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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-10231
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 5:17-cv-00100-TES
AMANDA JONES,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
WAL-MART STORES EAST LP,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Georgia
________________________
(January 13, 2020)
Before MARTIN, NEWSOM and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
While pulling an 800-pound pallet filled with food donations through the
receiving area of a Walmart in Macon, Georgia, Amanda Jones tripped over another
pallet and sustained substantial injuries. She brought this premises liability action
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against Walmart, and appeals the district court’s order that granted summary
judgment to the defendant on two grounds: (1) that she had imputed knowledge of
the presence of the pallet over which she tripped; and (2) that she failed to exercise
reasonable care as a matter of law. After careful review, we reverse and remand for
further proceedings.
The undisputed facts, for purposes of summary judgment, are these. On June
10, 2014, the date of her fall, Amanda Jones worked as a driver for the Middle
Georgia Food Bank. Her job was to retrieve donations from various stores in the
area. She had made donation pick-ups at the Macon Walmart at issue two to three
times a week for the duration of her tenure with the food bank. Each time she visited
the Macon Walmart there would be boxes loaded on a pallet with approximately two
to eight hundred pounds of donations, located in a part of the store’s receiving area
that typically could not be accessed directly from where she pulled her truck up
behind the store. Her typical route required her to walk from her truck, through part
of the receiving area, through a set of double doors into the dairy section of the public
store, and then back into the receiving area through a second set of double doors,
where she would find the loaded pallet. She would then use a pallet-jack, which is
a wheeled, fork-shaped, hand-drawn device that raises heavy pallets so they can be
pulled, to retrace her steps and bring the pallet into her truck.
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On the day of her fall, Jones entered the Walmart and retrieved her pallet
without incident. However, as she was going through the second set of double doors
on her return (that is, back from the dairy section into receiving), moving backwards
and accelerating with the pallet-jack, she tripped over another pallet immediately
behind the door on her left, and fell, fracturing her coccyx.
According to Jones’s deposition, she did not know the pallet was there and
did not see it while she was walking through the doors because she was looking over
her right shoulder, not her left. Walmart employees testified that the pallet over
which she had tripped had been in its location behind the door for at least six hours
that day, and Jones conceded that she must have walked past it on her incoming
journey to retrieve the pallet. Photos taken by Walmart employees after Jones’s fall
reveal that the offending pallet had a large, flat box on it, and together, the box and
pallet were about a foot above the ground. The pallet lay about four feet behind the
threshold of the double doors so that, when swung open, the door cleared it by mere
inches.
Jones brought this premises liability action in state court, alleging that
Walmart’s negligent placement of the pallet behind the door breached the standard
of care it owed her as an invitee and caused her injury. She claimed that her fall has
resulted in ongoing lower back pain and medical bills exceeding $75,000. Walmart
removed the case to United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia
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on the basis of diversity of citizenship. The question before us on appeal is whether
as a matter of Georgia premises liability law the district court was correct to grant
summary judgment to Walmart.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Looney v.
Moore,
886 F.3d 1058, 1062 (11th Cir. 2018). Summary judgment is only
appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). To determine
whether a factual dispute is genuine, we must consider whether “the evidence is such
that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Peppers v.
Cobb County,
835 F.3d 1289, 1295 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotations omitted).
Under Georgia law, property owners are liable to those induced onto their land
“for injuries caused by [their] failure to exercise ordinary care in keeping the
premises and approaches safe.” Ga. Code Ann. § 51-3-1. To prevail on a claim of
failure to exercise such care, a plaintiff must show that “(1) the defendant had actual
or constructive knowledge of the hazard, and (2) the plaintiff lacked knowledge of
the hazard despite the exercise of ordinary care due to actions or conditions within
the defendant’s control.” Bonner v. S. Rest. Grp., Inc.,
610 S.E.2d 129, 132 (Ga. Ct.
App. 2005). It is uncontested that Walmart knew of the pallet’s position behind the
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door, so the only issue is whether Jones knew of the hazard (or can have such
knowledge imputed to her as a matter of law) or failed to exercise ordinary care.
In granting summary judgment to Walmart, the district court concluded that
Jones failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact concerning her knowledge of
the presence of the pallet and whether she had exercised reasonable care. First, the
district court held that under Georgia’s “prior traversal” rule, Jones’s walking past
the pallet on her way to retrieve the donations gave her imputed knowledge of its
presence. Second, it held that by walking backwards through the door, Jones failed
to exercise reasonable care, giving Walmart a defense of contributory negligence.
We disagree with the district court’s conclusion that there were no genuine disputes
of material fact as to either of these issues.
Under the “prior traversal” rule, a plaintiff who has successfully traversed a
readily discernable static condition is deemed to have imputed knowledge of the
condition. See Newell v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Inc.,
476 S.E.2d 631, 633 (Ga.
Ct. App. 1996). For this principle to apply, the (1) the condition must have been
static; (2) it must have been “readily discernable”; and (3) the plaintiff must have
“successfully traversed” it prior to her fall. See
id.
“A static condition is one that does not change and is dangerous only if
someone fails to see it and walks into it.”
Rentz, 797 S.E.2d at 257 (quoting LeCroy
v. Bragg,
739 S.E.2d 1 (Ga. Ct. App. 2013)). A condition can be static even if
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capable of movement, so long as it does not in fact move. See
id. (corn hole game
at car dealership a static condition); Roweland v. Murphy Oil USA,
634 S.E.2d 477,
479 (Ga. Ct. App. 2006) (metal signs at gas station static conditions). Since it’s
undisputed that the pallet was in place for six hours and did not move for the duration
of Jones’s visit, the district court properly concluded that it was a static condition.
However, our review of the record suggests that there are genuine disputes of
material fact as to whether the pallet was “readily discernible.” To be readily
discernible, a static condition must be “open and obvious,” Becton v. Tire King of
North Columbus, Inc.,
539 S.E.2d 551, 553 (Ga. Ct. App. 2000), and “in plain view
with nothing obstructing . . . view of it,”
Rentz, 797 S.E.2d at 257.
Although Jones has conceded that the pallet must have been visible when she
walked past it the first time, Georgia courts have held that a hazard’s being visible
is not necessarily enough to render it “readily discernible.” See, e.g., Cocklin v. JC
Penney Corp.,
674 S.E.2d 48, 50 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009) (reversing grant of summary
judgment where the danger of tripping posed by a transition between two types of
flooring was visible but not obvious and where plaintiff had successfully traversed
the transition “at least four or five times before”); Moore v. WVL Restaurant,
566
S.E.2d 465, 467 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002) (reversing grant of summary judgment to
defendant where ice on the ground “may have been difficult to see” even though the
plaintiff indisputably walked by it once); Freyer v. Silver,
507 S.E.2d 7, 10 (Ga. Ct.
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Ohio App. 1998) (holding that defendants were not entitled to summary judgment where
“the photographic evidence indicates the color contrast between the level black
pavement and the precipitously steeply sloping concrete . . . is not so stark as
defendants insist”).
Moreover, in general, Georgia law reserves to the jury questions about where
“customers should be held responsible for looking or not looking,” American Multi-
Cinema, Inc. v. Brown,
679 S.E.2d 25, 28 (Ga. 2009), and summary judgment on
this ground should only be granted where the record evidence of a static condition’s
being open and obvious is “plain, palpable, and undisputed,” Robinson v. Kroger,
493 S.E.2d 403, 414 (Ga. 1997); see also
Becton, 539 S.E.2d at 553 (affirming
summary judgment where large planter over which plaintiff tripped was “several
feet long, and contained a corn plant, other greenery, wood chips and several tires”
and was prominently placed inside a tire store);
Rentz, 797 S.E.2d at 257 (affirming
summary judgment where cornhole game over which plaintiff tripped was in an open
area of a car dealership and was “readily visible from any angle” and “in plain view
with nothing obstructing patrons’ view of it”).
Based on Georgia’s case law, genuine issues of material fact exist as to
whether the pallet that caused Jones’s injury was so obvious as to be “readily
discernible” for purposes of Georgia law. The defendant’s pictures of the pallet after
the incident reveal that it was low to the ground, flush on two sides against shelving
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units filled with boxes of the same color as that of the pallet, and was placed directly
behind an opaque door with only a small window. In addition, a shelving unit was
perpendicular to the walking path, which meant that from the perspective of
someone walking into the dairy section of the store, the pallet extended no more than
a couple of feet into the path; and from the perspective of someone walking out of
the dairy section, it may well have been obscured entirely by the door. Indeed, as
Jones said in her deposition, “I couldn’t see a pallet behind the door. I can’t see
through doors.” See Jackson v. Waffle House, Inc.,
537 S.E.2d 188, 191 (Ga. Ct.
App. 2000) (reversing grant of summary judgment where at “[o]ne angle you can
see [the hole that caused plaintiff’s fall], one angle you can’t”).
Of course, the pallet is quite obvious in the pictures Walmart took of it, but
that is not the question. The question is whether the record offers “plain [and]
palpable” evidence that the danger of tripping over the pallet posed to someone
walking through the double doors from the public area of the store would be
“obvious” to any visitor exercising ordinary care and walking by it the other way.
We simply cannot say that this record is undisputed as to this issue. See Bullard v.
Marriott Intern. Inc.,
667 S.E.2d 909, 912 (Ga. Ct. App. 2008) (reversing a grant of
summary judgment where there were factual questions about whether the plaintiff
should have noticed the raised brick in her path over which she tripped).
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Moreover, there are genuine disputes of material fact as to whether Jones
“successfully traversed” the pallet in walking by it once without her donation pallet
in tow. On the one hand, Georgia law is clear that successfully traversing an obstacle
even once is sufficient to impute knowledge of its presence to a plaintiff. See
Sherrod v. Triple Play Café, LLC,
647 S.E.2d 376, 378 (Ga. Ct. App. 2007). Further,
a minor distinction between the prior traversal and the traversal during which the
plaintiff was injured, like going down as opposed to up a step, is not sufficient to
defeat a holding that the plaintiff had successfully traversed the hazard. See Gantt
v. Dave & Buster’s of Ga.,
610 S.E.2d 116, 118 (2005).
On the other hand, where the second traversal differed significantly from the
first and in a way that the hazard the condition posed would not have been evident
on the first traversal, Georgia courts have held that the plaintiff had not successfully
traversed the condition. See Rutherford v. Revco Discount Drug Centers, Inc.,
689
S.E.2d 59, 61 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009) (reversing summary judgment where “going up a
ramp is obviously very different from coming down a ramp, so [plaintiff] had not
navigated the ramp’s decline before her fall.”). As in Rutherford, where a Georgia
court held that going down a ramp is “obviously” very different from going up, we
conclude that walking by a pallet in the ordinary course is “obviously” very different
from walking by one while dragging a nearly half-ton load. It is only the former that
Jones had done once before. On her first time attempting the latter, she tripped.
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Moreover, the placement of the pallet in the pictures suggests that navigating
it without tripping -- while maneuvering an 800-pound pallet or not -- was a
substantially different experience going into the dairy section than it would have
been coming back. From the perspective of someone walking into the dairy section,
the pallet was largely obscured by a shelving unit that itself extended into the
walking path, and the pallet extended no more than a foot or two beyond the shelving
unit. That is, someone already traversing the shelving unit may well have traversed
the pallet incidentally. But when one returns from the dairy section, one is faced
with a pallet immediately past and directly behind one of the doors.
These substantial differences between Jones’s first journey past the pallet and
her second, and the fact that it plainly posed a much greater tripping hazard the
second time -- both because she was pulling her pallet and because she was returning
from the dairy section -- demonstrate genuine disputes of material fact about whether
Jones successfully traversed the pallet on her journey to retrieve her donations.
Therefore, on the record before us, we hold that the district court erred in granting
summary judgment to Walmart under the “prior traversal” rule of Georgia law.
In the alternative, the district court held that Jones was barred from recovering
because she was walking backwards as she pulled her donation pallet through the
double doors, thereby not exercising reasonable care. In so doing, the district court
acknowledged that the question of whether someone exercised ordinary care is not
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one particularly amenable to summary adjudication, see
Robinson, 493 S.E.2d at
408, but cited cases in which the Georgia courts affirmed summary judgment for the
defendant where the plaintiff was injured while walking backwards, see
Becton, 539
S.E.2d at 553; Carey v. W.R. Grace & Co., Conn.,
472 S.E.2d 524, 526 (Ga. Ct.
App. 1996). These cases are distinguishable from Jones’s in two critical respects:
(1) they did not involve a situation in which it may have been necessary to walk
backwards to generate sufficient momentum to accelerate the 800-pound pallet Jones
was pulling; and (2) they both involved plaintiffs who were not looking behind them
while they walked backwards, while Jones indisputably was.
Jones testified that she was walking backwards when she tripped because the
pallet was so heavy that “you can’t walk forward with it.” Video footage from the
incident showed that Jones had indeed walked forward with the pallet through the
straight aisle of the dairy section, before turning around to maneuver and accelerate
the pallet through the double doors. In light of her testimony, it is possible that it
was reasonably necessary for her to turn around in order to generate the momentum
necessary to navigate the pallet through the doors. Moreover, Jones testified that
she had walked backwards in order to pull a heavy pallet every day, several times a
day, for the three years she worked at Middle Georgia Food Bank and had never
tripped or walked into anything. The record thus raises issues of fact as to whether
Jones’s walking backwards was a reasonable -- even a necessary -- choice, under the
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circumstances. The cases cited by the district court are not to the contrary -- in
Becton the plaintiff was not carrying anything,
see 539 S.E.2d at 553, and in Carey
the plaintiff was helping someone carry a heavy piece of metal but there was no
allegation that the plaintiff’s walking backwards was necessary to exert the force
physically required to accelerate the item,
see 472 S.E.2d at 526.
Jones also testified that she was looking over her shoulder at where she was
walking, primarily to avoid running into anyone. In contrast, in Becton the plaintiff
“walk[ed] blindly backward” without
looking, 539 S.E.2d at 553, and in Carey the
plaintiff looked around before but not while he was walking
backwards, 472 S.E. at
525. We have found no cases suggesting that a plaintiff’s walking backwards while
looking over her shoulder is per se a failure to exercise reasonable care under all
circumstances in Georgia.
In short, because there are genuine disputes of material fact about whether
Jones’s walking backwards was reasonable under the circumstances, we conclude
that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to Walmart. Accordingly,
we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
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