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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-13789
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-20872-JAL
JESUS LAZARO COLLAR,
and all others similarly situated under 29
U.S.C. 216(b),
Plaintiffs,
J. H. ZIDELL, P.A.,
K. DAVID KELLY,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
ABALUX, INC,
JUAN D. CABRAL,
Defendants-Appellees.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(March 31, 2020)
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Before WILLIAM PRYOR, BRANCH and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
K. David Kelly, an attorney, appeals a sanction against him and his law firm,
J.H. Zidell, P.A., for misconduct while representing Jesus Collar, in an action
against Abalux, Inc., and its owner, Juan Cabral, to recover unpaid overtime
compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act. After the district court entered
summary judgment in favor of Abalux and Cabral, which we have since affirmed,
Collar v. Abalux, Inc.,
895 F.3d 1278 (11th Cir. 2018), they moved for an award of
attorney’s fees and costs. The district court granted the motion and sanctioned
Kelly and his law firm for failing to correct or withdraw a factually inaccurate
exhibit to his motion for partial summary judgment and for misrepresenting the
law governing accounting methods. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
From the filing of Collar’s complaint until the entry of summary judgment
22 months later, Abalux argued that it was not “an enterprise engaged in
commerce” under the Act because its “annual gross volume of sales made or
business done . . . [was] less than $500,000 (exclusive of excise taxes at the retail
level that are separately stated),” 29 U.S.C. § 203(s)(1)(A)(ii).
Collar, 895 F.3d at
1280, 1281. Abalux furnished Collar copies of its tax returns, bookkeeping
registers, and other evidence that established it used a cash basis of accounting,
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operated on a calendar year, and had annual gross sales that were below the
statutory threshold between 2014 and 2016. Although Abalux records reflected
gross receipts of $505,973.33 in 2015, its office administrator, Michelle Marcos,
testified in a deposition that the amount had to be reduced for state sales tax of
$6,255.88 that had been attributable to its retail sales.
Abalux opposed Collar’s numerous requests for discovery regarding Abalux
clients, the identities of its former employees, and its bank records, but the Zidell
firm rejected offers by Abalux to provide nonconfidential information to prove that
it lacked the amount of annual gross sales to qualify as an enterprise. During Ms.
Marcos’s second deposition, Jamie Zidell asked her to explain inconsistencies
between Abalux records and calculations made by Zidell’s firm. Zidell questioned
Ms. Marcos using charts that listed the amounts Abalux had reported in 2014,
2015, and 2016 for total sales, bank deposits, and gross sales and the amounts
Zidell had calculated for each category. Later, Ms. Marcos examined the charts and
discovered they contained factual and numerical errors.
After Collar filed a seventh request for discovery, which Abalux opposed, a
magistrate judge held a hearing on the matter. Zidell argued that the accrual
method of accounting applied to Abalux so it had to include in its 2015 annual
gross sales the value of any products sold that year on credit for which it had been
paid in 2016. When questioned by the district court, Zidell affirmed that his
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argument was accurate “as a matter of law,” and he submitted a copy of Centeno-
Bernuy v. Becker Farms,
564 F. Supp. 2d 166, 176 (W.D.N.Y. 2008), where an
employer operating on a cash basis had to recognize as income in 1999 a check
that it received that year but cashed in 2000. Zidell later argued that Centeno-
Bernuy dictated that payments received “in a subsequent year” for invoices issued
in the prior year count “as sales made or business done for the prior year.” But
counsel for Abalux, Leslie Langbein, explained that Zidell had “some
misconceptions about the law” and that Abalux had accurately calculated its annual
gross sales for 2015 using the cash method of accounting as permitted under the
regulations issued by the Department of Labor, 29 C.F.R. § 779.266, and by the
Internal Revenue Service. Langbein quoted parts of the regulations and argued that
Abalux correctly recognized income when received because it had “consistently
used a cash-basis method of accounting.”
The magistrate judge granted Collar limited discovery. The magistrate judge
ordered Abalux to produce a list of its sales and copies of its invoices for orders
placed in 2015 for which it received payment in 2016. And the magistrate judge
ordered Abalux to produce copies of bank records and business records about how
much money it received in 2016 for sales made in 2015.
Collar, represented by Kelly, appealed the discovery order and moved for
partial summary judgment on his claim for overtime wages in 2015. Kelly argued
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that the annual gross sales for Abalux included any payments it received in 2016
for sales it made in 2015. Kelly attached the charts used during Ms. Marcos’s
deposition as an exhibit to the appeal and the motion.
Abalux opposed Collar’s appeal of the discovery order and submitted a
declaration from Ms. Marcos regarding the charts used during her deposition. Ms.
Marcos declared that the charts “overreported the number of [Abalux] transactions
in 2014.” She also declared that the charts were inaccurate because they “contained
numerous discrepancies caused by transposed figures and poor addition.”
Abalux moved for summary judgment and for an award of attorney’s fees
and costs to sanction the Zidell firm and its attorneys. Abalux sought sanctions for
filing suit without contacting it to confirm that it had sufficient annual gross sales
to ensure that Collar’s employment was covered by the Act; using incorrect charts;
and insisting on using the accrual method to determine the annual gross sales of
Abalux. Abalux sought sanctions based on the statute prohibiting unreasonable and
vexatious litigation, 28 U.S.C. § 1927, the inherent power of the court, and Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 11.
The district court denied Collar’s motion for partial summary judgment,
entered summary judgment in favor of Abalux, and adopted the recommendation
of the magistrate judge to grant Abalux an award of attorney’s fees and costs in the
amount of $27,181.80 against Kelly and the Zidell firm. The district court
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sanctioned Kelly and the law firm for pursuing a factual contention and legal claim
that were objectively frivolous based on Rule 11 and for their bad faith litigation
conduct under its inherent powers, and it sanctioned Kelly for unreasonably and
vexatiously multiplying the litigation, 28 U.S.C. § 1927. The district court found
that Abalux, in its series of Rule 11 motions, apprised the Zidell firm that its
requests for discovery were unsubstantiated, that discovery evidenced that Abalux
had annual gross sales of less than $500,000, and that the Zidell firm should have
dismissed Collar’s lawsuit. But the district court sanctioned the Zidell firm and
Kelly only for the refusal to withdraw the incorrect charts after their errors were
exposed and for the misrepresentations that Abalux had to report revenue using the
accrual method of accounting in Collar’s motion for partial summary judgment and
in the opposition to the motion of Abalux for summary judgment. And the district
court limited the award to the attorney’s fees and costs that Abalux incurred 21
days after it served a seventh Rule 11 motion on the Zidell firm and one day after
Abalux filed its opposition to Collar’s motion for partial summary judgment
because both filings pinpointed how the charts were incorrect and why the use of
the accrual method was unsound.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the imposition of sanctions for abuse of discretion. See Peer v.
Lewis,
606 F.3d 1306, 1311 (11th Cir. 2010). That standard requires us to affirm
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unless the district court “applies an incorrect legal standard, follows improper
procedures in making the determination, or bases the decision upon findings of fact
that are clearly erroneous.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
Kelly and his firm challenge the imposition of sanctions on three grounds.
First, they argue that the inaccuracies in their charts are “a close-run thing,” are
attributable to human error, and are “inconsequential to the determination of any
factual or legal issue before the [district] court.” Second, they argue that applying
the accrual method of accounting to Abalux is supported by caselaw. Third, they
challenge, for the first time, the amount of the sanctions award.
Federal courts have the authority under Rule 11 and section 1927 and enjoy
the inherent power to sanction an attorney for misconduct. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11;
28 U.S.C. § 1927. Rule 11 requires an attorney’s candor with the court and
requires that an attorney substantiate his filings. See
Peer, 606 F.3d at 1311
(stating an attorney’s signature certifies his “factual contentions have evidentiary
support”). Section 1927 prohibits an attorney’s waste of judicial resources,
multiplication of the proceedings, and conduct that causes unfair delays. See
id. at
1314. And courts have the inherent power to ensure that an attorney does not
“knowingly or recklessly raise[] a frivolous argument,” pursue a “claim for the
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purpose of harassing an opponent,” or “delay[] or disrupt[] the litigation.” Barnes
v. Dalton,
158 F.3d 1212, 1214 (11th Cir. 1998).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by sanctioning Kelly and his
law firm for failing to correct or withdraw the charts that he submitted with his
motion for partial summary judgment. Kelly submitted the incorrect charts and
then, after Abalux explained the errors in the charts, stubbornly refused to advise
the district court that the charts were inaccurate or to withdraw them. Kelly
violated his obligation to provide the district court with truthful and accurate
information. His misconduct prolonged the proceedings and delayed an inevitable
summary judgment for Abalux.
The district court also did not abuse its discretion by sanctioning Kelly and
his law firm for misrepresenting that Abalux had to use the accrual method of
accounting to calculate its annual gross sales. As the district court stated, Kelly
“clung to an incorrect legal theory” “[d]espite learning of federal regulations, an
IRS publication, and case-law authority that permitted Abalux to use the cash
method,” after which he “repeatedly and stridently urged [the] incorrect legal
argument . . . that the accrual method was mandatory” in his motion for partial
summary judgment and motions opposing the filings by Abalux for summary
judgment. Kelly misstated the import of
Centeno-Bernuy, 564 F. Supp. 2d at 176,
in which the court relied on the unremarkable rule that a cash basis taxpayer must
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recognize income when it is received to require the taxpayer to add to its income a
check that it received but delayed negotiating. See Healy v. Comm’r,
345 U.S. 278,
281 (1953). And none of the caselaw that Kelly cited required a cash-basis
taxpayer to use the accrual method of accounting. Kelly’s argument was frivolous.
And he unreasonably prolonged his client’s lawsuit against Abalux.
Kelly waived any challenge that he could have made to the amount of
attorney’s fees and costs awarded to Abalux and Cabral. When “a party fails to
timely challenge a magistrate’s nondispositive order before the district court, the
party waive[s] his right to appeal those orders in this Court.” Smith v. Sch. Bd. of
Orange Cty.,
487 F.3d 1361, 1365 (11th Cir. 2007); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a)
(providing that a party must object to a magistrate judge’s nondispositive order
within 14 days of being served with the order). By failing to object to the order that
awarded Abalux and Cabral $26,989.20 for attorney’s fees and $182.60 for costs,
Kelly and his law firm waived the right to appeal the amount of sanctions imposed
against them.
IV. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the imposition of sanctions against Kelly and the Zidell law
firm.
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