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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-11945
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 2:18-cr-00127-SPC-UAM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff–Appellee,
versus
TOMMY N. TRACY,
Defendant–Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(March 26, 2020)
Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Tommy Tracy was convicted of committing fraud in connection with major-
disaster benefits, in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 1042(a)(2), (b)(3). On appeal, he
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argues that the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal
because insufficient evidence was presented at trial for the jury to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that he knowingly submitted a fraudulent application to obtain
major-disaster benefits from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. After
careful review of the record, we affirm Tracy’s conviction.
I. BACKGROUND
We begin by reviewing the events leading to Tracy’s indictment for and
conviction of major-disaster benefits fraud, noting that we “view[] the evidence in
the light most favorable to the government, and draw[] all reasonable factual
inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Jiminez,
564 F.3d 1280,
1284 (11th Cir. 2009).
Based on the evidence adduced at trial, Tracy owned a two-story house in
North Fort Myers, Florida, which was subdivided into three apartments: two on the
first floor and one on the second. At the time that Hurricane Irma struck the area
in mid-September 2017, all three apartments were occupied by tenants. On the
first floor, Marion Plau and her boyfriend rented one of the first-floor apartments
since 2013, Charles Hatchett rented the other first-floor apartment since 2011 or
2012, and John Hunter and Ashley Hoffrichter rented the second-floor apartment
since 2015 or 2016. Sometime before the hurricane, Tracy began living on the
property—but in a travel trailer, not in any of the apartments.
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Shortly after the hurricane hit, Tracy submitted an online application for
individual assistance. The application identified Tracy as the applicant and owner
of the North Fort Myers property and listed Hunter as a “boarder.” The property
was marked as Tracy’s primary residence—that is, the location where he lived for
six months or more out of the year. The type of residence was listed as “house-
single/duplex,” but the available choices included “travel trailer.” The application
indicated that the home listed as the primary residence, as well as its contents, had
been damaged by the disaster. The application also indicated that Tracy did not
own a rental property that had been damaged by the disaster. Relevantly, FEMA
grant programs like the one for which Tracy applied were available only to
applicants whose primary residence had been damaged.
After Tracy submitted his application for FEMA assistance, the agency sent
him a letter confirming his application for disaster assistance, providing
information about available assistance, and listing the criteria for eligibility.
Relevantly, one of the criteria was that the home damaged by the disaster must be
the applicant’s “primary residence, where you live the majority of the year.” The
application clarified that FEMA would conduct an investigation of his home.
FEMA inspector Matthew McCash met with Tracy on October 8, 2017, to
inspect his property. Tracy had already submitted proof of ownership of the house
to FEMA, which verified that he owned it. Tracy told McCash that the first floor
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was his primary residence, but apparently did not state that he had been living in
the first floor at the time of the hurricane. McCash testified that if Tracy had
informed him that the first floor was not his primary residence, he would have
concluded that Tracy was ineligible for FEMA assistance and would not have
conducted the investigation. McCash inspected the first floor, but not the
second—he saw that there were tenants living in it and assumed that Tracy had
rented it out. As part of his inspection, McCash gave Tracy a disclosure statement,
which stated that misinforming FEMA could lead to federal prosecution. Tracy
read and signed the disclosure.
After receiving the results of McCash’s investigation, FEMA issued an
award letter to Tracy, stating that he was eligible for a total of $24,211.50 of
assistance—$17,199.50 for home repairs, $5,100 for personal property, and $1,912
for temporary housing. Tracy received an electronic funds transfer from FEMA to
his personal bank account for $24,211.50, and stayed in a FEMA-paid hotel for
approximately six months.
Each of Tracy’s tenants suffered damage as a result of the hurricane, but
received little to no assistance from Tracy. Hatchett specifically testified that
Tracy asked him not to file for FEMA benefits, and told Hatchett stated that he
would help him by either letting him move back in once the apartments were
repaired or by paying him for his lost belongings. Tracy later gave Hatchett a
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check for $1,000, which stated that it was for “help[ing] around the property,” but
which Hatchett believed was intended to help him out “because of what [he] had
been through and lost.”
Similarly, Plau testified that she had to relocate after the hurricane—the first
floor of the house had flooded, damaging the building and her belongings. Tracy
advised her to apply for FEMA assistance, but when she did so, FEMA stated that
her benefits had already been claimed and did not award her any damages. She
testified that she later learned that Tracy had received FEMA assistance, but did
not give any to her.
Hoffrichter testified that her apartment had suffered some damage from the
rain and was without electricity for three weeks. She said that Tracy advised her
and the other tenants not to apply for FEMA benefits, telling them that he would
take care of them. She submitted a FEMA application anyway, which was denied
because Tracy had already claimed the benefits. Hoffrichter reported Tracy after
discovering that he received money from FEMA. She also testified that she and
Hunter did not speak to McCash when he inspected the property because Tracy had
told them to “just stand back” and, if asked, to tell McCash that they were guests.
Hunter testified to a similar effect—that their apartment had suffered a “[l]ittle bit
of water” damage, he applied for FEMA benefits in his own name, but did not
receive any.
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On January 12, 2018, Daniel Lopez, a special agent with the Department of
Homeland Security’s Office of the Inspector General, traveled to the North Fort
Myers property as part of his investigation into Tracy for FEMA fraud. Lopez
spoke with Hunter and Hoffrichter, but their conversation was interrupted by
Tracy’s arrival. Tracy told Lopez that he resided part of the year in a travel trailer
and the other part in the Florida Keys, and that the North Fort Myers house was not
his primary residence.
On August 15, 2018, Tracy was indicted on one count of committing major-
disaster benefits fraud. The case proceeded to trial, and the government presented
the aforementioned evidence. At the close of the government’s case in chief,
Tracy moved for a judgment of acquittal, arguing that (1) the evidence showed that
the North Fort Myers property was his primary residence at the time of Hurricane
Irma, and (2) that Tracy’s listing of Hunter as a “boarder” on the application
indicated that his answer that he did not own a rental property that had been
damaged by the hurricane was merely an error. The district court denied Tracy’s
motion.
Tracy then presented his own case. He called Dr. Hyman Eisenstein, a
psychologist and expert in neuropsychology. Dr. Eisenstein testified that he had
performed a neuropsychiatric evaluation of Tracy. He confirmed that although
Tracy’s intelligence quotient fell within “the average range of intellectual
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functioning,” other tests revealed “severe impairment in the frontal lobes.” These
impairments affected Tracy’s judgment and reasoning, causing him “mental
confusion, difficulty with making decisions, [and] not profiting from feedback.”
While he could “maintain in most areas cognitive function . . . within the normal
limits,” his ability to make decisions “at a higher level of cognitive functioning”
was impaired. In the context of filling out an application, this impairment would
cause him to be more likely to make mistakes. Following Dr. Eisenstein’s
testimony, Tracy rested and did not testify in his defense. He renewed his motion
for a judgment of acquittal, which the district court again denied.
The jury found Tracy guilty. The district court adjudged him guilty and
conducted a sentencing hearing. At the hearing, the court noted that Tracy was 72
years old and had no criminal history. Accordingly, Tracy was sentenced to time
served and a 5-year term of supervised release, and was ordered to pay $41,392.66
in restitution. Tracy timely appealed to us.
II. ANALYSIS
As an initial matter, we review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
de novo to determine “whether a reasonable jury could have found the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Mercer,
541 F.3d 1070, 1074
(11th Cir. 2008). In making that determination, we “view[] the evidence in the
light most favorable to the government, and draw[] all reasonable factual
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inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict.” United States v. Jiminez,
564 F.3d 1280,
1284 (11th Cir. 2009). This analysis “is identical regardless of whether the
evidence is direct or circumstantial, and no distinction is to be made between the
weight given to either.” United States v. Mieres-Borges,
919 F.2d 652, 656-67
(11th Cir. 1990) (quotation mark omitted). However, “[w]hen the government
relies on circumstantial evidence, reasonable inferences, not mere speculation,
must support the conviction.” United States v. Mendez,
528 F.3d 811, 814 (11th
Cir. 2008). In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we “assume that the jury
made all credibility choices in support of the verdict.” United States v. Maxwell,
579 F.3d 1282, 1299 (11th Cir. 2009). Moreover, “the evidence need not exclude
every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” United States v. Knowles,
66 F.3d
1146, 1154 (11th Cir. 1995) (quotation marks omitted).
Under
18 U.S.C. § 1040, it is illegal to
knowingly . . . make[] any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent
statement or representation, or make[] or use[] any false writing or
document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious,
or fraudulent statement or representation, in any matter involving any
benefit authorized, transported, transmitted, transferred, disbursed, or
paid in connection with a major disaster declaration . . . .
18 U.S.C. § 1040(a).
“The term ‘knowingly’ means that the act was performed voluntarily and
intentionally, and not because of a mistake or accident.” United States v.
Woodruff,
296 F.3d 1041, 1047 (11th Cir. 2002) (addressing a conviction under 18
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U.S.C. § 1951(a)). Absent a statutory directive, “the term ‘knowingly’ merely
requires proof of knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense.” Bryan v.
United States,
524 U.S. 184, 193 (1998).
On appeal, Tracy’s core argument is that there was insufficient evidence to
show that his application was “knowingly and fraudulently” made. He argues that
the government only presented circumstantial evidence of his intent to commit
major-disaster benefits fraud, and that the evidence adduced at trial actually shows
that the North Fort Myers house was his primary residence at the time of the
hurricane. Tracy further argues that, because of his mental deficits, the application
was confusing to him and that it is unreasonable to conclude that his conduct was
criminally culpable.
Based on the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that the district court
did not err in denying Tracy’s motion for a judgment of acquittal and that his
arguments are without merit. The evidence shows that Tracy was provided with
adequate—but easy-to-follow—information from FEMA explaining that assistance
was available only to damage to primary residences, which FEMA documents
explained in plain terms. Even if we assume that he experienced difficulty in
filling out the application because of his mental deficits, those deficits do not
explain why he would then repeat that misinformation to McCash when he
conducted an in-person inspection. McCash’s testimony—that Tracy told him that
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his primary residence was the first floor of the North Fort Myers property—was
not contradicted.
Moreover, the testimony of Tracy’s tenants supports the jury’s guilty
verdict. Hatchett and Hoffrichter specifically testified that Tracy had advised the
tenants not to apply for benefits, because he would take care of them. But despite
the fact that Tracy received a nearly $25,000 payout from FEMA, he provided only
Hatchett with anything—and even then, just a $1,000 check, which he claimed was
for Hatchett’s assistance around the property, not as compensation for damage to
his property or possessions.
The cumulative effect of this testimony—which, again, was uncontradicted
by Tracy—was that Tracy knowingly misrepresented the North Fort Myers
property as his primary residence, repeated that misrepresentation to McCash, and
lied to his tenants in an attempt to dissuade them from filing for benefits
themselves. The inferences necessarily drawn by the jury to that effect—which
involved crediting the government’s witnesses over Tracy’s expert witness—were
entirely reasonable. We read Tracy’s arguments to the contrary as essentially
asking us to make another inference based on the evidence—one that is more
favorable to him. But doing so would obviate our duty to draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict. Jiminez,
564 F.3d at 1284.
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III. CONCLUSION
We conclude that the district court did not err in denying Tracy’s motion for
judgment of acquittal because the government presented sufficient evidence for the
jury to find that he knowingly provided false answers on his application for FEMA
relief, and it was within the province of the jury to credit the testimony of the
government’s witnesses over that of Tracy’s expert. Accordingly, Tracy’s
conviction is
AFFIRMED.
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