United States v. Ketut Pujayasa , 703 F. App'x 817 ( 2017 )

Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 1 of 10
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 16-16782
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:14-cr-60047-JEM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
KETUT PUJAYASA,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(August 1, 2017)
Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 2 of 10
After an earlier remand and resentencing, Ketut Pujayasa appeals his 365-
month sentence, imposed within the advisory guideline range after the district
court departed upward by five levels. Pujayasa pleaded guilty to attempted
murder, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1113, and aggravated sexual abuse, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 2241(a)(1). On appeal, he raises four arguments. First, Pujayasa
argues that the district court abused its discretion in imposing a two-level upward
departure for extreme psychological injury pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K2.3. Second,
Pujayasa argues that the court abused its discretion in imposing a three-level
upward departure for extreme conduct pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K2.8. Third,
Pujayasa contends that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the court
failed to consider his post-sentencing rehabilitation. Last, Pujayasa argues that his
sentence is substantively unreasonable. We address each argument in turn.
I.
We review an upward departure from the sentencing guidelines for an abuse
of discretion. United States v. Flanders, 752 F.3d 1317, 1341 (11th Cir. 2014).
We examine departures from the sentencing guidelines in three steps.
United States v. Omar, 16 F.3d 1168, 1169 (11th Cir.), opinion modified on reh’g,
24 F.3d 1356 (11th Cir. 1994). First, we determine whether the guidelines
adequately consider a particular factor, precluding a district court from using the
2
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 3 of 10
factor as a basis for its departure. Id. Second, if the factor is not adequately
considered by the guidelines, we must determine whether there is sufficient factual
support for the court’s departure. Id. at 1170. Finally, if an adequate basis for the
departure is found, we must weigh the reasonableness of the departure. Id. We
assess reasonableness “in light of the factors to be considered in imposing the
sentence, and the reasons the district court provided for departing.” United States
v. Blas, 360 F.3d 1268, 1274 (11th Cir. 2004).
Under § 5K2.3, the departure provision for “extreme psychological injury,”
a district court may depart from the guideline range if a victim “suffered
psychological injury much more serious than that normally resulting from
commission of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.3. The extent of the psychological
injury depends on its severity and the extent to which it was intended or knowingly
risked. Id. A departure based on psychological injury is normally warranted
“where there is a substantial impairment of intellectual, psychological, emotional,
or behavioral functioning of a victim, when the impairment is likely to be of an
extended or continuous duration, and when the impairment manifests itself by
physical or psychological symptoms or by changes in behavior patterns.” Id. The
district court should also take into account the extent to which the harm was likely,
“given the nature of the defendant’s conduct.” Id. We have approved of § 5K2.3
departures in instances where victims felt perpetually unsafe or had become
3
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 4 of 10
restricted their daily activities as the result of an offense. See, e.g., United States v.
Sawyer, 180 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 1999) (holding that § 5K2.3 departure was
proper where bank robbery victim, a teller, testified that she did not feel safe at
work, was cautious entering and leaving bank, and had adjusted her daily routine,
but vacating and remanding sentence on other grounds); United States v. Price, 65
F.3d 903, 912 (11th Cir. 1995) (holding that § 5K2.3 departure was proper where
attempted murder victim had attended counseling, suffered from depression,
contemplated suicide, no longer felt safe in his home, and had changed lifestyle to
be “extra cautious”), partially abrogated on other grounds by Koon v. United
States, 518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a two-level upward
departure pursuant to § 5K2.3. The victim impact statement and the letter of a
board-certified psychologist provide sufficient factual support for the district
court’s departure. The psychologist’s letter indicated that the victim, CLW,
suffered post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and cognitive
disorder, and the victim impact statement recounted the many ways in which
Pujayasa’s attack had impacted CLW, causing her to live in fear, become incapable
of being alone, and suffer from stress, fatigue, and nightmares. These facts
evidence the substantial impairment of CLW’s psychological, emotional, or
behavioral functioning, demonstrate marked changes in her day-to-day life, and are
4
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 5 of 10
consistent with other cases in which we have upheld § 5K2.3 departures where a
victim no longer felt safe or had become restricted in his daily activities.
II.
In calculating the applicable guideline range for criminal sexual offenses, the
sentencing guidelines provide for a four-level enhancement where the offense
involved conduct described in 18 U.S.C. § 2241(a) or (b), which prohibits causing
another person to engage in a sexual act: (1) using force against the victim; (2)
threatening or placing the victim in fear that he “will be subjected to death, serious
bodily injury, or kidnapping”; (3) rendering the victim unconscious; or (4)
administering a drug, intoxicant, or other substance that impairs the ability of the
victim to appraise or control their conduct and then engaging in a sexual act with
the victim. U.S.S.G. § 2A3.1(b)(1); 18 U.S.C. § 2241(a)-(b). The guidelines also
permit a four-level enhancement where the victim sustains “permanent or life-
threatening bodily injury.” U.S.S.G. § 2A3.1(b)(4).
Under § 5K2.8, a district court may depart from the guideline range in cases
of “extreme conduct,” where a defendant’s actions are “unusually heinous, cruel,
brutal, or degrading to the victim.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.8. Extreme conduct includes
torture, the gratuitous infliction of injury, or the prolonging of pain or humiliation.
Id. We have joined other circuits in holding that “forced oral and anal sex may be
5
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 6 of 10
especially degrading under § 5K2.8.” United States v. Lewis, 115 F.3d 1531, 1539
(11th Cir. 1997).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing an upward
departure pursuant to § 5K2.8. Pujayasa’s conduct involved attacking a sleeping
victim, repeated attempts at strangulation, multiple beatings with blunt objects, an
attempt to throw CLW overboard from a moving ship, attempting to rape her, and
forcing three fingers into her anus to further “punish” her. Any one of Pujayasa’s
actions—the use of force, threat of death, or rendering of CLW unconscious—
could have justified the four-level enhancement he received pursuant
§ 2A3.1(b)(1). That his conduct involved all three, as well as repeated and brutal
attempts to kill her, distinguishes his case from other sexual abuse cases
contemplated by the guidelines. The district court reasonably concluded that this
conduct was unusually heinous, cruel, brutal, or degrading to the victim, and not
adequately addressed by the pre-departure enhancements that Pujayasa received.
III.
We review the procedural reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1194 (11th Cir. 2011). In
examining procedural reasonableness, we must “ensure that the district court
committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or
improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory,
6
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 7 of 10
failing to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on
clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Gall
v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). The party challenging a sentence bears
the burden of showing unreasonableness. United States v. Tome, 611 F.3d 1371,
1378 (11th Cir. 2010).
Though the district court must provide some explanation for the sentence, it
is not required to discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors or state that it has
considered each one. United States v. Docampo, 573 F.3d 1091, 1100 (11th Cir.
2009). While a court will normally explain why it is rejecting “nonfrivolous
reasons for imposing a different sentence,” an extensive explanation is not required
when a matter is “conceptually simple . . . and the record makes clear that the
sentencing judge considered the evidence and arguments.” Rita v. United States,
551 U.S. 338, 357, 359 (2007). The court’s failure to discuss mitigating evidence
does not mean that the court ignored or failed to consider such evidence. United
States v. Amedeo, 487 F.3d 823, 833 (11th Cir. 2007).
When a defendant’s case has been remanded for resentencing, “a district
court may consider evidence of a defendant’s rehabilitation since his prior
sentencing.” Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 490 (2011) (vacating Eighth
Circuit decision prohibiting district court from considering post-sentencing
rehabilitation after remanding for de novo resentencing). Post-sentencing
7
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 8 of 10
rehabilitation may be “highly relevant” to the § 3553(a) factors, including “the
history and characteristics of the defendant” and the “need for the sentence
imposed,” and it may “critically inform” a judge’s duty to impose a sentence
“sufficient, but not greater than necessary to fulfill the purposes set forth in
§ 3553(a)(2).” Id. at 491; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
The district court’s treatment of Pujayasa’s post-sentencing rehabilitation
reveals no procedural error. While the district court was free to consider the fact
that Pujayasa had been gainfully employed and taking advantage of course
offerings during his imprisonment, it was not required to explicitly state that it had
considered this evidence, much less grant Pujayasa a downward variance based on
it. However, the district court did state that it had reviewed this evidence, and
when it imposed sentence, it further stated that it had considered “the statements of
all the parties” as well as the guidelines and the § 3553(a) factors. Because the
record is clear that the district court considered the parties’ arguments—including
those for and against the assignment of weight to Pujayasa’s post-sentencing
rehabilitation—no further explanation is required.
IV.
After reviewing a sentence for procedural reasonableness, we review the
sentence for substantive reasonableness under an abuse of discretion standard. See
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. In reviewing a sentence for substantive reasonableness we
8
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 9 of 10
consider the totality of the circumstances and will remand for resentencing only
when “left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a
clear error of judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence
that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.”
United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189-1190 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc).
The district court must impose a sentence that is “sufficient, but not greater
than necessary, to comply with the purposes” in § 3553(a)(2), including the need to
reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just
punishment, deter criminal conduct, and protect the public. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(2). The court must also consider factors including the nature and
circumstances of the offense, the history and characteristics of the defendant, the
kinds of sentences available, the guideline range, the need to avoid unwanted
sentencing disparities, and the need to provide restitution to victims. Id.§ 3553(a)(1), (3)-(7). The weight given to any particular factor is left to the sound
discretion of the district court. Amedeo, 487 F.3d at 832. That a sentence falls
well below the statutory maximum is an indication of reasonableness. See United
States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 898 (11th Cir. 2014).
Pujayasa’s sentence is not substantively unreasonable. At the resentencing
hearing, the district court focused on the seriousness of the offense and the need for
the sentence to provide just and sufficient punishment and adequate deterrence.
9
Case: 16-16782 Date Filed: 08/01/2017 Page: 10 of 10
Though the district court heard evidence relating to Pujayasa’s post-sentencing
rehabilitation and other mitigating factors, it acted within its discretion in assigning
greater weight to other factors.
AFFIRMED. 1
1
Pujayasa’s motion to withdraw counsel is DENIED.
10