USCA11 Case: 21-13820 Date Filed: 08/11/2022 Page: 1 of 14
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-13820
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
In Re: NILHAN DEVELOPERS, LLC,
Debtor.
___________________________________________________
NORCROSS HOSPITALITY, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
LEON JONES,
Chapter 11 Trustee,
Defendant-Appellee.
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-13820
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-03491-RWS
____________________
Before JILL PRYOR, BRANCH, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This appeal concerns the treatment of a post-petition loan
provided by Norcross Hospitality, LLC, to Nilhan Developers,
LLC, during Nilhan’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding. Norcross
and Nilhan were both managed by Chuck Thakkar. Without noti-
fying the bankruptcy court, Thakkar arranged the loan so that
Nilhan could exercise a repurchase option on property it hoped to
develop. The bankruptcy court ruled that the loan entitled Nor-
cross to a claim on Nilhan’s estate, but one subordinated to the
claims of all other creditors. On appeal, Norcross challenges the
subordination of its claim on multiple grounds. After careful re-
view, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Nilhan Developers, LLC, is one of several corporate entities
managed by Chuck Thakkar and owned by the Thakkar family. In
May 2015, Nilhan and several Thakkar-affiliated entities each filed
a petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, and
the bankruptcy court consolidated their cases. Two years into the
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21-13820 Opinion of the Court 3
proceeding, Nilhan, in need of funds, sought authorization to sell
property it owned in Cobb County, Georgia known as Emerson
Center. The bankruptcy court approved the sale of Nilhan’s prop-
erty to Westplan Investors Acquisitions, LLC, for $7.2 million. The
proceeds from the sale went to a Nilhan creditor to satisfy obliga-
tions owed by Nilhan and the Thakkars. Under the sale agreement,
Nilhan retained the option to repurchase some or all of the prop-
erty at a later date. The sale closed on May 1, 2017. Westplan as-
signed its interest in the property to Accent Cumberland Apart-
ments, LP. Accent notified Nilhan that it had until August 20, 2018,
to exercise the repurchase option on the property—for a price $9.2
million.
As of July 30, 2018, Nilhan had less than $25,000 cash availa-
ble. Thakkar, as Nilhan’s manager, sought post-petition financing
that would allow Nilhan to exercise the repurchase option—but
did so without notifying counsel or the bankruptcy court. After sev-
eral unsuccessful attempts, he succeeded in obtaining a loan from
Rass Associates, LLC, for $4.1 million. That note was executed on
August 18, 2020—two days before the repurchase deadline. Still
short on funding, Thakkar turned to Norcross Hospitality, a com-
pany that he managed and that his children owned. He arranged
for Norcross to borrow $4.5 million from Metro City Bank and
then loan that money plus an additional $600,000 to Nilhan. Nilhan
then executed a promissory note to Norcross for just under $5.2
million. That note was also executed on August 18, 2020. The Nor-
cross note set interest at twelve percent with a maturity date just
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-13820
four months later on December 18, 2018. Thakkar later testified
that the Norcross loan was a risk because the property would have
little value if Nilhan failed to secure certain zoning modifications
needed before the property could be developed.
On the same day that it executed the loan agreements with
Rass and Norcross, Nilhan used the borrowed funds to repurchase
Emerson Center. Nilhan executed a deed on the property securing
its debt to Rass that was recorded in Cobb County, Georgia. It also
executed a deed to secure its debt to Norcross, but the deed was
never recorded.
Less than two months later, the bankruptcy court learned
that Nilhan had obtained financing and repurchased the property
while reviewing Westplan’s motion to dismiss a complaint Nilhan
had filed against it in an adversary proceeding. The bankruptcy
court then ordered Nilhan to appear and explain the circumstances
surrounding the repurchase. In response, Nilhan asserted that re-
zoning and development needed to occur for the property to have
value, and that this was unlikely to occur with Nilhan in bank-
ruptcy. Accordingly, it proposed that the property be transferred
out of the estate to Norcross. Alternatively, it asked the bankruptcy
court to retroactively approve its post-petition loan from Norcross
nunc pro tunc.
The bankruptcy court did not immediately decide Nilhan’s
motion. Instead, it appointed a Chapter 11 Trustee to manage
Nilhan’s estate. The Trustee later sold Emerson Center to Rass for
just under $12.8 million, resulting in net proceeds of approximately
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21-13820 Opinion of the Court 5
$8.45 million. The bankruptcy court allowed Rass to bring an ad-
ministrative expense claim for $404,260—the amount of interest
that, by that time, had accrued on Rass’s $4.1 million loan to
Nilhan.
Norcross then filed a motion requesting an administrative
expense claim for the $5.2 million that it contributed to the repur-
chase, or, in the alternative, nunc pro tunc approval of its post-pe-
tition loan to Nilhan. The Trustee opposed the motion. The Chap-
ter 7 Trustee for Nilhan Financial, LLC—a pre-petition creditor of
Nilhan’s and another Thakkar-affiliated entity—also opposed the
motion. After a hearing, the bankruptcy court denied Norcross’s
motion and subordinated Norcross’s claim to the claims of all other
Nilhan creditors, including Nilhan Financial. Because of its com-
mon ownership and management, the court considered Norcoss
an insider of Nilhan, meaning that its transactions with Nilhan war-
ranted heightened scrutiny. It noted that Norcross and Nilhan exe-
cuted their post-petition loan agreement without the bankruptcy
court’s approval and that allowing Norcross’s claim, either as an
administrative claim or general unsecured claim, would harm
Nilhan’s other creditors, while subordinating its claim would allow
Nilhan’s other creditors to be paid in full. Norcross appealed the
subordination of its claim to the United States District Court for
the Northern District of Georgia. The district court affirmed. Nor-
cross then filed a secondary appeal with this Court.
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-13820
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
When reviewing a district court’s appellate review of a bank-
ruptcy court’s decision, we apply the same standards of review as
the district court. See Reynolds v. Servisfirst Bank (In re Stanford),
17 F.4th 116, 121 (11th Cir. 2021) (citing United Mine Workers of
Am. Combined Benefit Fund v. Toffel (In re Walter Energy, Inc.),
911 F.3d 1121, 1135 (11th Cir. 2018)). Accordingly, we review con-
clusions of law drawn by both the district court and the bankruptcy
court de novo. We review factual findings for clear error. See
id.
We review a bankruptcy court’s decision on whether to al-
low a claim for an abuse of discretion. See Carnegia v. Georgia
Higher Educ. Assistance Corp.,
691 F.2d 482, 483 (11th Cir. 1982).
Other “[e]quitable determinations by the Bankruptcy Court are
[also] subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.”
Bakst v. Wetzel (In re Kingsley),
518 F.3d 874, 877 (11th Cir. 2008)
(quoting Sipes v. Atl. Gulf Cmtys. Corp. (In re General Dev. Corp.),
84 F.3d 1364, 1367 (11th Cir.1996)).
III. DISCUSSION
Norcross raises three main issues on appeal. First, it argues
that the bankruptcy court erred in denying its administrative ex-
pense claim, both on the grounds that it lacked standing to bring
the claim on a “substantial contribution” theory, and that its loan
was not allowable as an administrative expense claim under
11
U.S.C. § 503(b)(1). Second, it argues that the bankruptcy court
erred when it denied Norcross’s motion for nunc pro tunc approval
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21-13820 Opinion of the Court 7
of its post-petition loan to Nilhan. Third, it argues that the bank-
ruptcy court erred when it denied Norcross’s alternative request
for an unsecured claim to be paid pari passu with other creditors.
We address each issue in turn.
A. The Bankruptcy Court Did Not Err in Disallowing an Ad-
ministrative Expense Claim
The bankruptcy court ruled that Norcross was not entitled
to an administrative expense claim. On appeal, Norcross argues
that the bankruptcy court erred in concluding that (1) it lacked
standing to seek an administration expense claim based on a “sub-
stantial contribution” theory; and that (2) it failed to satisfy other
statutory prerequisites for allowing its loan as an administrative ex-
pense claim. We address each issue in turn.
1. Norcross Lacks Standing to Bring a “Substantial Contribu-
tion” Claim
Section 503(a) allows an entity to file an administrative ex-
pense claim for certain fees and expenses incurred on behalf of the
estate. Section 503(b) lists the types of administrative expense
claims that “shall be allowed.” One such type includes “actual [and]
necessary expenses” incurred by entities acting on behalf of the es-
tate.
11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(3). That section is further subdivided into a
list of the entities who may pursue such claims. Relevant here, Sec-
tion 503(b)(3)(D) provides that when “a creditor, an indenture trus-
tee, an equity security holder, or a committee representing credi-
tors or equity security holders” incurs actual and necessary ex-
penses in making a “substantial contribution” to the debtor’s
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-13820
estate, “under chapter 9 or 11 of this title,” they are entitled to an
administrative expense claim.
11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(3)(D).
The bankruptcy court ruled that Norcross lacked standing
to bring a “substantial contribution” claim because it was not one
of the entities specifically contemplated by Section 503(b)(3)(D).
On appeal, Norcross does not argue that it is one of the entities
contemplated by Section 503(b)(3)(D). Instead, it argues that the
bankruptcy court erred by reading the list of entities that may pur-
sue “substantial contribution” claims as exhaustive when it should
have read it as merely illustrative. It argues that the general lan-
guage of Section 503(b)—that “there shall be allowed administra-
tive expenses . . . including”—modifies the specific language used
in Section 503(b)(3)(D) specifying which entities may pursue such
claims on a “substantial contribution” theory.
We disagree with Norcross. Norcross is correct that Section
503(b) provides a non-exclusive list of the types of expenses that
may be claimed as administrative expenses. See Varsity Carpet
Servs., Inc. v. Richardson (In re Colortex Indus., Inc.),
19 F.3d 1371,
1377 (11th Cir. 1994) (explaining that “the use of the word ‘includ-
ing’ [in Section 503(b)] is not intended to be limiting”). But subsec-
tion 503(b)(3)(D) identifies a specific subset of administrative ex-
pense claims—those seeking reimbursement for a “substantial con-
tribution” to the estate—and specifically identifies the types of en-
tities that may pursue such claims: creditors, indentured trustees,
equity security holders, and committees of creditors or equity hold-
ers. Because the Code’s plain text limits the kind of entities who
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21-13820 Opinion of the Court 9
may pursue substantial contribution claims, the specific language
of Section 503(b)(3)(D) controls despite the open-ended language
of Section 503(b). See In re Engler,
500 B.R. 163, 174 (Bankr. M.D.
Fla. 2013) (“[W]hen a subsection directly addresses the type of ad-
ministrative expense sought, the restrictions in it cannot be avoided
by appealing to the non-exclusive nature of § 503(b).” (quoting In
re Elder,
321 B.R. 820, 829 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2005)); In re First Bald-
win Bancshares, Inc.,
2013 WL 2383660 (Bankr. S.D. Ala. 2013)
(“Whereas, non-substantial contribution administrative claims
may possibly be filed by noncreditors under § 503(a), the statute is
very specific about the type of entity that may file substantial con-
tribution claims under § 503(b)(3)(D).”). See also Nat’l Cable & Tel-
ecomm. Ass’n, Inc. v. Gulf Power Co.,
534 U.S. 327, 336 (2002)
(“[S]pecific statutory language should control more general lan-
guage when there is a conflict between the two.”). Thus, the bank-
ruptcy court did not err in concluding that Norcross lacked stand-
ing to pursue a substantial contribution claim.
2. The Norcross Loan was Not Obtained in the Ordinary
Course of Nilhan’s Business
Section 503(b)(1) allows administrative expense claims for
“actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate.” The
ability of a creditor to convert post-petition financing into a Section
503(b)(1) administrative expense claim is governed by
11 U.S.C. §
364. Under Section 364, this may occur in one of two ways. First, a
claim is allowed for debt incurred “in the ordinary course of busi-
ness.”
11 U.S.C. § 364(a). Second, a claim is allowed for debt
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-13820
incurred outside the ordinary course of business, provided there
has been notice, a hearing, and bankruptcy court approval.
Id. §
364(b).
Because Norcross’s post-petition loan to Nilhan was ar-
ranged without court approval, Norcross may seek reimbursement
for the loan as an administrative expense only if Nilhan obtained it
within “the ordinary course of [its] business.” As the party claiming
entitlement to an administrative expense claim, Norcross bears the
burden of proving that it is entitled to administrative priority. See
In re Concrete Prods., Inc.,
208 B.R. 1000, 1006 (Bankr. S.D. Ga.
1996). Claims to administrative expense priority are subject to close
scrutiny, and that scrutiny is heightened when the claimant is an
insider of the debtor.
Id. (citing Pepper v. Litton,
308 U.S. 295, 308
(1939)). Norcross does not contest its status as an insider of Nilhan.
The bankruptcy court reasonably concluded that Norcross
failed to establish that its loan was within Nilhan’s ordinary course
of business. With the repurchase deadline looming, and after sev-
eral unsuccessful attempts at obtaining third-party post-petition fi-
nancing, Thakkar arranged a multi-million-dollar loan from an-
other company he managed, Norcross. Norcross itself had to bor-
row money to fund the loan. And both Nilhan and Thakkar con-
ceded that, at the time, it was unclear whether the transaction
would benefit the estate because the property had not yet been
zoned for development. Moreover, no record evidence suggests
that what occurred here—a multi-million-dollar loan between two
companies managed by the same individual, to exercise a
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21-13820 Opinion of the Court 11
repurchase option on potentially worthless property, after failing
to obtain third-party financing and with a contractual deadline
looming—is ordinary industry practice. The bankruptcy court rea-
sonably weighed the facts before it, concluding that the transaction
fell outside the ordinary course of Nilhan’s business.
B. The Bankruptcy Court did not Abuse its Discretion in
Denying Nunc Pro Tunc Approval of the Loan
The bankruptcy court denied Norcross’s request for nunc
pro tunc approval of its loan to Nilhan. Norcross argues that the
bankruptcy court erred by declining to approve its unauthorized,
post-petition loan to Nilhan. We disagree.
Where a debtor incurs post-petition debt without first ob-
taining bankruptcy court authorization, the court may exercise its
equitable discretion to approve the loan nunc pro tunc. See Sher-
man v. Harbin (In re Harbin),
486 F.3d 510, 521 (9th Cir. 2007); see
also
11 U.S.C. § 105(a) (granting bankruptcy courts the equitable
power to issue any order “that is necessary or appropriate to carry
out the provisions of [the Bankruptcy Code]”). Such approval is
warranted if: (1) the bankruptcy court would have authorized the
transaction had a timely request been made; (2) the bankruptcy
court was reasonably persuaded that other creditors were not
harmed; and (3) the debtor honestly believed that it had authority
to enter into the transaction. See In re Am. Cooler Co.,
125 F.2d
496, 496 (2d Cir. 1942); see also In re Harbin,
486 F.3d at 523.
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12 Opinion of the Court 21-13820
Here, the bankruptcy court reasonably determined that
Norcross’s loan to Nilhan failed to satisfy those criteria. First, the
bankruptcy court explained that, had it been asked, it would not
have approved the loan due to the large amount borrowed, the
twelve percent interest rate, and the fact that the loan matured just
four months after the note was executed. Second, the court noted
that, though Nilhan’s creditors eventually benefited from the Trus-
tee’s sale of Emerson Center, Nilhan itself did not believe that the
property had much value without the zoning modifications and
had proposed transferring the property out of the estate to Nor-
cross. Finally, the bankruptcy court found that neither Norcross
nor Nilhan could have reasonably believed, more than three years
into the bankruptcy proceeding, that they had authority to execute
the note without court approval. Accordingly, the bankruptcy
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Norcross’s request for
nunc pro tunc approval.
C. The Bankruptcy Court did not Abuse its Discretion in Sub-
ordinating Norcross’s Claim
The bankruptcy court denied Norcross’s request to be paid
pari passu with an insider and pre-petition creditor of Nilhan’s—
Nilhan Financial. Norcross argues that it was similarly situated to
Nilhan Financial and provided a greater benefit to the estate, such
that the bankruptcy court erred by failing to treat the two entities
similarly. We disagree.
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21-13820 Opinion of the Court 13
Under Section 510(c)(1), the bankruptcy court has equitable
power to “subordinate for purposes of distribution all or part of an
allowed claim to all or part of another allowed claim.”
11 U.S.C. §
510(c)(1); see Estes v. N & D Props., Inc. (In re N & D Props., Inc.),
799 F.2d 726, 731 (11th Cir. 1986). To determine whether equitable
subordination is appropriate, courts assess whether (1) the claimant
“engaged in some type of inequitable conduct” and (2) the miscon-
duct “result[ed] in injury to the creditors of the bankruptcy or con-
ferred an unfair advantage on the claimant.” Durango Ga. Paper
Co. v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. (In re Durango Ga. Paper Co.),
539 B.R. 896, 901 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2015). Notably, “[t]he standard
of misconduct is lower for an insider claimant than a non-insider
claimant.” Id. at 903 (“Equitable subordination of an insider’s claim
requires conduct that is only ‘unfair.’”) (quoting In re N & D
Props., Inc.,
799 F.2d at 731)).
The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion by subor-
dinating Norcross’s claim.
First, the bankruptcy court distinguished Nilhan Financial’s
position from Norcross’s by noting that Nilhan Financial was ad-
ministered by a Chapter 7 Trustee, who, though a successor in in-
terest, did not necessarily inherit Nilhan Financial’s insider status.
See In re Village at Lakeridge, LLC,
814 F.3d 993, 1000 (9th Cir.
2016) (holding that “a person’s insider status is a question of fact
that must be determined after the claim transfer occurs.”). But it
also distinguished Nilhan Financial on the grounds that it held an
allowed, pre-petition claim that arose through actions taken in
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14 Opinion of the Court 21-13820
good faith. Even if Norcross and Nilhan Financial are both insiders
of Nilhan, the bankruptcy court’s different treatment of the two
was not an abuse of discretion.
Second, the bankruptcy court determined that Norcross en-
gaged in conduct that gave it an unfair advantage. Without notify-
ing the bankruptcy court, Thakkar, as Norcross’s manager, ar-
ranged a risky, multi-million-dollar loan to Nilhan to facilitate the
repurchase. And though Nilhan’s creditors benefited from the
eventual sale of Emerson Center by the Trustee, that outcome, the
bankruptcy court explained, occurred despite Thakkar’s actions as
well as because of them. The terms of the Norcross loan placed the
property in danger of foreclosure. And it was Nilhan’s position at
the time that the property was unlikely to benefit its creditors,
which is why it requested the property be transferred to Norcross.
Without the appointment of the Trustee, the property might have
left the estate altogether. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did
not abuse its discretion by ruling that Norcross was not entitled to
the same priority treatment as Nilhan’s other creditors.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s de-
cision affirming the bankruptcy court’s order.
AFFIRMED.
