United States v. Harris , 429 F. App'x 543 ( 2011 )


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  •                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
    File Name: 11a0466n.06
    No. 07-5845
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
    FILED
    Jul 12, 2011
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        )
    )                           LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
    Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )
    )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
    v.                                               )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
    )   EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
    TIMOTHY HARRIS,                                  )
    )
    Defendant-Appellant.                      )
    Before: SUHRHEINRICH, MOORE, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
    COOK, Circuit Judge. Timothy Harris pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute fifty grams
    or more of cocaine base (crack cocaine), and the district court sentenced him to 300 months’
    imprisonment. Harris now challenges his sentence as (A) violating the Eight Amendment; (B)
    violating his substantive due process rights; and (C) procedurally and substantively unreasonable.
    Because the district court committed procedural error, we vacate his sentence and remand for
    resentencing.
    I.
    As a result of a drug-trafficking investigation, a grand jury issued a forty-seven-count
    indictment—later increased to fifty-one counts by superseding indictment—against Harris and fifteen
    No. 07-5845
    USA v. Harris
    other defendants. The indictment charged Harris with conspiracy to distribute fifty grams or more
    of crack cocaine; possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of crack cocaine; and four
    counts of using a telephone to facilitate a drug transaction. Because Harris had incurred several
    felony drug convictions during the 1980s, the government filed an enhanced-sentencing notice.
    Harris pleaded guilty to the conspiracy charge without the benefit of a plea agreement. Prior
    to sentencing, probation prepared a presentence investigation report (PSR) that calculated an offense
    level of twenty-nine, including a three-level acceptance-of-responsibility reduction. The PSR
    assigned Harris to criminal history category II, resulting in a Guidelines range of 97–121 months’
    imprisonment. But under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), Harris’s prior convictions subjected him to a
    mandatory-minimum sentence of life imprisonment, which became his Guidelines range. See
    U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(b). Neither party objected to the PSR.
    The government moved for a downward departure for substantial assistance under 18 U.S.C.
    § 3553(e) and U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1, and the district court granted the motion. Finding that life
    imprisonment first appeared for a defendant in criminal history category II at offense level forty-one,
    the district court departed downward two levels, resulting in a Guidelines range of 292–365 months’
    imprisonment.
    The district court then entertained the parties’ arguments regarding the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
    factors. It sentenced Harris to 300 months’ imprisonment and, at the government’s request,
    dismissed the remaining counts against him.
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    No. 07-5845
    USA v. Harris
    II.
    A.
    Harris first argues that the 100:1 crack-to-powder ratio—which Congress relied on when
    enacting § 841(b)’s criminal penalties—creates a sentence so disproportionate to his crime as to
    violate the Eighth Amendment.
    Harris failed to raise an Eighth Amendment challenge before the district court, and he
    advances no argument on appeal that his case presents an “exceptional circumstance” that warrants
    review of this issue. See United States v. Ursery, 
    109 F.3d 1129
    , 1137 (6th Cir. 1997). Given these
    failings, we consider the Eighth Amendment challenge forfeited.
    Yet Harris’s claim also fails on the merits. This court has consistently held that the 100:1
    ratio survives Eighth Amendment scrutiny, see United States v. Berry, 290 F. App’x 784, 793 (6th
    Cir. 2008), even if it is based on now-debunked science-and-policy theories, see United States v.
    Washington, 
    127 F.3d 510
    , 516–18 (6th Cir. 1997). And our precedent comports with Kimbrough
    v. United States, 
    552 U.S. 85
    (2007), despite Harris’s assertion otherwise: Kimbrough says nothing
    about the constitutional validity of the ratio and thus “provides no reason to reconsider our
    constitutional rulings on the facts of this case.” Berry, 290 F. App’x at 793. Finally, to the extent
    Harris attempts to raise an as-applied Eighth Amendment challenge, he insufficiently develops this
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    USA v. Harris
    argument—and thus forfeits it—because he offers no explanation of how his sentence violates the
    narrow-proportionality principle. See McPherson v. Kelsey, 
    125 F.3d 989
    , 995–96 (6th Cir. 1997).
    B.
    Harris next argues that the 100:1 ratio “lacks a substantive basis in fact or sound policy and
    therefore violates due process.” Harris’s substantive due process challenge fails on the merits for
    the same reason as his Eighth Amendment challenge: this court has held that the 100:1 ratio satisfies
    substantive due process, and that decision binds us. See 
    Washington, 127 F.3d at 516
    –18.
    C.
    Finally, Harris attacks his sentence as unreasonable, criticizing the district court for (1) failing
    to consider his acceptance of responsibility, (2) deeming him violent based on his arrest record and
    previous convictions when considering the § 3553(a) factors, (3) ascribing undue weight to the
    discredited 100:1 ratio, and (4) issuing a sentence greater than reasonably necessary. When
    reviewing a district court’s sentence for reasonableness, we first “ensure that the district court
    committed no significant procedural error,” and “then consider the substantive reasonableness of the
    sentence.” Gall v. United States, 
    552 U.S. 38
    , 51 (2007). In doing so, we apply “a deferential
    abuse-of-discretion standard.” 
    Id. at 41.
    The government attempts to forestall Harris’s challenge by claiming that we lack jurisdiction
    over his claims. And, in fact, where “the district court grants a downward departure for substantial
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    USA v. Harris
    assistance and the defendant’s claim on appeal goes only to the extent of the departure, this Court
    has no jurisdiction over the appeal.” United States v. Jones, 
    417 F.3d 547
    , 551 (6th Cir. 2005). But
    “a defendant may still appeal a sentence ‘imposed in violation of the law [or] . . . imposed as a result
    of an incorrect application of the sentencing guidelines.’” United States v. Bullard, 
    390 F.3d 413
    ,
    415 (6th Cir. 2004) (alterations in original) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1)(2)).
    Harris does not challenge the extent of his substantial-assistance departure, but rather argues
    for a variance and challenges the reasonableness of his sentence—rendering jurisdiction proper. See
    United States v. Gapinski, 
    561 F.3d 467
    , 475 n.3 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he rule precluding review of
    the extent of a downward departure . . . would not preclude this court from reviewing the district
    court’s consideration—or lack thereof—of a request for a variance based upon the § 3553(a) factors
    or the overall reasonableness of the sentence.”). His contention that the district court improperly
    declined to apply an acceptance-of-responsibility departure because it failed to recognize its authority
    to apply the Guidelines provisions in any order it saw fit, moreover, essentially argues that the
    district court incorrectly applied the Guidelines, reinforcing that we may properly exercise
    jurisdiction. See id.; United States v. Grant, 
    636 F.3d 803
    , 809 (6th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (finding
    that the court had jurisdiction to consider an appeal where, “[a]lthough [the defendant] [was]
    ultimately seeking a greater reduction to his sentence,” he “argu[ed] that the methodology the district
    court used to impose his sentence was in violation of the law”), petition for cert. filed, — U.S.L.W.
    — (U.S. Apr. 11, 2011) (No. 10-10011).
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    USA v. Harris
    Exercising our lawful jurisdiction to review the reasonableness of Harris’s sentence, we turn
    to the merits of his four arguments.
    1.      Acceptance-of-Responsibility Departure
    Harris challenges the district court for finding that, because the Guidelines require application
    of the acceptance-of-responsibility departure prior to application of the mandatory minimum, the
    mandatory minimum effectively nullified any such departure. Relying on United States v. Harris,
    339 F. App’x 533 (6th Cir. 2009), he contends that the district court failed to grasp both the advisory
    nature of the Guidelines and its discretion to consider issues out of order.
    But Harris misconstrues Harris. Though that case acknowledges the advisory nature of the
    Guidelines, the opinion does not hold that courts may ignore the Guidelines’ sequential aspects. 
    Id. at 538.
    Rather, the Guidelines instruct courts to apply its provisions in a particular order and,
    specifically, to determine the base offense level and any adjustment for acceptance of responsibility
    before considering a departure under Parts H and K of Chapter Five. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1; United
    States v. Coker, 
    514 F.3d 562
    , 573 (6th Cir. 2008) (“The Guidelines Manual explains that
    ‘adjustments’ are applied first to calculate a defendant’s guideline range, while ‘departures’ are given
    only at the end of the sentencing process and after all adjustments have been applied.” (citation
    omitted)). To do otherwise would constitute procedural error. See United States v. Brooks, 
    628 F.3d 791
    , 795–96 (6th Cir. 2011).
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    In finding that the mandatory minimum nullified Harris’s acceptance-of-responsibility
    departure, the district court simply applied the Guidelines sequentially and committed no abuse of
    discretion.
    2.       Harris’s Violent Conduct
    Harris next criticizes the district court for considering his record of violence in the context
    of the § 3553(a) factors. In light of the government’s acknowledgment that the § 3553(a) factors are
    irrelevant when the district court considers a substantial-assistance downward-departure motion atop
    a mandatory-minimum sentence—and the considerable amount of time the district court spent
    discussing the § 3553(a) factors—we construe Harris’s claim as a challenge to the district court’s
    consideration of these factors generally. Because this argument was not raised before the district
    court, we review for plain error. See United States v. Vonner, 
    516 F.3d 382
    , 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en
    banc). Plain error requires that
    (1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable
    dispute; (3) the error affected [his] substantial rights, which in the ordinary case
    means it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings; and (4) the error
    seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.
    United States v. Marcus, 
    130 S. Ct. 2159
    , 2164 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citations
    omitted).
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    Courts have a “limited ability [to issue] downward departures when a statutory mandatory
    minimum is involved.” 
    Bullard, 390 F.3d at 416
    . Sections 3553(e) and (f) “are the exclusive means
    by which a court may depart below the statutory minimum.” United States v. McIntosh, 
    484 F.3d 832
    , 835 (6th Cir. 2007). And “a [§ 3553(e)] departure . . . must be based solely upon the substantial
    assistance rendered by the defendant.” 
    Bullard, 390 F.3d at 416
    (internal quotation marks and
    citation omitted); see also 
    Grant, 636 F.3d at 813
    –14 (“We have rejected the notion that factors not
    related to cooperation may be considered in connection with a § 3553(e) motion.”); United States
    v. Cecil, 
    615 F.3d 678
    , 695 (6th Cir. 2010) (“[A] district court’s wish to impose a sentence beneath
    the mandatory minimum cannot be effectuated through resort to § 3553(a).”), cert. denied, 131 S.
    Ct. 1525 (2011).
    The district court thus erred in considering the § 3553(a) factors before imposing Harris’s
    sentence. And this error qualifies as plain. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) (granting the district court
    authority to impose a sentence below a mandatory minimum only “so as to reflect a defendant’s
    substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an
    offense” (emphasis added)); 
    Bullard, 390 F.3d at 416
    . This consideration, moreover, appears to have
    affected the outcome of the district court proceedings and the fairness, integrity, or public reputation
    of the proceedings. The court invited counsel “to speak to the Court regarding an appropriate
    sentence,” and then told counsel “to bring to the Court’s attention any 3553(a) factors that counsel
    believes would warrant a sentence above or below the guidelines in this case.” After hearing the
    attorneys’ arguments, the court discussed several § 3553(a) factors individually, including the need
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    USA v. Harris
    for specific and general deterrence and Harris’s history and characteristics. It then stated that it
    decided Harris’s sentence “by taking into account all the factors in Section 3553(a), the facts and
    circumstances of this case, and [Harris’s] unique personal circumstances and background.” The
    court further noted that, even “if [it] had decided the 5K motion differently or if the Court had
    decided that the guideline range was different, the Court still would have reached the [same]
    conclusion” regarding Harris’s sentence. The court’s consideration of the § 3553(a) factors thus
    qualifies as plain error. See 
    Marcus, 130 S. Ct. at 2164
    .
    3.      Unreasonable Weight to the 100:1 Ratio
    Returning to his critique of the 100:1 ratio, Harris also faults the district court for “plac[ing]
    an ‘unreasonable amount of weight’ on the discredited” ratio. This substantive-unreasonableness
    challenge fails for two reasons. First, the district court does not appear to have accorded any weight
    to the ratio in its § 3553(a) analysis. And, second, to the extent that Harris contends the court should
    have exercised its discretion under Kimbrough to reconsider the propriety of the ratio when assessing
    the § 3553(a) factors, see 
    Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 104
    –05, we have already explained that the court
    plainly erred in considering the § 3553(a) factors at all.
    4.      Greater-than-Necessary Sentence
    Finally, Harris attacks his sentence as greater than necessary to achieve the sentencing
    purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3553, claiming that the predicate offenses underlying the pre-departure life
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    sentence all occurred more than twenty years before the instant offense and were relatively
    small-scale distributions; that he maintained a “relatively drug free” lifestyle between the time he
    committed the predicate offenses and the instant offense; and that 300 months effectively equates
    to a life sentence.
    But, as discussed above, in light of the mandatory minimum here, the district court lacked
    discretion to consider these extraneous circumstances when assessing the extent of Harris’s
    § 3553(e) substantial assistance. See 
    Bullard, 390 F.3d at 416
    .
    III.
    For the above reasons, we vacate Harris’s sentence and remand for resentencing.
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    KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Because the district court’s
    consideration of Harris’s past violent conduct in its weighing of the § 3553(a) factors did not affect
    Harris’s substantial rights, I respectfully dissent. When the district court sentences a defendant
    below the statutory minimum pursuant to a § 3553(e) motion, its sentencing determination is limited
    to an analysis of the defendant’s cooperation and the extent that the sentence should be reduced
    based on the context surrounding each case. See United States v. Grant, 
    636 F.3d 803
    , 816–18 (6th
    Cir. 2011) (en banc), petition for cert. filed, --- U.S.L.W. --- (U.S. Apr. 11, 2011) (No. 10-10011).
    A defendant’s criminal history is a “contextual consideration[]” that the district court may consider
    when determining the extent that a sentence should be reduced for the defendant’s assistance. See
    
    id. at 817.
    Therefore, the district court’s consideration of Harris’s criminal history did not affect
    Harris’s substantial rights and is not remediable plain error.
    Instead of focusing on Harris’s specific argument regarding his criminal history, the majority
    “construe[s] Harris’s claim as a challenge to the district court’s consideration of [the § 3553(a)]
    factors generally.” Maj. Op. at 7. The majority’s reasoning for taking this broad perspective of
    Harris’s claim is the government’s acknowledgment that the district court should not have sentenced
    Harris based on a § 3553(a) analysis. The government, however, acknowledges that the district court
    should not have sentenced Harris based on § 3553(a), yet asks us to affirm the sentence. Appellee
    Br. at 15 & n.2. I would consider only the specific claim raised by Harris regarding his criminal
    history and would conclude that the district court’s consideration of his criminal history is not
    remediable plain error.
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    For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
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