Webster Hughes v. Priderock Capital Partners, LLC. ( 2020 )

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 19-12615
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:18-cv-80110-RLR
WEBSTER HUGHES,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
PRIDEROCK CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC.,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(April 28, 2020)
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Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JILL PRYOR, and LUCK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Webster Hughes sued Priderock Capital Partners, LLC, to recover damages
for Priderock’s failure to compensate him for services he provided. After the district
court granted summary judgment in Priderock’s favor on two of Hughes’s claims,
Priderock conceded liability on Hughes’s remaining claim for breach of contract
implied in law. As a result, the only question to be resolved was the amount of
damages owed to Hughes, which the parties agreed should be awarded on a theory
of unjust enrichment. Over Priderock’s objection, the district court submitted the
question of damages to a jury. On appeal, Priderock argues that Hughes had no right
to a jury trial and that the jury’s verdict was contrary to both the district court’s
instructions and the clear weight of the evidence. We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Hughes is a mathematician experienced with mortgage-backed securities. 1 In
the summer of 2015, Hughes was approached by David Worley to help start an
investment fund. Worley told Hughes that he was working with a real-estate
investment firm—Priderock—that wanted to invest in a special type of mortgage-
backed securities called K-Deals. Hughes understood that his role would be to serve
1
“A mortgage-backed security is a security that entitles the holder to share in the payments
(cash flow) from a fixed pool of mortgage loans.” Franklin Sav. Ass’n v. Dir., Office of Thrift
Supervision, 934 F.2d 1127, 1133 n.1 (10th Cir. 1991).
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as an expert (by educating his partners and investors about K-Deals) and as an
analyst (by building financial models to predict how much money the fund would
make). Hughes agreed to join the project and immediately got to work.
Although Hughes worked on the project through May 2017, Priderock did not
pay Hughes a salary for his efforts. In June 2017, Priderock formally ended its
business relationship with Hughes and offered him $100,000 as a separation
payment. Hughes rejected the offer.
In January 2018, Hughes sued Priderock in the Southern District of Florida.
Hughes asserted three claims under Florida law: breach of oral contract, breach of
contract implied in fact, and breach of contract implied in law. The district court
granted summary judgment in Priderock’s favor on the first two claims, concluding
that they were barred by Florida’s statute of frauds. Priderock conceded liability as
to the third claim, breach of contract implied in law, so the only question remaining
was the amount of damages that Hughes was entitled to. The parties agreed that
damages should be “awarded on a theory of unjust enrichment”; that is, they agreed
Hughes was entitled to the “value of the benefit Priderock received from [his]
services.”
Priderock then moved to strike Hughes’s demand for a jury trial and have the
district court determine damages. Priderock argued that unjust enrichment was
equitable in nature and therefore Hughes had no right to a jury trial.
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The district court denied Priderock’s motion. It concluded that Hughes’s right
to a jury trial depended on whether he had a suit “at common law” within the
meaning of the Seventh Amendment. To answer that question, the district court
applied the Supreme Court’s two-part test enunciated in Granfinanciera, S.A. v.
Nordberg, 492 U.S. 33 (1989). Under that test, a court must first “compare the
statutory action to 18th-century actions brought in the courts of England prior to the
merger of the courts of law and equity.” Granfinanciera, 492 U.S. at 42 (citation
omitted). It must then “examine the remedy sought and determine whether it is legal
or equitable in nature.” Id. (citation omitted).
On part one of the test, the district court concluded that Hughes’s claim for
breach of contract implied in law was “a legal claim.” The district court determined
that, under Florida law, a claim for breach of contract implied in law is “evaluated
on the theory of unjust enrichment.” The district court cited several Florida cases
holding that unjust enrichment is a legal action and concluded that the cases
Priderock cited for the proposition that unjust enrichment is an equitable action were
unpersuasive.
On part two, the district court concluded that Hughes was “seeking a legal
remedy, rather than an equitable one.” The district court noted that Hughes was not
“seeking an order . . . to release funds from an escrow account or a specified sum
from an employee benefit account[;] [i]nstead, [Hughes sought] damages in the
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amount of ‘the value of the benefit that [he] . . . conferred on Priderock.’” The
district court stated that “[Hughes’s] unjust enrichment claim [was] a legal claim, as
it [sought] monetary damages, a hallmark of a legal action.” Thus, having
determined that both parts of the Supreme Court’s test favored Hughes, the district
court concluded that Hughes had a right to a jury trial under the Seventh
Amendment. The district court further noted that, “[t]o the extent that [it was] a
debatable question, ‘[t]he federal policy favoring jury trials [was] of historic and
continuing strength.’”
At trial, the parties offered differing opinions as to Hughes’s role in the project
and the value of his services. Hughes argued that he was “essential” to the project.
He argued that he worked 3,360 hours, a reasonable hourly rate was $400, and thus
he was entitled to $1,344,000. Alternatively, Hughes estimated that the overall
“success” of the fund would be between $20 million and $30 million, and he
contended that he was entitled to five percent of that amount. On the other hand,
Priderock argued that Hughes had an “exaggerated view of his role.” Priderock
asserted that Hughes had worked far less hours than he claimed and therefore was
entitled to only $100,000. Moreover, Priderock argued that Hughes’s estimate that
the fund would receive between $20 million and $30 million in returns was “sheer
fantasy.” According to Priderock, the fund lost money in 2017 and 2018 and was
projected to lose money in 2019.
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Early into its deliberations, the jury sent out a note asking, “Can Dr. Hughes
be awarded a percent of profit over time? Does the awarded amount have to be an
exact figure?” The parties agreed that the answer to the first question should be
“no.” As for the second question, Hughes argued that the award did not need to be
an exact figure, and Priderock disagreed. The district court ultimately answered
“no” to the first question and “yes” to the second.
The jury returned a verdict awarding $1,250,000 to Hughes. Priderock then
moved for a new trial. According to Priderock, the jury’s verdict could “rest on only
two possible theories”: (1) compensation for Hughes’s lost wages; or (2) an award
of five percent of the fund’s estimated overall success. Priderock argued that the
first theory contradicted the district court’s ruling that “the accepted measure of
damages in an unjust enrichment claim is gain to the defendant, not the loss to the
[p]laintiff.” Similarly, Priderock argued that the second theory violated the district
court’s instruction (given in response to the jury’s question) that Hughes may not be
awarded a percentage of profits.
Priderock also argued that the jury’s verdict was contrary to the clear weight
of the evidence. Priderock stated that “[f]or Hughes to have earned $1,250,000 at
$400 per hour, he would have had to work 3,125 hours” and “[n]othing in the record
suggest[ed] Hughes worked 3,125 hours.” Priderock reasoned that if the jury instead
based its verdict on a share of overall success, then the jury must have found that
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Hughes was entitled to five percent of $25 million. Priderock argued that no
evidence supported the jury’s assumption that the fund would receive overall returns
of $25 million or that Hughes was entitled to five percent of that amount.
While its motion for new trial was still pending, Priderock filed a motion to
alter or amend judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). Priderock
argued that this court’s then-recent decision in Hard Candy, LLC v. Anastasia
Beverly Hills, Inc., 921 F.3d 1343 (11th Cir. 2019), constituted “an intervening
change in the controlling law governing the Seventh Amendment right to trial by
jury.” According to Priderock, Hard Candy showed that Hughes had no right to a
jury trial on his unjust enrichment claim. As such, Priderock asked the district court
to vacate its judgment and order a bench trial.
The district court denied both of Priderock’s motions. Priderock timely
appealed.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review a district court’s denial of a motion to strike a jury demand
de novo. See FN Herstal SA v. Clyde Armory Inc., 838 F.3d 1071, 1080 (11th Cir.
2016) (reviewing de novo the grant of a motion to strike a jury demand). “We review
the denial of a motion to alter or amend a judgment under Rule 59(e) for abuse of
discretion.” Shuford v. Fidelity Nat’l Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 508 F.3d 1337, 1341
(11th Cir. 2007). Likewise, “[w]e review a district court’s denial of a motion for
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new trial only for an abuse of discretion.” Myers v. TooJay’s Mgmt. Corp., 640 F.3d
1278, 1287 (11th Cir. 2011). “[N]ew trials should not be granted on evidentiary
grounds unless, at a minimum, the verdict is against the great—not merely the
greater—weight of the evidence.” Id. (citation omitted).
DISCUSSION
Priderock raises two issues on appeal. First, Priderock argues that the district
court erred in denying Priderock’s motion to strike Hughes’s jury demand and
abused its discretion in denying Priderock’s rule 59(e) motion. Both orders dealt
with the same issue—whether Hughes had a right to a jury trial. Second, Priderock
argues that the district court abused its discretion in denying Priderock’s motion for
new trial because the jury’s verdict was contrary to both the district court’s
instructions and the clear weight of the evidence.
Whether Hughes had a Right to a Jury Trial
The district court concluded that Hughes had a right to a jury trial because it
determined that his claim for breach of contract implied in law was “a legal claim”
and his requested relief, unjust enrichment, was “a legal remedy, rather than an
equitable one.” Priderock argues that Hughes had no right to a jury trial because his
claim “closely resembles 18th-century actions in equity” and because he was seeking
an equitable remedy—namely, disgorgement.
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We begin our analysis with the Seventh Amendment, which preserved “the
right of trial by jury” only for “[s]uits at common law.” U.S. Const. amend. VII.
The Supreme Court has “consistently interpreted the phrase ‘[s]uits at common law’
to refer to ‘suits in which legal rights were to be ascertained and determined, in
contradistinction to those where equitable rights alone were recognized, and
equitable remedies were administered.’” Granfinanciera, 492 U.S. at 41 (quoting
Parsons v. Bedford, 28 U.S. (3 Pet.) 433, 447 (1830)). Thus, the Seventh
Amendment “applies to actions brought to enforce statutory rights that are analogous
to common-law causes of action ordinarily decided in English law courts in the late
18th century, as opposed to those customarily heard by courts of equity or
admiralty.” Id. at 42.
As we noted earlier, the Supreme Court has set forth a two-part test to
determine whether the Seventh Amendment applies to a particular claim. “First, we
compare the statutory action to 18th-century actions brought in the courts of England
prior to the merger of the courts of law and equity. Second, we examine the remedy
sought and determine whether it is legal or equitable in nature.” Id. (quoting Tull v.
United States, 481 U.S. 412, 417–18 (1987)). The Court has held that the second
part of the test “is more important than the first.” Id.Turning to the first part of the test, the action at issue here is for breach of
contract implied in law. The action has a somewhat confusing history, compounded
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by the fact that courts “have synonymously used a number of different terms” to
refer to it. See Commerce P’ship 8098 Ltd. P’ship v. Equity Contracting Co., 695
So. 2d 383, 386 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997) (en banc). Indeed, the action has been
varyingly referred to as one based on “quasi contract,” “unjust enrichment,”
“restitution,” “constructive contract,” and “quantum meruit.” Id. But whatever the
term, “all implied contract actions were part of the action of assumpsit, which was
an action at law under the common law.” Id. at 390; see also Georgia v. Brailsford,
2 U.S. (Dall.) 415, 417 (1793) (Iredell, J.) (referring to assumpsit as “the legal
panacea of modern times”). Although some courts have referred to the action as
being equitable in nature, “the term has been used in the sense of ‘fairness,’ to
describe that quality which makes an enrichment unjust, and not as a reference to
the equity side of the court.” Commerce P’ship, 695 So. 2d at 390. Indeed, as one
court explained:
Unjust enrichment . . . is but the equitable reason for requiring
payment for value of goods and services received. The theory of a case
claiming a defendant has been unjustly enriched may be either legal or
equitable.
Our courts have used the phrases quasi-contract, contract
implied-in-law, constructive contract, and quantum meruit
synonymously. These are legal fictions providing a remedy to prevent
unjust enrichment, thereby promoting justice and equity. But, they are
legal fictions created by courts of law. They were triable at law and not
in equity, thus one is entitled to jury trial upon them.
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Nehi Beverage Co. of Indianapolis v. Petri, 537 N.E.2d 78, 85 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989)
(citations omitted); accord 1 Corbin on Contracts § 1.20 n.8 (rev. ed. 2020) (“[Nehi]
quite correctly ruled that, whatever the terminology, the action was at law and not in
equity, thereby triable by jury.”).
Another court explained the potential source of confusion regarding the nature
of actions for breach of contract implied in law:
The theory on which the plaintiff in this suit seeks money damages,
unjust enrichment, sometimes referred to as restitution, a contract
implied in law, quasi-contract, or an action in assumpsit, is the product
of a long tradition in law, and is an action at law. The confusion with
equity emanates from the decision of the King’s Bench in 1760 in the
case of Moses v. Macferlan, where Lord Mansfield stated that the
defendant’s obligation came “from the ties of natural justice” founded
in “the equity of the plaintiff’s case.” . . . [T]he statement concerning
the action of quasi-contract being equitable has been repeated many
times, but merely refers to the way in which a claim should be
approached since it is clear that the action is at law and the relief given
is a simple money judgment.
Partipilo v. Hallman, 510 N.E.2d 8, 10–11 (Ill. Ct. App. 1987) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Turning to the second, “more important” part of the test, we must “examine
the remedy sought and determine whether it is legal or equitable in nature.”
Granfinanciera, 492 U.S. at 42. This step is significant; even though assumpsit is an
action at law, if the remedy sought is equitable, then the case is properly heard in a
court of equity.
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In Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 212
(2002), the Supreme Court had to determine whether the petitioners’ claim for
restitution constituted “equitable relief” within the meaning of 29 U.S.C.
§ 1132(a)(3). In relevant part, the Court explained as follows:
[N]ot all relief falling under the rubric of restitution is available in
equity. In the days of the divided bench, restitution was available in
certain cases at law, and in certain others in equity. Thus, “restitution
is a legal remedy when ordered in a case at law and an equitable remedy
. . . when ordered in an equity case,” and whether it is legal or equitable
depends on “the basis for [the plaintiff’s] claim” and the nature of the
underlying remedies sought.
In cases in which the plaintiff “could not assert title or right to
possession of particular property, but in which nevertheless he might
be able to show just grounds for recovering money to pay for some
benefit the defendant had received from him,” the plaintiff had a right
to restitution at law through an action derived from the common-law
writ of assumpsit. In such cases, the plaintiff’s claim was considered
legal because he sought “to obtain a judgment imposing a merely
personal liability upon the defendant to pay a sum of money.” Such
claims were viewed essentially as actions at law for breach of contract
(whether the contract was actual or implied).
In contrast, a plaintiff could seek restitution in equity, ordinarily
in the form of a constructive trust or an equitable lien, where money or
property identified as belonging in good conscience to the plaintiff
could clearly be traced to particular funds or property in the defendant’s
possession. A court of equity could then order a defendant to transfer
title (in the case of the constructive trust) or to give a security interest
(in the case of the equitable lien) to a plaintiff who was, in the eyes of
equity, the true owner. But where “the property [sought to be
recovered] or its proceeds have been dissipated so that no product
remains, [the plaintiff’s] claim is only that of a general creditor,” and
the plaintiff “cannot enforce a constructive trust of or an equitable lien
upon other property of the [defendant].” Thus, for restitution to lie in
equity, the action generally must seek not to impose personal liability
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on the defendant, but to restore to the plaintiff particular funds or
property in the defendant’s possession.
Id. at 212–14 (citations omitted) (alterations in original).
Courts have applied Great-West’s reasoning to unjust enrichment claims.
See, e.g., Duty Free World, Inc. v. Miami Perfume Junction, Inc., 253 So. 3d 689,
697 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018) (Lagoa, J.). In Duty Free World, the issue was whether the
plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim fell within an arbitration clause’s exception
permitting the parties to “seek equitable . . . relief” in court. Id. at 693. Based on
the plaintiffs’ complaint, the court determined that the plaintiffs did not seek
equitable relief. Id. at 697. Rather, the plaintiffs sought “nothing more than money
to compensate them for payments [they] made under . . . purchase orders” for
products the defendants refused to deliver. See id. In other words, the plaintiffs
sought “the imposition of personal liability for the benefits that they conferred upon
[the defendants].” Id. (quoting Great-West, 534 U.S. at 214). Thus, the court held
that “[the plaintiffs’] unjust enrichment claim [sought] legal, rather than equitable,
relief.” Id. “Critical to [the court’s] conclusion” was the fact that the plaintiffs did
not allege that the funds they sought to recover could “clearly be traced to particular
funds or property in [the defendants’] possession.” Id. at 698 (quoting Great-West,
534 U.S. at 213). That is, the plaintiffs did not allege “that the [defendants] h[e]ld
the particular funds paid under the purchase orders or that the [defendants]
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possess[ed] particular property ‘identified as belonging in good conscience to’ [the
plaintiffs].” Id.Similarly, here, Hughes did not seek the return of particular property or funds.
He gave no property or funds to Priderock; what he gave was his time and service,
and that’s not something Priderock could actually return. Nor did Hughes seek to
recover any profits. What Hughes actually sought—indeed, what the parties
specifically agreed the measure of damages would be—was “the value of the benefit
Priderock received from [Hughes’s] services.” 2 Just as in Duty Free World and
Great-West, we conclude that this type of relief is legal, not equitable, in nature.
Priderock maintains that “Hughes [sought] an equitable remedy—
disgorgement.” Priderock points to our recent decision in Hard Candy, in which we
held that “an accounting and disgorgement of a defendant’s profits in a trademark
infringement case is equitable in nature and does not carry with it a right to a jury
trial.” 921 F.3d at 1359. But Hughes did not seek an accounting and disgorgement
of Priderock’s profits, nor is this a trademark infringement case, so Hard Candy is
squarely inapplicable.
At bottom, Priderock mischaracterizes Hughes’s requested relief as
disgorgement. In Duty Free World, the plaintiffs’ prayer for relief sought “equitable
2
This is what the parties agreed to in their pretrial stipulation. It’s what the parties argued
at trial. And it’s the very question the parties asked the jury to answer.
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relief, including disgorgement,” but the court held that the plaintiffs’ “factual
allegations [did] not support their characterization.” 253 So. 3d at 698. The court
noted that the plaintiffs explicitly “d[id] not plead any untoward profit to the
[defendants] in their complaint” and instead sought “the restitution of the benefit
they allegedly conferred upon the [defendants].” Id. at 698–99. Thus, because the
plaintiffs’ “factual allegations establish[ed] that their unjust enrichment claim [did]
not seek . . . profits,” the court concluded that the plaintiffs “[did] not seek the
equitable remedy of disgorgement.” Similarly, because Hughes sought to recover
only the value of the benefit he conferred on Priderock—not to obtain any profits
Priderock received—his remedy was not disgorgement but rather restitution in a
purely legal sense. And we know that the jury’s verdict didn’t include profits
because the jury was clearly told not to award a percentage of profits.
In sum, on part one of the Supreme Court’s test, Hughes’s action for breach
of contract implied in law is comparable to the 18th century action of assumpsit,
which was a legal action. On part two, Hughes’s requested remedy—return of the
benefit he conferred on Priderock—was legal in nature. Thus, having satisfied both
parts of the test, Hughes had a right to a jury trial under the Seventh Amendment.
Priderock’s Motion for New Trial
Priderock moved for a new trial on the basis that the jury’s verdict was
contrary to both the district court’s instructions and the clear weight of the evidence.
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The district court denied Priderock’s motion, noting only that “there was competent
evidence to support the jury’s verdict.” Priderock repeats both of its arguments on
appeal.
Turning to the first issue, Priderock argues that the jury disregarded the district
court’s instruction not to award a percentage of profits because the jury awarded
Hughes $1,250,000—a figure Priderock assumes the jury reached “by following the
instructions of Hughes’s counsel in closing argument to award the plaintiff 5% of
future profits, which he assured the jury would reach $20 million to $30 million.”
In other words, because “[f]ive percent of $25 million is $1,250,000,” Priderock
argues that “the math proves . . . the jury did what the court forbade.”
We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Priderock’s motion for new trial on this basis because Priderock failed to show that
the jury awarded a percentage of profits over time. “Few tenets are more
fundamental to our jury trial system than the presumption that juries obey the court’s
instructions.” United States v. Stone, 9 F.3d 934, 938 (11th Cir. 1993). The
presumption is “almost invariable.” Id. (citation omitted). It is overcome only where
there is an “overwhelming probability” that the jury was unable to follow the court’s
instructions. See id. (citation omitted). The presumption applies with as much force,
if not more, to a court’s response to a jury’s question. See Weeks v. Angelone, 528
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U.S. 225, 234 (2000) (“[A] jury is presumed to understand a judge’s answer to its
question.”).
Priderock’s mathematical argument is simply insufficient to overcome this
powerful presumption. “[W]e cannot speculate as to what the jury ‘meant’ by its
verdict.” Murphy v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 628 F.2d 862, 870 n.18 (5th Cir. 1980);3
see also Krause v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 910 F.2d 674, 679 (10th Cir. 1990) (“[W]e
will not speculate as to the jury’s calculation methods, as long as the damage amount
is supported by the evidence.”); Chuy v. Phila. Eagles Football Club, 595 F.2d 1265,
1279 n.19 (3d Cir. 1979) (en banc) (“[I]t is well accepted that a court will not inquire
into the calculation methods employed by the jury during its deliberations.”). Absent
any other evidence, Priderock failed to show that the jury ignored the district court’s
instructions not to award a percentage of profits.
Second, Priderock argues that the jury’s verdict is contrary to the clear weight
of the evidence because “[n]o evidence supports the jury’s assumption that Priderock
would make $20 million to $30 million in profits. And no evidence shows that
Hughes was entitled to 5%, as opposed to 3% or 7% or 0.5%.” Priderock focuses
on the evidence of profits to the exclusion of all the other evidence on damages.
Hughes argued to the jury that he worked 3,360 hours, a reasonable hourly rate was
3
All decisions of the former Fifth Circuit announced before October 1, 1981, are binding
precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.
1981) (en banc).
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$400, and thus he was entitled to $1,344,000. Those figures were supported by
sufficient evidence. Indeed, Hughes testified that he had been paid $400 an hour for
his services in the past. Worley likewise testified that he would have paid Hughes
that amount and that it “[p]robably would” have been a reasonable rate. Finally,
Hughes testified that, during the period he provided services to Priderock, he was
“fully dedicated” and “treated it like [he] would an investment bank where [he] was
working on a deal.” Although the parties did not agree on how many hours Hughes
had worked, they agreed that he had provided services to Priderock for
approximately 19–21 months. As Hughes’s counsel explained at closing,
“21 months is 84 weeks” and “84 weeks at 40 hours[] [is] 3,360 hours.”
Of course, the jury did not award Hughes $1,344,000, it awarded him
$1,250,000. But “the jury enjoys substantial discretion in awarding damages within
the range shown by the evidence, and while the jury may not pull figures out of a
hat, its verdict does not fail for a lack of exhaustive or dispositive evidence so long
as a rational basis exists for the calculation.” United States v. Sullivan, 1 F.3d 1191,
1196 (11th Cir. 1993); see also In Re Urethane Antitrust Litig., 768 F.3d 1245, 1268
(10th Cir. 2014) (“Dow assumes that the jury could not adjust Dr. McClave’s
damages figure without his underlying calculations or some other tool. This
assumption is incorrect, for a jury can reduce an expert’s calculations on damages
even when unable to run the exact numbers and calculations of [a damages] model
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with mathematical certainty.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)); Luria Bros.
& Co. v. Pielet Bros. Scrap Iron & Metal, Inc., 600 F.2d 103, 115 (7th Cir. 1979)
(“The jury is entitled to disregard the damages asked for if they do not agree with
the computations or if other evidence is introduced from which jurors could draw
their own conclusions.”). Here, the jury could have agreed with Priderock’s
argument at closing and rationally determined that Hughes worked less than 3,360
hours. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Priderock’s motion for new trial.
CONCLUSION
The district court correctly concluded that Hughes had a right to a jury trial
under the Seventh Amendment. Thus, the district court did not err in denying
Priderock’s motion to strike Hughes’s jury demand or abuse its discretion in denying
Priderock’s rule 59(e) motion. Likewise, the jury’s verdict was not contrary to the
district court’s instructions or the clear weight of the evidence. Therefore, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Priderock’s motion for new trial.
AFFIRMED.
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