defendant’s behalf, although afforded the
opportunity to do so by the district court, and did not dispute the government’s
evidence.
Although the district court initially said that it would not entertain any legal
argument, it permitted both sides to argue after the factual presentation. The
government urged the court to depart upward based on § 5K2.1, asserting that the
Defendant was responsible for Mesika’s violent death and that only a fifteen-level
departure was reasonable under the circumstances.
The defense responded that the alleged murder of Mesika was legally
irrelevant to the charges, that a § 5K2.1 upward departure was legally preempted
by U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(11) (§ 2B1.1(b)(12) in the most recent version of the
Guidelines), which provided for a two-level increase in cases where the offense
involved the conscious or reckless risk of death or serious bodily injury, and that,
in any event, evidence of Mesika’s death was speculative in the absence of finding
10
the body.
The district court further allowed the Defendant ten days to file any
memoranda or motion “relevant to the upward departure,” but declared that it had
determined to grant the government’s motion for an upward departure under §
5K2.1. More precisely, the court overruled Vernier’s objections to the PSI, granted
the government’s motion for a fifteen-level upward departure, departed from a base
offense level of 17 to a level 32, and sentenced Vernier to a total of 210 months of
imprisonment (105 months on each of Counts 1 and 2), three years of supervised
release, and $70,296.52 in restitution. The district court also stated its intention to
file an order memorializing its rationale for the departure.2 Notably, the Defendant
2
The district court observed:
Well, to all who are present here, whether you understand
everything that has gone on here today or not is not really relevant. But I
think it only fair to point out, because counsel has heard me say this to
jurors, I don’t know how many times, and essentially it is this.
Evidence in a matter of this nature may be presented by what we
call either direct or circumstantial evidence. I have further advised those
jurors that the law makes no distinction nor limitation upon the weight
that you the finder of the facts may give to either direct or circumstantial
evidence.
Today I sit as the tr[i]er of the facts as well as the arbiter of the law
for purposes of this proceeding.
I do not mind, as a matter of fact I think I would be derelict if I
failed to make certain observations.
I am intellectually of the firm conviction that Ran Mesika is indeed
deceased and that the defendant was aware of this fact at the times and
11
did not raise a constitutional challenge to the Guideline sentence, nor did he object
to the way the district court conducted the sentencing hearing.
Within the ten day period, Vernier filed a written response to the
government’s motion for an upward departure, again arguing that a § 5K2.1
departure was legally preempted by § 2B1.1(b)(11), that his case could not fall
outside the “heartland” of § 2B1.1 cases as a matter of law, and that the departure
dates he was using the victim’s ATM card.
What are some of those circumstances that influenced this Court,
and, I am sure, would influence jurors?
Here we have an acknowledged meeting, one mentioned over a
phone to among others the father of the victim. And then we have a
complete cut off.
But then we have conduct of this nature. The use of an ATM card
by the perpetrator knowing full well that he did not have to be worried
about someone reporting the loss of that ATM card and thereby
immediately setting up alerts that could be placed in those ATM
machines.
This is without question the most powerful circumstantial case of
conduct by this defendant that I have ever witnessed either as the tr[i]er of
fact or before a jury.
I had no hesitancy in making the decision that I have made for, I
repeat, that I am now both intellectually and professionally convinced that
Ran Mesika is indeed deceased and indeed that this defendant was aware
of it because of his deeds.
As the Court has indicated, the Court agrees with the analysis of
the government’s in the government’s request and motion for an upward
departure. As I have already stated this Court has determined prior to
even reviewing that motion that this Court would indeed depart[].
12
was inappropriate, in any case, because there was insufficient proof that Mesika
was actually dead. Vernier then timely filed a notice of appeal. After Vernier filed
his initial brief with this Court, the district court, on September 17, 2004, entered
an order memorializing its reasons for granting the § 5K2.1 departure. The
Defendant objected to the order asserting that the district court lost jurisdiction in
light of the pending appeal.
II. Discussion
A.
The Defendant first argues that we should reverse his sentence and remand
for re-sentencing before another district judge because the court harbored a
pervasive bias against him and was unalterably disposed to a particular
punishment. We are not persuaded.
We observe at the outset that the Defendant did not object during or after the
sentencing proceeding to the court’s alleged bias. In the absence of preserving the
issue of bias, we will generally refuse to entertain it on appeal absent a showing of
fundamental error. United States v. Ramos, 933 F.2d 968, 974 (11th Cir. 1991).
Fundamental error may be found, however, where the judge’s remarks and conduct
evince pervasive bias and prejudice that unfairly prejudices the defendant. Id. at
973-74.
13
We add that judicial remarks critical of a party will not generally support a
claim of partiality or bias. As the Supreme Court has observed,
“[d]isinterestedness does not mean child-like innocence.” Liteky v. United States,
510 U.S. 540, 551, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 1155, 127 L. Ed. 2d 474 (1994). When
examining the totality of the record, we are required to ask whether the judge’s
remarks reveal so “high degree of favoritism or antagonism as to make fair
judgment impossible.” Id. at 555, 114 S. Ct. at 1157.
When this record is viewed as a whole we are satisfied that the district
court’s conduct during the sentencing hearing does not establish pervasive bias
against Vernier rendering fair and impartial judgment impossible. While some of
the district court’s comments were plainly infelicitous, they do not evince legal
bias. Without question, the district court conducted the sentencing hearing in a
blunt and forceful manner. Nevertheless, the district court received and reviewed
the Defendant’s written objections to the PSI, gave the Defendant the opportunity
to confront, cross-examine, and rebut the government’s evidence and witnesses
presented at the sentencing hearing, in fact allowed the defense to argue both the
facts and the law at the hearing, and provided the Defendant with the opportunity
to brief the matter of departure further.
The fact that the district court bluntly announced its intention to depart at the
14
outset of the hearing does not evince a deep-seated bais or an unalterable
predisposition. Indeed, our law is well-settled that a district court must advise the
parties prior to the sentencing hearing of its intention to depart from the guideline
range. See, e.g., Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129, 138-39, 111 S. Ct. 2182,
2187, 115 L. Ed. 2d 123 (1991). In this case, the district court plainly put the
government to its burden of establishing the factual bases for the departure.
Moreover, Vernier’s basic argument that the alleged murder arising out of the
charged conduct was legally irrelevant was undeniably without merit, see U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.3 (stating that relevant conduct for purposes of determining a defendant’s
guideline range includes “all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted,
counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused”), and the district
court was not obliged to comment at length about it. Nor, finally, taken as a whole,
can we discern on the record, a violation of Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure.
B.
Vernier also argues that the district court erred in departing upward based on
§ 5K2.1 because (1) the court had no jurisdiction to enter a supplemental order on
September 14th memorializing its reasons for granting the departure; (2) the court
did not make adequate findings that Mesika’s death resulted from the Defendant’s
15
conduct; (3) the court failed to recognize that in this case § 2B1.1 takes death into
account, preempting a § 5K2.1 departure; and (4) the extent of the upward
departure was unlawful because the court did not consider the factors outlined in
the commentary to § 5K2.1. We remain unconvinced.
As a threshold matter, we must decide whether to measure the lawfulness of
the district court’s § 5K2.1 departure in light of its September 17, 2004 order, or
only in light of the record developed prior to Vernier having filed his notice of
appeal. The issue turns on whether the district court had jurisdiction to enter the
September 17th order after it entered judgment and the Defendant filed his notice
of appeal.
The filing of a notice of appeal will generally divest the district court of
jurisdiction over the matters at issue in the appeal, except to the extent that the
court must act “in aid of the appeal.” Shewchun v. United States, 797 F.2d 941,
942 (11th Cir. 1986). Plainly, the district court had been divested of jurisdiction to
act other than “in aid of the appeal” when it entered its September 17th order. We
hold that in this case, however, the supplemental order was a permissible act in aid
of appeal precisely because it facilitated, rather than interfered with the review of
the appeal. The district court intended all along to file a written order detailing its
rationale for the upward departure. The order did no more than that. In fact, the
16
September 17th order in no way modified the district court’s sentence or altered
the foundation upon which it rested. It did not amount to a re-sentencing of the
Defendant. Rather, the district court’s reduction of its oral findings to writing after
the filing of a notice of appeal was within its jurisdiction because it would aid the
appellate court in its review. See, e.g., United States v. Nichols, 56 F.3d 403 (2d
Cir. 1995).
Nor are we persuaded by Vernier’s suggestion that the district court failed to
make adequate findings. Defendant’s argument that the district court was deficient
in its findings rests on the language in § 5K2.1 that,
[t]he sentencing judge must give consideration to matters that would
normally distinguish among levels of homicide, such as the
defendant’s state of mind and the degree of planning or preparation.
Other appropriate factors are whether multiple deaths resulted, and the
means by which life was taken. The extent of the increase should
depend on the dangerousness of the defendant’s conduct, the extent to
which death or serious injury was intended or knowingly risked, and
the extent to which the offense level for the offense of conviction . . .
already reflects the risk of personal injury.
U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1.
The district court expressly took note of these requirements in its September
17th order. It then proceeded to make numerous findings exhibiting compliance
with the Guidelines. In particular, the district court found that,
Vernier . . . had the motive and opportunity to murder Mesika by
taking advantage of his close relationship to the victim to gain
17
financially by the fraudulent use of Mesika’s credit card after his
death. . . . Vernier [also] attempted to cover up the scene of his death.
The cleaning agents and water and blood stains (belonging to Mesika)
show that Vernier attempted to hide the murder scene and evade
punishment for the heinous crimes he committed.
These findings say that Defendant murdered Mesika intentionally as evident from
the financial gain Defendant reaped and from Defendant’s calculated effort to
conceal Mesika’s death. As well, they suggest that the Defendant planned the
murder in the course of cultivating a relationship with Mesika. Finally, the district
court suggested in calling Defendant’s crimes “heinous,” that Defendant took
Mesika’s life in a brutal fashion. In short, we are satisfied that the district court
followed the guidance provided in the commentaries to § 5K2.1 in determining the
extent of an upward departure.
We are also unconvicned by Vernier’s argument that § 2B1.1 already takes
death into account, preempting as a matter of law a § 5K2.1 departure. Section
2B1.1(b)(11) of the Guidelines specifically provides for a two-level increase in the
base offense level “[i]f the offense involved [] the conscious or reckless risk of
death or serious bodily injury.” That provision applies, however, only where the
defendant’s offense conduct intrinsically carries the conscious or reckless risk of
death or injury. In this case, Vernier’s offense conduct -- driving a van across state
lines with stolen jewelry, and using a third person’s credit card without
18
authorization -- carries no inherent risk of death or serious bodily injury. This case
is nothing like United States v. Snyder, 291 F.3d 1291, 1294-95 (11th Cir. 2002),
where the § 2B1.1 provision applied to conduct involving false certifications to the
FDA concerning the effectiveness of a cancer drug, precisely because the
underlying conduct inherently carried a risk of death or serious injury to clinical-
trial volunteers. See also United States v. Lucien, 347 F.3d 45, 55-57 (2d Cir.
2003) (applying § 2B1.1(b)(11) to fraud convictions involving fabricated
automobile collisions, conduct inherently carrying risk of death or serious injury).
C.
Vernier also argues, for the first time on appeal that his sentence must be
reversed because it was imposed on the basis of facts neither charged in the
indictment, nor found by the jury, in violation of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments,
and the Supreme Court’s rulings in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.
Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.
Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. ___,
125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005).
Where, as here, a defendant raises a Booker claim for the first time on
appeal, we review the matter only for plain error. United States v. Rodriguez, 398
F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2005); see also Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). Under this
19
standard of review, “[a]n appellate court may not correct an error the defendant
failed to raise in the district court unless there is: ‘(1) error, (2) that is plain, and
(3) that affects substantial rights,’” and even then, the appellate court has the
discretion to address the error only if “‘(4) the error seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at
1298 (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631, 122 S. Ct. 1781, 1785,
152 L. Ed. 2d 860 (2002)).
As we recently observed:
Under United States v. Booker, there are two kinds of
sentencing errors: one is constitutional and the other is
statutory. “[T]he Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury is
violated where under a mandatory guidelines system a sentence
is increased because of an enhancement based on facts found by
the judge that were neither admitted by the defendant nor found
by the jury.” United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1297
(11th Cir. 2005). In addition, “[a]s a result of Booker’s remedial
holding, Booker error exists when the district court misapplies
the Guidelines by considering them as binding as opposed to
advisory.” United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330-31
(11th Cir. 2005).
United States v. Cartwright, 413 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2005).
Vernier suggests that the district court committed Booker error with respect
to certain enhancements and findings contributing to the Defendant’s sentence --
including a finding of fifteen criminal history points and a Criminal History
Category VI, a ten-level enhancement for a loss in the amount of $128,791.82,
20
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(F), a two-level enhancement for theft from the
person of another, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(3), a two-level increase for
reckless endangerment during flight, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2, and an order of
restitution, pursuant to the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”), 18
U.S.C. §§ 3663A-3664. We are unpersuaded.
First, as for the Defendant’s criminal history, we have consistently rejected
any claim that the district court erred when it enhanced a sentence based on prior
convictions. The Supreme Court has consistently rejected the argument that a
district court commits error when it considers prior convictions in sentencing a
defendant under the Guidelines. See, e.g., Almendarez-Torres v. United States,
523 U.S. 224, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 140 L. Ed. 2d 350 (1998); United States v.
Marseille, 377 F.3d 1249, 1257 (11th Cir. 2004); accord United States v.
Orduno-Mireles, 405 F.3d 960, 963 (11th Cir. 2005); Shelton, 400 F.3d at 1329.
Second, the ten-level enhancement for loss in an amount exceeding
$120,000, and the two-level enhancement for theft from the person of another,
were not the result of judicial fact-finding, but rather were facts unambiguously
admitted by Vernier as part of the plea agreement. Accordingly, no constitutional
or statutory Booker error can be attributed to those enhancements. See Cartwright,
413 F.3d at 1300; Shelton, 400 F.3d at 1330.
21
Thus, the only sentencing enhancement not admitted to by Vernier but
unambiguously found by the district court was for reckless endangerment during
flight. As for this two-level enhancement, the Defendant showed that the error was
“plain” since “it is enough that the error be ‘plain’ at the time of appellate
consideration.” Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1299 (quoting Johnson v. United States,
520 U.S. 461, 468, 117 S. Ct. 1544, 1549, 137 L. Ed. 2d 718 (1997)).
It is the third prong of the plain error standard that defeats the vast majority
of unsuccessful Booker claims, and this case is no exception. It requires that a
defendant show “there is a reasonable probability of a different result if the
guidelines had been applied in an advisory instead of binding fashion by the
sentencing judge in [the] case.” Id. at 1301. A “reasonable probability,” we
described, “means a probability ‘sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.’” Id. at 1299 (quoting United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74,
124 S. Ct. 2333, 2340, 159 L. Ed. 2d 157 (2004) (citation omitted)). Nothing in
the record indicates that the district court would have imposed a different sentence
if it had known the Guidelines were not mandatory. To the contrary, the trial judge
could not have been more emphatic that his sense of justice and responsibility as
much propelled the enhancements of Defendant’s sentence as the mandatory nature
of the Guidelines. In short, we cannot say that the outcome would have been
22
different if the district court had known that increasing Defendant’s sentence based
on aggravating factors was not mandatory. Accordingly, Defendant’s Booker
claim must fail.
Third, we consider the district court’s fifteen-level upward departure under §
5K2.1. Section 5K2.1 provides that “[i]f death resulted, the court may increase the
sentence above the authorized guideline range.” (Emphasis added). Whether
exercise of a court’s discretion to depart upward is a decision made under a
“mandatory Guidelines regime,” as needed for Booker error, is a matter of some
uncertainty. Compare United States v. May, 413 F.3d 841, 848 (8th Cir. 2005)
(stating that it is “unclear” whether a departure within the district court’s discretion
is Booker error), with United States v. Cunningham, 405 F.3d 497, 504 (7th Cir.
2005) (“To the extent that [defendant] argues that the court’s upward departure
[not mandated by the guidelines] violates the Sixth amendment, he is correct.”).
This Circuit has yet to squarely address whether discretionary departures may even
constitute Booker error. This case will not be our first foray into that debate.
Even if the Defendant could establish that the district court’s upward
departure somehow amounted to Booker error, and that the error was plain, in
satisfaction of the first two prongs of the plain error standard, Vernier would fail
still again because he cannot show that the error affected his substantial rights. As
23
with the Defendant’s other claims, there is not the slightest indication in this record
that the district court would have sentenced the Defendant differently even if it
were operating under a purely advisory sentencing guideline regime.
Finally, we consider the district court’s order to pay restitution under §
3663A of the MVRA. Recently, we observed that neither this Court nor the
Supreme Court has addressed whether Booker applies to restitution orders and
other circuits are split on the question. United States v. King, 414 F.3d 1329, 1330
(11th Cir. 2005). Thus, even if a court’s restitution order constituted Booker error,
that error was not “plain.” Id. Defendant’s argument cannot succeed for this
reason.
Defendant also argues that the district court had no authority to order
restitution for the value of stolen jewelry, which the government recovered,
without determining that returning the jewelry was “impossible, impractical, or
inadequate,” as required by the MVRA. 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(b). The government
concedes that in this respect, it has not met its burden of proof under 18 U.S.C. §
3664A(e). We agree. Accordingly, we remand to the district court the issue of
determining whether Defendant must make restitution for the value of the stolen
jewelry.
24
III. Conclusion
In short, we AFFIRM the sentence in all respects except for the order of
restitution, which we VACATE and REMAND to the district court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.
25