USCA11 Case: 21-12918 Date Filed: 06/29/2022 Page: 1 of 15
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-12918
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
SIASIM COLUMBIA, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SCOTTSDALE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-12918
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cv-04568-ELR
____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff-Appellant SiaSim Columbia, LLC (“SiaSim”) ap-
peals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Scottsdale Insurance Co. (“Scottsdale”). This appeal concerns
whether SiaSim breached the notice provision in its insurance
contract with Scottsdale by waiting six months to file a claim for
damage to its property caused by a storm. For the following rea-
sons, we affirm.
I.
The facts underlying this case are straightforward. SiaSim
owns a four-unit commercial property (“the property”) that
Scottsdale insured from October 23, 2016 to October 23, 2017.
The insurance policy was issued pursuant to Georgia law, and the
parties agree that Georgia insurance law applies to this case. The
insurance policy, in a section titled “Loss Conditions,” said that
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21-12918 Opinion of the Court 3
SiaSim had a duty to “[g]ive [Scottsdale] prompt notice of the loss
or damage” in the event that loss or damage occurred.
On September 11, 2017, a storm allegedly damaged the
property. According to Junaid Virani (“Virani”), SiaSim’s owner
and corporate representative, within a week of the storm, one of
SiaSim’s tenants reported “multiple roof leaks coming in” and
“water seeping into the building.” At his deposition, Virani testi-
fied that he went to the property to inspect it multiple times. He
affirmed that he saw during his first inspection “standing water on
the floor,” water “[c]oming from the roof,” and “multiple [water]
spots on the ceiling.” He said that two of the property’s other
units were “starting to” flood at that time, and that those units
“were eventually flooded to the point where all the flooring, ceil-
ing, electrical, lights, everything had to be redone. Mold. It was a
mess.”
After his first inspection, Virani called a maintenance con-
tractor from Gold Peak Construction to look at the property.
This occurred “within a month” of the storm. After his inspec-
tion, the maintenance contractor “made some suggestions” “on
what needed to be done,” such as fixing “roof damage” and the
flooring. Virani described the contractor’s recommendations as
follows:
Just general stuff that eventually had to be fixed like
flooring was -- had water in it, so it started to come
up. Ceiling tiles had to be replaced. All the electri-
cal wires had to be rerun. The lights had to [be]
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-12918
rechanged, and then the roof was supposed to be
fixed, which was done temporarily.
Three tenants “left because it got so bad” at some point during
the six months after the September 11, 2017 storm. Later in his
deposition, Virani said that those three units were “completely
messed up”: “It was so much mold in there that you just couldn’t
be there.” During the six months following the storm, SiaSim did
not make any repairs to the roof.
At some point in January 2018, SiaSim contacted Tristan
Farrell of Premier Claims, a claims adjustment firm. After Prem-
ier Claims inspected the property, Farrell told Virani about “the
extent of the roof damage and that the mold remediation, floor-
ing, all the repairs that had to be made to take care of the situa-
tion.” Farrell testified that he first inspected the property some
time in March 2018. He saw “[p]unctures to the roof, lifted
seams,” and “areas that were clearly failing.” He testified that the
September 11, 2017 storm had caused this damage. He also testi-
fied that, after his initial inspection, he recommended that the
“roof needed to be fully replaced” and that “[t]he interior needed
to be gutted and rebuilt.” From March 2018 to May 2018, Farrell
conducted a total of three inspections.
SiaSim notified Scottsdale of its claim on March 26, 2018,
over six months after the storm. When asked why it took six
months to notify Scottsdale of the damage, Virani said, “[I]t took
a lot of time to find out the extent of the damage, how bad it was.
And it was multiple inspections that had to be done, and we just
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21-12918 Opinion of the Court 5
didn’t know how bad it was. . . . We just didn’t know the extent
of the damage and how much it was going to cost.” Even though
he had seen during his first inspection that one of the units was
flooding, Virani maintained that he did not “know if it was just a
patch or [if] the whole roof was messed up.”
On April 25, 2018, an adjuster from Scottsdale, Steven Nie-
derfringer, inspected the property. Based on the photographs he
took of the roof, Niederfringer testified that he saw “wear-and-
tear issues, cracks, things of that nature that would allow water to
intrude through the roof and cause interior damages.” SiaSim
contends that Niederfringer verbally told Farrell during the April
25 inspection that “he was going to cover all th[e] interior reme-
diation that needed to happen.” Niederfringer says that he does
not recall making these statements; rather, he says that he “al-
ways make[s] it very clear . . . that [he is] strictly on site to docu-
ment damage, and [he] make[s] no determinations whatsoever in
regards to coverage and do[es]n’t even have access to the policy.”
In September 2019, SiaSim sued Scottsdale in state court,
seeking damages for Scottsdale’s alleged breach of its insurance
policy, and Scottsdale removed the action to federal court.
Scottsdale filed a motion for summary judgment, and the district
court granted that motion. The district court determined that
SiaSim breached the notice provision of its insurance policy with
Scottsdale, which was a condition precedent to coverage. On ap-
peal, SiaSim argues that summary judgment was inappropriate
because a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding whether
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-12918
(1) its delay in notifying Scottsdale of the storm damage was justi-
fied, and (2) Scottsdale waived the insurance policy’s notice provi-
sion.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de
novo, applying the same legal standards used by the district court.
Felts v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,
893 F.3d 1305, 1311 (11th Cir.
2018). “Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no gen-
uine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” Jurich v. Compass Marine, Inc.,
764 F.3d 1302, 1304 (11th Cir. 2014). “An issue of fact is ‘material’
if, under the applicable substantive law, it might affect the out-
come of the case. An issue of fact is ‘genuine’ if the record taken
as a whole could lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-
moving party.” Hickson Corp. v. N. Crossarm Co., Inc.,
357 F.3d
1256, 1259–60 (11th Cir. 2004). We view all facts and reasonable
inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party
(i.e., SiaSim). Jurich, 764 F.3d at 1304.
III.
SiaSim’s first argument on appeal is that a genuine issue of
material fact exists as to whether its justification for its six-month
delay in giving notice was reasonable. SiaSim’s justification for
the delay is that it initially thought that the damage to the proper-
ty “was not serious enough to involve Scottsdale” and that it only
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21-12918 Opinion of the Court 7
realized the full extent of the damage to the property after it per-
formed multiple inspections.
Under Georgia law, “when an insurance policy includes a
notice requirement as a condition precedent to coverage, and
when the insured unreasonably fails to timely comply with the
notice requirement, the insurer is not obligated to provide a de-
fense or coverage.” Forshee v. Emps. Mut. Cas. Co.,
711 S.E.2d
28, 31 (Ga. Ct. App. 2011). The purpose of these notice require-
ments is
to enable the insurer to begin immediately an inves-
tigation of the facts and circumstances for determin-
ing whether liability might be present . . . ; to get the
facts while they were fresh and available in the
minds of the parties and such witnesses as might be
available; to obtain pictures, diagrams, etc. which
might assist in showing how the occurrence hap-
pened and the extent of any physical damage done.
Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. J. B. Forrest & Sons, Inc.,
209 S.E.2d 6,
8–9 (Ga. Ct. App. 1974). An insurer may still be required to cover
an insured’s loss if the insured’s failure to give timely notice was
justified. An insured’s failure to provide timely notice may be jus-
tified “if a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person would con-
clude that an event forms no basis for a possible claim.” Forshee,
711 S.E.2d at 31.
SiaSim has not contested the district court’s finding that
complying with the notice provision in the instant insurance poli-
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-12918
cy was a condition precedent to coverage. 1 Moreover, the parties
agree that SiaSim did not notify Scottsdale of the damage to the
property until approximately six months after the September 11,
2017 storm. Accordingly, the only question on appeal is whether
SiaSim’s six-month delay was justified.
Where the insurance policy’s notice provision—as here—
“gives no specific time frame, there is no bright-line rule on how
much delay is too much.” Bishop, 790 S.E.2d at 95. 2 Instead,
“[w]hether an insured gave an insurer timely notice of an event or
occurrence under a policy generally is a question for the factfind-
er.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Walnut Ave. Partners, LLC,
675 S.E.2d 534, 538 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009). An insured or insurer
may be entitled to summary judgment if the delay (or justification
for the delay) was reasonable or unreasonable as a matter of law.
Compare S. Guar. Ins. Co. v. Miller,
358 S.E.2d 611, 611–12 (Ga.
1 Recall that the notice provision says that SiaSim had a duty to “[g]ive
[Scottsdale] prompt notice of the loss or damage” in the event that loss or
damage occurred. As the Georgia Court of Appeals has explained, “[t]he
word ‘promptly’ essentially means to do something as soon as possible.”
Progressive Mountain Ins. Co. v. Bishop,
790 S.E.2d 91, 95 n.4 (Ga. Ct. App.
2016).
2 For instance, the Georgia Court of Appeals has held that delays of nineteen
months, one year, and eleventh months have “present[ed] a question for a
jury” regarding reasonableness. Bishop, 790 S.E.2d at 95. Conversely, it has
also “held that a four-month delay was unreasonable as a matter of law.” Id.
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21-12918 Opinion of the Court 9
Ct. App. 1987) (holding that the insured’s conclusion that an au-
tomobile collision “was not of sufficient severity to involve the
insurer” was reasonable as a matter of law because the accident
caused no physical injuries or property damage), with Richmond
v. Ga. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co.,
231 S.E.2d 245, 249 (Ga. Ct.
App. 1976) (holding that an eight-month “delay in notifying the
insurer was unreasonable as a matter of law” because the insured
“paid a number of the injured party’s medical bills”). The Geor-
gia Court of Appeals has outlined the following factors to consid-
er in this inquiry:
“[I]t is the nature and circumstances of ‘the accident’
or ‘the incident’ and the immediate conclusions an
ordinarily prudent and reasonable person would
draw therefrom that determine whether an insured
has reasonably justified his decision not to notify the
insurer.” Relevant circumstances include the nature
of the event, the extent to which it would appear to
a reasonable person in the circumstances of the in-
sured that injuries or property damage resulted from
the event, and the apparent severity of any such in-
juries or damage.
Forshee,
711 S.E.2d at 31 (citation omitted) (quoting Miller,
358
S.E.2d at 612).
Turning to the case at hand, we agree with the district
court that no reasonable jury could find that SiaSim’s delay was
justified. SiaSim’s justification for its six-month delay—i.e., that it
did not realize the extent of the damage until multiple inspections
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-12918
had been done—was unreasonable as a matter of law because the
extent of the damage was obvious. As outlined above, Virani saw
during his first inspection water coming into the property from
the roof and noted that two of the property’s four units were
“starting to” flood. He brought in a maintenance contractor with-
in one month of the storm, and that contractor recommended ex-
tensive repairs, including rerunning the electrical wiring and re-
pairing the roof and the flooring (which had water in it). Moreo-
ver, within the six months following the storm, three tenants “left
because it got so bad.”
At his deposition, Virani testified that “it took a lot of time
to find out the extent of the damage” and that “multiple inspec-
tions . . . had to be done” because he was “not an expert,” and he
did not know whether the problem “was just a patch or the whole
roof.” While it may be true that Virani (a non-expert) did not
know the full extent of the damage to the roof, a reasonable in-
sured likely would have notified its insurer after (a) seeing the ex-
tent of the damage to the property within a week of the storm
and (b) receiving the above-described recommendations from a
contractor within a month of the storm. In other words, “an or-
dinarily prudent and reasonable person” would have immediately
concluded based on the first inspection and the contractor’s rec-
ommendation that he must notify his insurer. Forshee,
711
S.E.2d at 31 (quoting Miller,
358 S.E.2d at 612).
Given these facts, we think a reasonable jury could not
conclude that SiaSim’s six-month delay in notifying Scottsdale
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21-12918 Opinion of the Court 11
was justified. Insureds, such as SiaSim, are “not required to fore-
see every possible claim” that could arise from a given set of cir-
cumstances. Guar. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Brock,
474 S.E.2d 46, 48 (Ga.
Ct. App. 1996). But they are “required to act reasonably under
the circumstances.”
Id. Here, no reasonable jury could conclude
that SiaSim acted reasonably: Virani saw in his first inspection ex-
tensive water damage, and, within a month of the storm, a con-
tractor recommended the above-described repairs. We agree
with the district court that the extent of the leaks and damage to
the interior—e.g., the standing water and onset of flooding—
meant that “it was apparent that the damage to the roof was ex-
tensive.” 3
Moreover, the policy reason for requiring notice supports
our conclusion. Insureds must promptly give their insurers notice
of occurrences so the insurers can “immediately” begin their in-
vestigation. Bituminous Cas. Corp.,
209 S.E.2d at 8. For exam-
ple, an insurer may need to interview witnesses and the parties
3 The Georgia Court of Appeals has emphasized that trial courts “must make
every effort to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight and to evaluate
the conduct of the insured from the perspective of a reasonable person in the
same circumstances as those in which the insured found himself.” Forshee,
711 S.E.2d at 32. We do not think the district court fell prey to hindsight bi-
as. Virani performed his first inspection within a week of the storm and the
contractor performed its inspection within a month of the storm. Based on
the extensive water damage at the time of the first inspection and the con-
tractor’s recommendations, a reasonable insured would have notified its in-
surer of that damage well before six months had lapsed.
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12 Opinion of the Court 21-12918
while the facts are “fresh and available in the[ir] minds” or take
pictures of the damage.
Id. Here, Scottsdale’s adjustor was not
able to inspect the property until over seven months after the
storm. Accordingly, he could not view the damage to the proper-
ty as it existed shortly after the storm. Notice requirements exist
to prevent this type of extended delay.
SiaSim argues that, under Georgia law, whether it com-
plied with the notice requirement is a fact question for the jury.
See Bishop, 790 S.E.2d at 97 (“Whether an insured has provided
notice ‘promptly’ is an inherently fact-specific question of the kind
we leave juries to answer. . . . [T]he fundamental starting point
for our analysis is that generally a jury is to decide whether an in-
sured has presented adequate justification . . . .”). Yet Georgia law
allows summary judgment in favor of insurers where the “delay
in notifying the insurer was unreasonable as a matter of law.”
Richmond,
231 S.E.2d at 249. As outlined, whether a delay is rea-
sonable or unreasonable depends on several factors—e.g., “the
nature of the event, the extent to which it would appear to a rea-
sonable person . . . that injuries or property damage resulted from
the event, and the apparent severity of any such injuries or dam-
age.” Forshee,
711 S.E.2d at 31. Here, the apparent severity of
the property damage meant that a reasonable insured would have
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21-12918 Opinion of the Court 13
concluded that it needed to notify its insurer. Accordingly,
SiaSim’s six-month delay was unreasonable as a matter of law. 4
IV.
SiaSim’s second argument on appeal is that Scottsdale
waived the insurance policy’s notice provision. See State Farm
Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Wright,
224 S.E.2d 796, 798 (Ga. Ct. App.
1976) (“These conditions may be . . . waived by conduct incon-
sistent with an intention to enforce strict compliance with the
condition, by which the insured is led to believe the insurer does
not intend to require such compliance.”). For support, it points to
Farrell’s deposition where he testified that Niederfringer verbally
told him that “he was going to cover all th[e] interior remediation
that needed to happen.”
But SiaSim raised this argument for the first time on ap-
peal. In its answer to SiaSim’s complaint, Scottsdale’s fourth de-
fense was that “[SiaSim] failed to satisfy conditions precedent to
coverage.” In its memorandum of law supporting its motion for
summary judgment, Scottsdale argued that SiaSim’s six-month
delay in giving notice breached the notice provision, which was a
4 The parties and district court both spend time comparing and contrasting
the facts in this case to the facts in an earlier, unpublished decision from this
Court. Grand Rsrv. of Columbus, LLC v. Prop.-Owners Ins. Co., 721 F.
App’x 886 (11th Cir. 2018). While this unpublished decision does not control
our opinion, we agree with the district court that the extent of the damage
here was more obvious than in Grand Reserve.
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14 Opinion of the Court 21-12918
condition precedent to coverage. In its response, SiaSim never
argued that Scottsdale waived SiaSim’s duty to comply with the
notice provision. Moreover, the district court never addressed
(nor apparently had the opportunity to address) this argument.
We will not consider SiaSim’s waiver argument because it
was raised for the first time on appeal. See Walker v. Jones,
10
F.3d 1569, 1572 (11th Cir. 1994) (“[W]e have repeatedly held that
‘an issue not raised in the district court and raised for the first time
in an appeal will not be considered by this court.’” (quoting
Depree v. Thomas,
946 F.2d 784, 793 (11th Cir. 1991))). The ra-
tionale for this rule is “plain”: “If we were to regularly address
questions . . . that districts court never had a chance to examine,
we would not only waste our resources, but also deviate from the
essential nature, purpose, and competence of an appellate court.”
Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co.,
385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th
Cir. 2004).
SiaSim contends that waiver is merely a new argument in
favor of a claim that it raised before the district court—i.e., that
SiaSim did not breach the insurance policy’s notice provision. See
Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Labor v. Preston,
873 F.3d 877, 883 n.5 (11th
Cir. 2017) (“Parties can most assuredly waive positions and issues
on appeal, but not individual arguments—let alone authorities.
Offering a new argument or case citation in support of a position
advanced in the district court is permissible—and often advisa-
ble.” (citation omitted)). But that is not true: SiaSim argued be-
fore the district court that its six-month delay in notifying Scotts-
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21-12918 Opinion of the Court 15
dale was justified and reasonable; it did not raise the issue of
whether Scottsdale had waived the notice provision. The district
court was unable to consider this issue or conduct any relevant
fact-finding. Accordingly, we consider SiaSim’s waiver argument
to be a new issue on appeal rather than a new argument in favor
of a previously raised issue. Cf. Yee v. City of Escondido,
503 U.S.
519, 534–35,
112 S. Ct. 1522, 1532 (1992) (“Petitioners’ arguments
that the ordinance constitutes a taking in two different ways, by
physical occupation and by regulation, are not separate claims.
They are, rather, separate arguments in support of a single
claim—that the ordinance effects an unconstitutional taking.”).
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale is
AFFIRMED.
