Christina P. Latta v. Mentor Corporation ( 2017 )


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  •         Case: 16-11519   Date Filed: 03/09/2017   Page: 1 of 28
    [DO NOT PUBLISH]
    IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
    ________________________
    No. 16-10119
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:12-cv-00307-CDL
    DEBORAH ANN ROGERS,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    ________________________
    No. 16-10120
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:12-cv-00319-CDL
    Case: 16-11519   Date Filed: 03/09/2017   Page: 2 of 28
    VICTORIA KEARSE,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-10122
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:12-cv-00323-CDL
    SAMANTHA SHIREY,
    BRIAN SHIREY,
    Plaintiff-Appellants,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    2
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    _______________________
    No. 16-10124
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket No. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:13-cv-00048-CDL
    BETTY LOU SHAFFER,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-10351
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:13-cv-00093-CDL
    MICHELE RENE JACKSON,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    3
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    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-10354
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:13-cv-00101-CDL
    ANDREA JEAN RUPERT,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-10355
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:13-cv-00153-CDL
    CARRIE M. KLUM,
    ANTHONY D. KLUM,
    4
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    Plaintiffs-Appellants,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-10356
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:13-cv-00346-CDL
    ROSA GRACIELA URBIETA,
    MATEO URBIETA,
    Plaintiffs-Appellants,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-10357
    ________________________
    5
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    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:14-cv-00061-CDL
    LIBBY M. HALL,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-11519
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:12-cv-00311-CDL
    CHRISTINA P. LATTA,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    6
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    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-11520
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:13-cv-00092-CDL
    MARGIE H. GREENMAN,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    _______________________
    No. 16-12841
    ________________________
    D.C. Docket Nos. 4:08-md-02004-CDL,
    4:13-cv-00027-CDL
    MELISSA WATSON ROBINSON,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    7
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    versus
    MENTOR CORPORATION,
    MENTOR LLC,
    Defendants-Appellees.
    ________________________
    Appeals from the United States District Court
    for the Middle District of Georgia
    ________________________
    (March 9, 2017)
    Before WILSON and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and BUCKLEW, * District
    Judge.
    WILSON, Circuit Judge:
    Plaintiffs filed claims against Mentor Corporation and Mentor LLC
    (collectively, “Mentor”) for products liability and negligence. Plaintiffs asserted
    that Mentor’s product, ObTape Transobturator Tape (ObTape), a transvaginal
    mesh product designed to treat urinary incontinence, caused them to suffer injuries.
    Mentor moved for summary judgment, asserting that Plaintiffs’ claims were time
    barred under Minnesota’s statutes of limitation for tort claims. The district court
    granted summary judgment to Mentor.
    On appeal, Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred when it concluded
    that the Plaintiffs knew of a connection between the ObTape and their injuries
    *
    Honorable Susan C. Bucklew, United States District Judge for the Middle District of Florida,
    sitting by designation.
    8
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    more than six years before they brought suit.1 We conclude that because
    Minnesota law requires a plaintiff to know of a causal connection, and not just a
    mere connection, the district court erred in dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims as time
    barred. Applying the discovery rule to Plaintiffs’ claims, a reasonable jury could
    conclude that Plaintiffs did not know of a causal connection between the ObTape
    and their injuries more than six years before filing suit. Therefore, we reverse and
    remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    I.    BACKGROUND
    This appeal stems from personal injury lawsuits brought by twelve Plaintiffs
    against Mentor for its product, ObTape. ObTape is a transvaginal mesh (also
    called a suburethal sling) used to treat stress urinary incontinence. Plaintiffs each
    sought treatment for stress urinary incontinence and subsequently were implanted
    with the ObTape. At some point, each Plaintiff experienced injuries and
    underwent a procedure to remove some or all of the ObTape.
    Plaintiffs allege that when Mentor launched ObTape in 2003 Mentor was
    fully aware that the product could erode and cause serious infections, but Mentor
    fraudulently concealed this information from the medical community. The
    1
    In their initial case, Plaintiffs also brought claims against Mentor for fraudulent concealment.
    Those claims were dismissed as time barred at summary judgment. This appeal is only for
    Plaintiffs’ negligence and strict liability claims, not their fraud claims. In this appeal, Plaintiffs
    continue to assert fraudulent concealment as a defense to toll the statute of limitations. However,
    because we conclude that the district court misapplied the statute of limitations rule, we need not
    address Plaintiffs’ fraudulent concealment defense.
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    product-insert data sheets (PIDs) that accompany ObTape when it is given to
    doctors listed infection and erosion as rare events. In early 2006, after receiving
    numerous reports of adverse events, Mentor withdrew ObTape from the market.
    I.      Melissa Robinson Watson
    Plaintiff Melissa Robinson Watson sought treatment for stress urinary
    incontinence and received her ObTape implant in May 2004. Watson experienced
    negative side effects within 25 days of receiving her ObTape implant. It was
    partially removed two weeks later. After viewing a television commercial
    regarding transvaginal mesh complications, she filed her lawsuit in January 2013.
    Watson has suffered from diabetes since she was 17, and before her ObTape
    implant surgery, her doctor warned her that her diabetes could cause
    complications. Therefore, when she began to experience erosion and infection, she
    attributed it to her diabetes and not ObTape. Watson’s doctor did not recall
    specifically what he told Watson, but he did acknowledge that he wrote “diabetes”
    in his notes.
    The district court, in finding that Watson’s claims were time barred, noted
    that Watson knew the “sling had ‘come apart’ . . . through her vaginal wall” in
    January 2005 when she underwent a procedure to remove the remaining ObTape.
    See In re Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    2016 WL 1574071
    , at *1 (M.D. Ga. Apr. 19, 2016). The district court reasoned that because
    10
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    Watson knew there was an erosion of the ObTape, she “knew of, strongly
    suspected, or had enough information to know of a connection between ObTape
    and at least some of her injuries by the time her doctor excised the ObTape.” Id. at
    *3.
    II.      Graciela Urbieta
    Plaintiff Graciela Urbieta received her ObTape implant in March 2005. In
    January 2006, she was diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis, a potentially lethal
    condition, and a thigh abscess. She can no longer run, work out, or sing, and is
    forced to wear diapers for her continuing incontinence. After viewing a television
    advertisement concerning transvaginal mesh litigation, she filed her suit in July
    2013.
    Urbieta was treated by several doctors. She claims that none of her doctors
    informed her that her injuries were caused by her ObTape. One doctor did not
    even know she had been implanted with ObTape, and thus could not have
    concluded it was the cause. Another physician diagnosed Urbieta with an eroded
    sling and removed the sling in December 2006.
    The district court concluded that Urbieta should have known of a connection
    between the ObTape and her symptoms because she knew the sling was infected,
    and because she had an excision surgery to remove it in December 2006. In re
    11
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    Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    2015 WL 9307267
    ,
    at *7 (M.D. Ga. Dec. 21, 2015).
    III.   Victoria Kearse
    Plaintiff Victoria Kearse received her ObTape implant to treat her stress
    urinary incontinence in November 2004. She immediately suffered several side
    effects including foul-smelling vaginal discharge, severe pain, and several large
    painful cysts. Kearse underwent several surgical procedures to excise her ObTape,
    the third and final surgery taking place in September 2005. She also underwent
    three other surgeries to remove her cysts. Kearse still suffers from abdominal pain.
    After hearing about media accounts of transvaginal mesh litigation from her sister,
    Kearse filed her suit in October 2012.
    Kearse believed, and it was confirmed by her doctor, that her own body and
    not her ObTape was the cause of her injuries. Her doctor informed her that her
    condition was caused by “thin vaginal mucosa,” rather than the ObTape. The
    district court however concluded that because Kearse underwent surgery, she
    “knew by September 2005 that there was a connection between ObTape and some
    of her injuries.” In re Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab.
    Litig., 
    2015 WL 8578364
    , at *4 (M.D. Ga. Dec. 9, 2015).
    IV.    Betty Lou Shaffer
    12
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    Plaintiff Betty Lou Shaffer received her ObTape implant in November 2003.
    Shortly thereafter, she began experiencing vaginal pain, which she described as a
    “sandpaper-like sensation.” Shaffer’s doctor explained that Shaffer’s ObTape had
    eroded through the incision, and the doctor performed surgery to remove part of
    the ObTape in February 2004. Shaffer continues to experience vaginal pain and
    has had to forgo intercourse as a result of her ObTape injuries. After viewing a
    lawyer advertisement regarding transvaginal mesh complications, Shaffer filed her
    claim in January 2013.
    Until the advertisement, Shaffer claims that she was under the impression
    that her injuries were a product of her body rejecting a foreign body. However, the
    district court found that, because Shaffer underwent the removal surgery in January
    2004 she “knew of a connection between ObTape and some of her injuries” in
    2004. Id. at *5. The district court also noted that after the removal surgery,
    Shaffer’s “sandpaper pain feeling went away.” Id. But Shaffer has asserted that
    she continues to experience vaginal pain and has had to forgo intercourse.
    V.      Samantha Shirey
    Plaintiff Samantha Shirey received her ObTape implant in December 2004.
    The following year, Shirey experienced multiple symptoms including vaginal odor,
    pain radiating from her thigh, fever, groin pain, and pain during intercourse. In
    July 2006, Shirey went through two surgeries to remove her ObTape. After seeing
    13
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    a commercial regarding transvaginal mesh complications, Shirey filed her
    complaint in October 2012.
    Shirey claims that she had no reason to attribute her injury to the mesh. She
    experienced the same symptoms when suffering from urinary tract infections
    before the mesh was implanted, so she believed the injury was just a worsening of
    those infections. Mentor alleges that between Shirey’s first and second removal
    surgeries, her doctor told her that the swelling in her leg was caused by the mesh,
    and then he removed the ObTape. Shirey refutes this and asserts that her physician
    attributed her pain to an earlier procedure. However, in Shirey’s deposition, she
    also noted that her physician informed her that removal of the mesh might alleviate
    her symptoms.
    The district court focused on the fact that Shirey’s doctor “recommended
    removing as much of the remaining mesh as possible [and] performed a second
    excision surgery in July 2006. Therefore, Shirey knew by July 2006 that there was
    a connection between ObTape and some of her injuries.” Id. at *4.
    VI.   Michele Rene Jackson
    Plaintiff Michele Rene Jackson received her ObTape implant in March 2004.
    After experiencing severe vaginal pain, severe back and leg pain, and painful
    intercourse, Jackson underwent surgery to remove the ObTape in November 2004.
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    Jackson filed her complaint shortly after seeing an attorney advertisement about
    transvaginal mesh in March 2013.
    Jackson maintains that neither of her doctors told her that ObTape caused
    her injuries. One of her doctors testified that while he recommended mesh
    extraction, he probably attributed the injuries not to a problem with the mesh but to
    Jackson’s overactivity or poor tissue. But Mentor points out that, before Jackson’s
    surgery, one of her doctors told her that the removal would most likely take away
    her pain. Therefore, she should have known about the connection between
    ObTape and her injuries.
    Relying on the statement from Jackson’s doctor telling her that the revision
    surgery “would most likely take away [Jackson’s] pain,” the district court
    concluded that Jackson knew by October 2004 that there was likely a connection
    between ObTape and her injuries. In re Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator
    Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    2015 WL 9307267
    , at *7 (M.D. Ga. Dec. 21, 2015).
    VII. Deborah Rogers
    Plaintiff Deborah Rogers received her ObTape implant in September 2005.
    Thereafter, she suffered a thigh abscess and pain and swelling in her leg. To this
    date, Rogers suffers from urge incontinence and passes stool intermittently through
    her vagina. The ObTape was surgically removed in July 2006. After seeing a
    15
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    television advertisement regarding transvaginal mesh litigation, Rogers filed this
    suit in September 2012.
    Rogers alleges that she had no reason to know her ObTape was the cause of
    her injuries, as none of her doctors informed her it was. Mentor points out that
    Rogers herself admitted in her deposition that she learned that ObTape was the
    cause of her injuries while at the hospital in July 2006. Rogers disputes this and in
    portions of her deposition, as well as in her brief, Rogers alleges that she did not
    realize Mentor’s role in her injuries until she saw the television advertisement.
    The district court stated that Rogers knew in July 2006 that she had a foreign
    body (the ObTape) hanging from her vaginal area and that she had to have it
    surgically removed; therefore, Rogers knew in July 2006 that ObTape caused her
    injuries. In re Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    2015 WL 8578364
    , at *4 (M.D. Ga. Dec. 9, 2015).
    VIII. Libby Hall
    Plaintiff Libby Hall received her ObTape implant in January 2005 to treat
    her stress urinary incontinence. After Hall suffered symptoms such as urinary tract
    infections and painful intercourse, the ObTape was removed in July 2005. After
    seeing a lawyer advertisement regarding transvaginal mesh complications, Hall
    filed her suit in January 2014.
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    In her deposition, Hall pointed out that her doctor told her that “scarring
    from the surgery” had “pulled the sling too tight,” causing her symptoms. Mentor
    alleges that Hall’s doctor told her that the exposed mesh was likely the cause of her
    injuries. However, in the doctor’s deposition he said he could not recall what he
    told Hall, but he likely would have told her that the ObTape was near the vaginal
    mucosa and palpable to the touch and this was probably the cause of her pain.
    The district court reasoned that “Hall’s doctor told her that the ObTape was
    likely the source of her pain” 2 and thus “Hall knew in July 2005 that there was a
    likely connection between ObTape and some of her injuries.” In re Mentor Corp.
    Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    2015 WL 9307267
    , at *8 (M.D.
    Ga. Dec. 21, 2015).
    IX.    Carrie Klum
    Plaintiff Carrie Klum received her ObTape implant in June 2004. Klum
    suffered from erosion, chronic infections, chronic vaginal pain, and cessation of
    intercourse due to pain. Her ObTape was surgically removed in 2006. After
    seeing a lawyer advertisement regarding transvaginal mesh litigation, she filed her
    suit in May 2013.
    2
    The district court agreed with Mentor and concluded that the doctor’s deposition revealed that
    the doctor told Hall the ObTape was the cause. However, the doctor’s deposition clearly states
    that he cannot recall what he told her and Hall refutes Mentor’s allegation.
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    Klum stated at her deposition that she thought her injuries were the result of
    a defect in her body and its ability to accept a foreign object like ObTape.
    According to her doctor’s deposition, that is also what he believed at the time.
    Mentor notes that Klum was informed that her ObTape was infected and told it
    needed to be removed. Therefore, Mentor alleges she knew of a connection
    between her injuries and the ObTape in 2006.
    The district court focused on the fact that Klum’s doctor told her that the
    entire ObTape needed to be removed and concluded that “by February 2006 at the
    latest, Klum knew that her injuries were connected to ObTape [but] [s]he did not
    file her complaint until more than seven years later, on April 29, 2013.” Id. at *7.
    X.      Andrea Rupert
    Plaintiff Andrea Rupert received her ObTape implant in May 2004. She
    suffered groin pain, vaginal discharge, foul odor, a thigh abscess, and other
    complications. Her infected ObTape was removed in June 2005. After seeing an
    advertisement regarding transvaginal mesh litigation, Rupert filed her complaint in
    March 2013.
    Rupert notes that her doctor informed her that her body was not adapting
    well to the mesh. Rupert also alleges that she engaged in an extraordinary
    investigation to find the cause of her injury. Before surgery, she read the brochure
    for ObTape and these risks were not listed. After her ObTape became infected, she
    18
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    even communicated with Mentor. Rupert spoke with an ObTape marketing
    manager at her excision surgery, who informed her that the product was safe and
    led her to believe the product was not the cause of her injuries. 3 Mentor does not
    refute this and just points out that Rupert knew she was having complications with
    her ObTape when it was removed.
    The district court explained that “in August 2005, Rupert visited [a] doctor,
    who noted that Rupert was concerned that half of her ObTape was still in her body
    and that it may become infected. Thus, by August 2005, Rupert connected her
    injuries to ObTape.” Id. at *7.
    XI.   Christina Latta
    Plaintiff Christina Latta received her ObTape implant in March 2004. After
    experiencing discharge and bad odor, Latta underwent four revision surgeries to
    remove the ObTape, with the final surgery in September 2005. After seeing a
    television advertisement regarding transvaginal mesh litigation, she filed her
    complaint in September 2012.
    Latta argues that she had no reason to suspect ObTape was the cause of her
    problem because her own doctor did not know. Her doctor said he did not know
    what was causing Latta’s symptoms but he did not assume it was the ObTape.
    3
    Rupert noted that “[a] mentor representative documented personal information at my excision
    procedure . . . . The representative apologized for the injuries that I was experiencing and
    advised that there were no known defects with this product.”
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    Because of the unusual nature of having so many symptoms, Latta’s doctor
    suspected that Latta’s body might have an allergy to polypropylene mesh. He told
    her that procedures with his other ObTape patients were successful, and therefore
    she assumed her problems were unique to her body.
    Mentor alleges that Latta was informed that a portion of the ObTape had
    eroded through her vaginal wall. Before and after each of her four revision
    surgeries, Latta was told in layman’s terms that her ObTape had eroded. The
    district court noted that “[a]t the time, Latta believed that her body was rejecting
    the ObTape. Therefore, Latta knew in July 2004 that there was a likely connection
    between ObTape and some of her injuries.” In re Mentor Corp. Obtape
    Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    2016 WL 877773
    , at *5 (M.D. Ga. Mar.
    2, 2016).
    XII. Margie Greenman
    Plaintiff Margie Greenman received her ObTape implant in January 2004.
    She experienced vaginal pain and was told that her ObTape had eroded through her
    vaginal wall. She underwent two surgeries to treat this erosion, one in December
    2004 and one in 2010. She continues to experience pain, bleeding, urine leakage,
    and has had to forgo sexual intercourse because of its painfulness. After reading a
    pamphlet in a doctor’s waiting room in 2011, Greenman made the connection
    between ObTape and her injuries and filed suit in April 2013.
    20
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    Greenman alleges that her doctor’s warnings before surgery included a
    warning that there is a risk of infection whenever you insert a foreign object into
    the body. She therefore did not know that ObTape was causally connected to her
    injuries until she read the pamphlet. Mentor alleges that Greenman was told that
    the ObTape had eroded and therefore she knew of ObTape’s connection to her
    injuries.
    The district court reasoned that, “Greenman’s doctor diagnosed her with a
    vaginal erosion and told her that he needed to excise the exposed portion of
    ObTape . . . . Therefore, Greenman knew by November 2004 that there was a
    likely connection between ObTape and some of her injuries.” 
    Id.
    II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
    “We review a district court’s application of a statute of limitations and its
    grant of summary judgment de novo.” F.E.B. Corp. v. United States, 
    818 F.3d 681
    , 685 (11th Cir. 2016). The evidence should be viewed in the light most
    favorable to the party opposing summary judgment, drawing all justifiable
    inferences in the opposing party’s favor. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 
    477 U.S. 242
    , 255, 
    106 S. Ct. 2505
    , 2513 (1986). Summary judgment may only be
    granted if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving
    party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 
    Id. at 247
    , 
    106 S. Ct. at 2510
    (internal quotation marks omitted). A genuine issue of material fact exists when
    21
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    “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non[-]
    moving party.” 
    Id. at 248
    , 
    106 S. Ct. at 2510
    . Summary judgment is only
    appropriate if a case is “so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of
    law.” See 
    id.
     at 251–52, 
    106 S. Ct. at 2512
    .
    III.    STATUTES OF LIMITATION
    Each Plaintiff initially filed her lawsuit in Minnesota state court. Mentor
    subsequently removed each suit to the United States District Court in Minnesota.
    The cases were later transferred to the Middle District of Georgia as part of a
    multidistrict litigation proceeding regarding ObTape. The parties all agree that
    Minnesota law applies to Plaintiffs’ claims.
    The issue on appeal is whether the district court properly dismissed
    Plaintiffs’ personal injury claims on summary judgment because they were barred
    by Minnesota’s statutes of limitation. The Minnesota statute of limitation for a
    strict liability claim is four years. See 
    Minn. Stat. § 541.05
     subd. 2. The statute of
    limitation for a negligence claim is six years. See 
    Minn. Stat. § 541.05
     subd. 1(5).
    Because we are applying Minnesota law, we must begin by identifying the proper
    rule for examining statutes of limitation issues in Minnesota. Minnesota law is not
    clear on this point, 4 but the Eighth Circuit has held that the discovery rule is
    4
    During this appeal, Mentor argued that the court should reexamine the Minnesota rule of
    accrual. Mentor advocated that the court should use a “damages” rule and not the Plaintiffs’
    suggested “discovery” rule. To support this assertion, Mentor argues that the Minnesota
    22
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    applicable. See Klempka v. G.D. Searle & Co., 
    963 F.2d 168
    , 170 (8th Cir. 1992).
    Because Minnesota state court holdings are nonexistent or ambiguous on this issue,
    we should defer to rulings of the Eighth Circuit and the federal district courts of
    Minnesota because those courts are frequently called upon to interpret Minnesota
    law. See, e.g., McGregor v. State Mut. Life Ins. Co. of Worcester, Mass., 
    315 U.S. 280
    , 281, 
    62 S. Ct. 607
    , 607(1942) (per curiam) (“In the absence of such guidance
    [from Michigan state courts], we shall leave undisturbed the interpretation placed
    upon purely local law by a Michigan federal judge of long experience and by three
    circuit court judges whose circuit includes Michigan.”). Therefore we must apply
    the discovery rule in light of Eighth Circuit precedent. Under the discovery rule
    Supreme Court rejected the discovery rule of accrual fifty years ago in Dalton v. Dow Chem.
    Co., 
    158 N.W.2d 580
    , 584 (Minn. 1968). However, Minnesota district courts have recently
    addressed the apparent conflict in Minnesota law, specifically addressing Dalton and reaffirming
    the discovery rule. See Huggins v. Stryker Corp., 
    932 F. Supp. 2d 972
    , 985–86 (D. Minn. 2013);
    Mack v. Stryker Corp., 
    2010 WL 4386898
    , at *2 (D. Minn. Oct. 28, 2010) (both concluding that
    “for products liability claims in Minnesota, the discovery rule applies”). Furthermore,
    Minnesota has not shied away from adopting a causal standard in other cases. See DeCosse v.
    Armstrong Cork Co., 
    319 N.W.2d 45
    , 49 (Minn. 1982) (“[T]he act or omission of exposing Mr.
    DeCosse to asbestos would continue until the disease manifested itself and was causally linked to
    respondents’ products.” (emphasis omitted)).
    Mentor also cites to other Minnesota case law that specifically denies the discovery rule, but in a
    medical malpractice context. See, e.g., MacRae v. Grp. Health Plan, Inc., 
    753 N.W.2d 711
    ,
    719–20 (Minn. 2008). However, Dalton acknowledged that malpractice scenarios are
    fundamentally different. See Dalton, 158 N.W.2d at 585. (“Plaintiff has cited several
    malpractice cases involving claims against a physician or clinic . . . . Cases of the foregoing
    nature are of a class unto themselves and fail to lend support to [P]laintiff’s position.”).
    Finally, while arguing against the strict liability and negligence claims to the district court,
    Mentor used the two-prong discovery rule standard from Hildebrant v. Allied Corp., 
    839 F.2d 396
    , 398 (8th Cir. 1987). More importantly, that is the standard the district court then adopted.
    Given that Minnesota district courts have recently reaffirmed the discovery rule and both parties
    argued it to the district court below, we will continue to apply this two-prong standard.
    23
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    two elements must be satisfied before a cause of action accrues in cases involving
    injuries caused by a defective product: “(1) a cognizable physical manifestation of
    the disease or injury, and (2) evidence of a causal connection between the injury or
    disease and the defendant’s product, act, or omission.” See Klempka, 
    963 F.2d at 170
    .
    IV.    DISCUSSION
    In applying the two-prong discovery rule, the district court concluded:
    [E]ach Plaintiff connected at least some of her injuries to
    ObTape more than six years before she filed suit.
    Accordingly, their strict liability and negligence claims
    are time-barred under Minnesota law. Plaintiffs contend
    that it is not enough that they made a connection between
    ObTape and some of their injuries. Rather, they appear
    to argue that they must have been on notice that a defect
    in ObTape caused their injuries. Plaintiffs did not point
    to any Minnesota authority holding that a plaintiff must
    be on actual notice that her specific injuries were caused
    by a product defect.
    In re Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., No.
    2004408MD2004CDL, 
    2015 WL 9307267
    , at *8 (M.D. Ga. Dec. 21, 2015)
    (emphasis in original). We find these conclusions unpersuasive. While the district
    court chose to emphasize the word “defect” in its reasoning, we look at the
    24
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    discovery rule and find the word “causal” to be dispositive. Knowing of a
    connection5 is simply not the same as knowing of a causal connection.
    Summary judgment is only appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to
    any material fact. See Anderson, 
    477 U.S. at 247
    , 
    106 S. Ct. at 2510
    . Whether a
    plaintiff knows of a causal connection between her injuries and the defendant’s
    alleged misconduct is an issue of fact. Because a reasonable jury could find that
    Plaintiffs here did not know of a causal connection, we find summary judgment
    inappropriate. See 
    id. at 248
    , 
    106 S. Ct. at 2510
    . The district court reasoned “that
    the cause of action did not accrue until the [P]laintiffs had some objective
    information suggesting a causal link between the product and the injury.” In re
    Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., 
    2016 WL 1574071
    ,
    at *3 (M.D. Ga. Apr. 19, 2016). We agree with that standard as articulated, but we
    conclude that the evidence is not so one-sided as to whether Plaintiffs had
    information suggesting causation to make summary judgment appropriate. See
    Anderson, 
    477 U.S. at
    251–52, 
    106 S. Ct. at 2512
    .
    Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, none of
    Plaintiffs’ doctors attributed Plaintiffs’ symptoms to a problem with the ObTape.
    While all the doctors recommended removing the ObTape, and in fact did remove
    5
    The district court avoided the word “causal” in its application of the discovery rule to Plaintiffs’
    claims. In its analysis of each Plaintiff, the court repeatedly used the phrase, “a connection” or
    “a likely connection.” See, e.g., In re Mentor Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab.
    Litig., 
    2016 WL 877773
    , at *5 (M.D. Ga. Mar. 2, 2016).
    25
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    some or all of it, none of the doctors could remember telling their patients that the
    ObTape was causing the symptoms. Mentor and the district court cite to portions
    of the doctors’ depositions in which the doctors recall suggesting removing the
    ObTape, or hint that removal might alleviate the patients’ symptoms, but Mentor
    cannot point to any evidence that the doctors indicated that ObTape was not merely
    involved but was the actual cause of the symptoms. Indeed, nothing in the record
    suggests that the doctors knew or should have known of a causal connection. A
    sister circuit court reasoned that “lay persons should not be charged with greater
    knowledge of their physical condition than that possessed by the physicians on
    whose advice they must rely.” See Moyer v. United Dominion Indus., Inc., 
    473 F.3d 532
    , 550 (3d Cir. 2007) (applying the Pennsylvania discovery rule). We
    agree. It is unfair to expect patients to realize there is a causal connection when
    their own doctors do not.
    Furthermore, it is not “clear that the limitations’ determination can be made
    as a matter of law. [Keeping in mind] that we must view all evidence in the light
    most favorable to the nonmovant and draw all reasonable inferences in her favor,
    we conclude the limitations issue is for the jury to determine.” See Tuttle v.
    Lorillard Tobacco Co., 
    377 F.3d 917
    , 922 (8th Cir. 2004).
    The district court’s analysis places great weight on the fact that the ObTape
    was removed from each Plaintiff. However, this fact alone, while it may raise
    26
    Case: 16-11519     Date Filed: 03/09/2017    Page: 27 of 28
    suspicion that ObTape was involved, is not enough evidence to expect Plaintiffs to
    identify a causal connection. In Hildebrandt, the Eighth Circuit held that, under
    Minnesota law, “[t]here is a substantial difference between knowledge of injury
    and the cause of that injury and mere suspicion.” See Hildebrandt, 
    839 F.2d at 399
    . Plaintiffs are entitled to wait until the cause has been “rationally identified.”
    See 
    id.
     While the removal may have caused suspicion, it is not enough evidence of
    a causal connection to warrant summary judgment.
    Furthermore, this case is similar to Ballew, and there, analyzing a case under
    Georgia’s statute of limitation rules (that mirror Minnesota’s rules and require a
    “causal connection”) we reversed a grant of summary judgment. See Ballew v. A.
    H. Robins Co., 
    688 F.2d 1325
    , 1327 (11th Cir. 1982). In that case, the plaintiff
    had pelvic pain after a Dalkon Shield intrauterine device (IUD) was implanted.
    She asked her doctor whether the IUD was responsible and the doctor said he did
    not know. We found that the statute of limitations period did not begin to run until
    the plaintiff learned of lawsuits involving the Dalkon Shield IUD. 
    Id. at 1328
    . We
    concluded that the facts could support a finding that the plaintiff knew of a causal
    connection between the IUD and her pain, but the facts were equally susceptible of
    showing that plaintiff did not know of a causal connection, and therefore the case
    was inappropriate for summary judgment. 
    Id.
     Likewise here, while the facts could
    support a finding that Plaintiffs knew their symptoms had something to do with the
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    ObTape, they are equally susceptible of showing that Plaintiffs did not know their
    symptoms were caused by the ObTape. For example, in the case of Watson, the
    facts could support a finding that she was aware her injuries could be causally
    connected to her ObTape when her doctor removed it, but the facts are equally
    susceptible of showing that she could not have known of the causal connection
    because of her doctor’s warnings regarding her diabetes.
    Finally, if we were to disregard the word “causal” in the discovery rule, it
    would mean that anytime one uses a product and has injuries near in time, you
    should sue or lose your claim. This would lead to pointless litigation and scores of
    unripe claims. Indeed, the Eighth Circuit stated in Hildebrandt that, “we do not
    believe Minnesota’s applicable statutes of limitation were intended to provoke the
    premature commencement of claims for [] sickness.” See Hildebrandt, 
    839 F.2d at 399
    .
    V.    CONCLUSION
    In conclusion, we hold that the Eighth Circuit’s discovery rule is the
    appropriate standard for determining the accrual date for the statutes of limitation
    in products liability cases under Minnesota law. Applying this standard to
    Plaintiffs’ claims, the district court erred in dismissing the claims as time barred.
    REVERSED AND REMANDED.
    28