Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 1 of 10
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 16-17234
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-20616-JIC-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DARRYL BURKE,
a.k.a. David Middleton,
a.k.a. James Duncan,
a.k.a. Donald Brown,
a.k.a. Dr. Jeffrey Burke,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
No. 17-11257
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-20616-JIC-2
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 2 of 10
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
VICKI GARLAND,
a.k.a. Vickie Garland,
a.k.a. Felicia Middleton,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(February 20, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT, MARTIN and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
A jury found Darryl Burke and Vicki Garland guilty of one count of
conspiracy to commit bank and wire fraud, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1349, and
three counts of bank fraud, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1344. We affirmed their
convictions on direct appeal. United States v. Burke, 645 F. App’x 883 (11th Cir.
2016). Burke and Garland, proceeding pro se, now appeal two District Court
orders: one denying their consolidated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33
2
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 3 of 10
motion 1 for a new trial and the other denying their motion for reconsideration 2 of
that order. We affirm the District Court’s decisions.
I.
A.
Burke and Garland first argue that they are entitled to a new trial because a
juror evaded or gave false answers during voir dire regarding whether she had ever
been in mortgage foreclosure litigation.
We review a district court’s denial of a new trial based on juror misconduct
during voir dire for abuse of discretion. United States v. Quilca-Carpio,
118 F.3d
719, 722 (11th Cir. 1997). To obtain a new trial based on a juror’s failure to
disclose information, the moving party must demonstrate that (1) a juror failed to
answer honestly a material question on voir dire and (2) a correct response would
have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause. McDonough Power Equip.,
Inc. v. Greenwood,
464 U.S. 548, 556,
104 S. Ct. 845, 850 (1984). The second
prong requires proof of actual bias. BankAtlantic v. Blythe Eastman Paine
Webber, Inc.,
955 F.2d 1467, 1473 (11th Cir. 1992). Bias may be shown either by
express admission or by proof of specific facts showing such a close connection to
1
Rule 33 allows courts to “vacate any judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of
justice so requires.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(a).
2
Although the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure do not expressly provide for motions
for reconsideration, the Supreme Court and this Court have nonetheless permitted them. United
States v. Phillips,
597 F.3d 1190, 1199 (11th Cir. 2010).
3
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 4 of 10
the circumstances at hand that bias must be presumed. United States v. Carpa,
271
F.3d 962, 967 (11th Cir. 2001). District courts are not obligated to investigate
allegations of juror misconduct absent “clear, strong, substantial and
incontrovertible evidence” that the jury committed an impropriety that might
undermine the verdict. United States v. Cuthel,
903 F.2d 1381, 1383 (11th Cir.
1990) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Burke and
Garland’s consolidated motion for new trial based on alleged juror misconduct.
The records relied upon by Burke and Garland do not prove the juror was in or had
experienced mortgage foreclosure litigation at or before the time of Burke and
Garland’s trial. Further, assuming arguendo that the juror did not provide accurate
answers during voir dire, Burke and Garland failed to demonstrate her actual bias.
They allege that the juror was in mortgage foreclosure litigation with a bank that
was also mentioned in Burke’s indictment, and so the juror may have felt that
Burke and Garland’s actions contributed to her situation. They also allege in
conclusory fashion that the bank forgave the juror of her debt after they were
convicted, proving the motive for her bias. This all falls short of proving actual
bias. See Carpa,
271 F.3d at 967. Therefore, Burke and Garland failed to prove a
valid basis to strike the juror for cause and accordingly were not entitled to a new
4
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 5 of 10
trial based on juror misconduct. See McDonough Power,
464 U.S. at 556,
104 S.
Ct. at 850.
B.
Burke and Garland next argue that the District Court abused its discretion in
denying their consolidated motion for new trial based on alleged newly discovered
evidence that impeached several witnesses’ testimony.
We review a district court’s denial of a motion for new trial based on newly
discovered evidence for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Jernigan,
341
F.3d 1273, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). Notably, motions for a new trial are highly
disfavored, and district courts should use great caution in granting a new trial
motion based on newly discovered evidence.
Id. To merit a new trial based on
newly discovered evidence, the defendant must show that:
(1) the evidence was discovered after trial, (2) the failure of the
defendant to discover the evidence was not due to a lack of due
diligence, (3) the evidence is not merely cumulative or impeaching,
(4) the evidence is material to issues before the court, and (5) the
evidence is such that a new trial would probably produce a different
result.
Id. Failure to meet any one of these elements will defeat a motion for new trial.
United States v. Starrett,
55 F.3d 1525, 1554 (11th Cir. 1995).
The District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Burke and
Garland’s consolidated motion for new trial based on alleged newly discovered
evidence that impeached several witnesses’ testimony. The accuracy and
5
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 6 of 10
authenticity of many of the documents submitted in support of the motion for new
trial were dubious. 3 Even if the documents were accurate, the issues that the
documents allegedly demonstrated were part of Burke and Garland’s trial defense,
and, therefore, amount to cumulative and impeachment evidence, which does not
warrant a new trial. See United States v. Hirst,
668 F.2d 1180, 1185 (11th Cir.
1982). Burke and Garland also failed to adequately demonstrate that they could
not have discovered the documents with due diligence prior to trial. The materials
attached to their consolidated new trial motion were predominantly public records
published prior to trial. Furthermore, the evidence of Burke and Garland’s guilt
was overwhelming. Thus, even with their alleged newly discovered evidence,
Burke and Garland would not have a reasonable probability of producing a
different result in a subsequent trial. See id.; Jernigan,
341 F.3d at 1287.
C.
Third, Burke and Garland argue that the District Court abused its discretion
in denying their consolidated motion for new trial based on alleged Brady4 and
Giglio5 violations.
3
That is, because Burke and Garland engaged in a fraudulent scheme, many of the
documents they used as proof of error contain traces of their fraud.
4
Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83,
83 S. Ct. 1194 (1963).
5
Giglio v. United States,
405 U.S. 150,
92 S. Ct. 763 (1972).
6
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 7 of 10
We review a district court’s denial of a new trial based on alleged
prosecutorial misconduct for abuse of discretion. United States v. Vallejo,
297
F.3d 1154, 1163 (11th Cir. 2002). To obtain a new trial on the basis of a Brady
violation, the defendant must show that:
(1) the government possessed evidence favorable to the defendant;
(2) the defendant does not possess the evidence and could not obtain
the evidence with any reasonable diligence; (3) the prosecution
suppressed the favorable evidence; and (4) had the evidence been
disclosed to the defendant, there is a reasonable probability that the
outcome would have been different.
Id. at 1164.
The District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Burke and
Garland’s consolidated motion for new trial based on alleged Brady and Giglio
violations. The accusations that the Government introduced false documents
before the grand jury and at trial, failed to disclose that a Government witness had
made false representations in her bankruptcy proceeding, and knowingly allowed
this witness to testify falsely about her bankruptcy at trial did not amount to actual
misconduct. The Government introduced documents containing false information
because they were obtained via the search warrant from Burke’s residence, and the
trial was about a fraud largely perpetrated through the use of falsified documents.
Burke and Garland’s after-the-fact explanations for the truth of certain bank and
mortgage records over others do not support a finding of prosecutorial misconduct.
7
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 8 of 10
Also, Burke and Garland’s claims regarding the Government’s
nondisclosure of one of its witness’s bankruptcy court records and concealment of
this witness’s representations to the bankruptcy court after trial did not constitute
Brady violations because the evidence, if disclosed, would not have with
“reasonable probability” led to a different result. See id.; see also United States v.
Bagley,
473 U.S. 667, 678,
105 S. Ct. 3375, 3381 (1985) (noting that a Brady error
occurs “only if the evidence is material in the sense that its suppression undermines
confidence in the outcome of the trial”). Further, the speculative allegation that the
Government reached an undisclosed agreement with this witness does not rise to
the level of a Brady violation.6 Finally, as to the argument that the Government
violated Giglio by knowingly allowing this witness to testify falsely about her
bankruptcy at trial, Burke and Garland failed to prove that any of the witness’s trial
testimony about her bankruptcy was actually false. See Giglio,
405 U.S. at 153,
92
S. Ct. at 766.
6
Burke and Garland contend there was a “tacit” agreement between the Government and
one of its witnesses not to disclose a number of “benefits” the witness would later receive in her
bankruptcy proceeding for testifying. Burke and Garland, however, present only speculation that
such an agreement was formed. Cf. United States v. Calderon,
127 F.3d 1314, 1352–54 (11th
Cir. 1997) (affirming the denial of a new trial motion based on “totally unsubstantiated”
allegations of a “clandestine” meeting between the judge, jury foreman, prosecutor, and two
defendants).
8
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 9 of 10
D.
Burke and Garland additionally argue that the District Court abused its
discretion in denying their request for an evidentiary hearing on the claims raised
in their motion for new trial.
We review a district court’s decision concerning whether to hold an
evidentiary hearing for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Massey,
89 F.3d
1433, 1443 (11th Cir. 1996). We have noted that an evidentiary hearing is not
required if, as here, the record contains all of the evidence needed to dispose of
each of the grounds asserted as the basis for a new trial. United States v. Scrushy,
721 F.3d 1288, 1305 n.30 (11th Cir. 2013). Whether to hold an evidentiary
hearing is a decision within the district court’s sound discretion. United States v.
Slocum,
708 F.2d 587, 600 (11th Cir. 1983).
The District Court here, given its acumen gained over the course of
proceedings and given the evidence on record, acted within its sound discretion in
not holding an evidentiary hearing on the claims raised in Burke and Garland’s
new trial motion.
E.
Finally, Burke and Garland argue that the District Court abused its discretion
in denying their consolidated motion for new trial and their motion for
reconsideration because it failed to resolve the merits of all the claims presented in
9
Case: 16-17234 Date Filed: 02/20/2018 Page: 10 of 10
the motions, in violation of Clisby v. Jones,
960 F.2d 925 (11th Cir. 1992) (en
banc). They argue that the Court was required to address each of their claims
independently. Clisby, however, held only that district courts must resolve all
claims in a
28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition, as failing to do so presents certain
federalism and comity problems. See
960 F.2d at 934–38. Further, here the
District Court nonetheless provided thorough and complete orders denying Burke
and Garland’s motions for new trial and for reconsideration.
II.
Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s denial of Burke and Garland’s
consolidated motion for new trial and their motion for reconsideration.
AFFIRMED.
10
