Richard Menendez v. United States , 228 F. App'x 897 ( 2007 )

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
APR 24, 2007
No. 05-16257 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 99-00755-CR-JAL
02-22923-CV-JAL
RICHARD MENENDEZ,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(April 24, 2007)
Before BIRCH, HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Richard Menendez appeals the district court’s denial of his pro se motion to
vacate, under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Menendez filed his motion after the effective date
of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), Pub. L.
No. 104-132, 110 Stat 1214 (1996). Therefore, the provisions of the AEDPA
govern this appeal. We granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on the
following issues:
(1) Whether the district court erred in finding that trial counsel was not
ineffective for failing to call Menendez’s father as a witness in the
suppression hearing due to a conflict of interests.
(2) Whether, in light of Clisby v. Jones, 960 F.2d 925, 936 (11th Cir.
1992) (en banc), the district court was required to address the claim of
trial error raised in Menendez’s reply to the government’s response to
his motion to vacate.
(3) If so, whether the district court failed to address Menendez’s claim
that the district court erred in failing to advise him regarding the
potential conflict of interests arising from joint representation.
For the reasons set forth more fully below, we affirm.1
In Clisby, we instructed district courts to resolve all claims for relief raised
in a petition for habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, regardless of
whether habeas relief is granted or denied. Clisby, 960 F.2d at 936. When a
1
On appeal, Menendez also argues three issues related to the legality of his arrest and the
search of his vehicle and home. We will not consider these arguments because our review is
limited to the issues specified in the COA. Murray v. United States, 145 F.3d 1249, 1250-51
(11th Cir. 1998).
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district court fails to address all of the claims in a habeas petition, we “will vacate
the district court’s judgment without prejudice and remand the case for
consideration of all remaining claims . . . .” Id. at 938. Thus, we consider whether
this case must be remanded under Clisby before reaching the issue of trial
counsel’s ineffectiveness. See Callahan v. Campbell, 396 F.3d 1287, 1288-89
(11th Cir. 2005) (remanding under Clisby without considering the two claims
which were addressed by the district court).
Although we liberally construe pro se pleadings, Tannenbaum v. United
States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998), arguments raised for the first time on
appeal in a reply brief are not properly before us. See, e.g., Lovett v. Ray, 327
F.3d 1181, 1183 (11th Cir. 2003) (applying this rule to a pro se appellant). In his
initial brief, Menendez only argues the merits of his claim, and does not even make
a reference to Clisby. Thus, Menendez has abandoned the Clisby issue by failing
to raise it in his initial brief.
We now consider the district court’s finding that Menendez’s trial counsel
was not ineffective for failing to call Menendez’s father as a witness in the
suppression hearing due to a conflict of interests. We review de novo an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305,
1312 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). We also review de novo the question of whether
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an attorney labored under a conflict of interest. Brownlee v. Haley, 306 F.3d 1043,
1058 (11th Cir. 2002). The district court’s subsidiary findings of fact are reviewed
for clear error. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 698, 104 S.Ct. 2052,
2070, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
Where an ineffective assistance claim is based on a conflict of interest, “a
defendant must show first, that his attorney had an actual conflict of interest, and
second, that the conflict adversely affected counsel’s performance.” Pegg v.
United States, 253 F.3d 1274, 1277 (11th Cir. 2001) (emphasis omitted); see also
Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162, 172 n.5, 122 S.Ct. 1237, 1244 n.5, 152 L.Ed.2d
291 (2002) (“An ‘actual conflict,’ for Sixth Amendment purposes, is a conflict of
interest that adversely affects counsel’s performance.”). “An ‘actual conflict’ of
interest occurs when a lawyer has ‘inconsistent interests.’” Freund v. Butterworth,
165 F.3d 839, 859 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (citation omitted). The conflict
cannot be merely possible, speculative, or hypothetical. Reynolds v. Chapman,
253 F.3d 1337, 1342 (11th Cir. 2001). To distinguish between actual and possible
conflicts of interest,
[w]e will not find an actual conflict of interest unless appellants can
point to specific instances in the record to suggest an actual conflict or
impairment of their interests. . . . Appellants must make a factual
showing of inconsistent interests and must demonstrate that the
attorney made a choice between possible alternative causes of action,
such as eliciting (or failing to elicit) evidence helpful to one client but
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harmful to the other. If he did not make such a choice, the conflict
remain(s) hypothetical.
Id. at 1343 (citation omitted) (omission in original). “To prove adverse effect, a
defendant needs to demonstrate: (a) that the defense attorney could have pursued a
plausible alternative strategy, (b) that this alternative strategy was reasonable, and
(c) that the alternative strategy was not followed because it conflicted with the
attorney’s external loyalties.” Id.A criminal complaint was filed against Menendez and his father, Julio
Menendez, alleging that the defendants conspired to possess with intent to
distribute and possessed with intent to distribute cocaine and possessed a firearm
during and in relation to the commission of a drug trafficking crime. Menendez
and his father retained counsel, Manuel Gonzalez, Jr., to represent them in
connection with these charges. An indictment was filed, naming Menendez as the
sole defendant, and charging him with conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute and possession with intent to distribute cocaine. Menendez filed motions
to suppress the evidence seized from a vehicle and his residence and to suppress
his statements to law enforcement.
At the suppression hearing, Menendez testified, but his father, who was
present at Menendez’s residence during law enforcement’s entry and search of the
premises, did not testify. Menendez and the government’s witnesses provided
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conflicting accounts of what occurred during the stop of the vehicle Menendez was
driving and at Menendez’s residence. The magistrate judge, finding that credibility
was the only issue and that the government’s witnesses were credible and that
Menendez was not, recommended the denial of Menendez’s motions to suppress.
Over Menendez’s objections, the district court adopted the magistrate’s report.
Menendez subsequently entered a conditional plea of guilty to both counts of the
indictment.
On appeal, Menendez argues that there was an actual conflict of interest
because his father’s testimony would have been beneficial to his case, but his
counsel failed to call his father to the witness stand in an attempt to protect his
father from re-indictment or possible impeachment. As to an adverse effect,
Menendez argues that counsel could have called his father as a witness at the
suppression hearing, that this strategy was reasonable, and that this strategy was
not pursued because counsel was protecting his father.
Both Menendez and his father have consistently maintained that Julio
Menendez was not involved in his son’s illegal activities. The return of an
indictment against Menendez but not against his father, however, created a
situation in which a possible conflict could arise if the attorney was forced to
choose between a strategy that would help Menendez but would place Julio
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Menendez in danger of being indicted. Cf. United States v. Jones, 52 F.3d 924,
926 (11th Cir. 1995) (holding that an actual conflict of interest existed where
raising a selective prosecution defense on behalf of one client “would have had the
effect of pressuring the government to indict [the attorney’s] other client.”)
(footnote omitted). However, this potential conflict did not develop into an actual
conflict when counsel was faced with the question of whether to use Julio
Menendez as a witness at the suppression hearing. First, Julio Menendez stated
that he wanted to testify at the hearing. Second, based on the facts of this case, the
possibility that the government would prosecute Julio Menendez as a result of his
testimony at the suppression hearing was too speculative to create an actual
conflict.
At the evidentiary hearing on Menendez’s § 2255 motion, counsel admitted
that it remained a concern that Julio Menendez could still be in trouble. In his
opinion, the government thought that Julio Menendez was involved, but did not
have any evidence to charge him. He testified that he was concerned that Julio
Menendez would be prosecuted based on a witness coming forward with additional
evidence. However, there is no causal relationship between using Julio Menendez
as a witness in the suppression hearing and the government receiving additional
evidence against Julio Menendez based on information from a witness.
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In preparation for the suppression hearing, Gonzalez met with Menendez
and his father and discussed the fact that he was going to call Julio Menendez as a
witness. The testimony that Julio Menendez was prepared to give would: (1) deny
knowledge of or involvement in his son’s illegal activities; (2) deny that he was
ever in the garage; (3) suggest that the search of the residence occurred before the
vehicle stop; and (4) corroborate his son’s testimony that the search of the
residence occurred without consent and that no Miranda2 warnings were given to
Menendez inside the house. There is nothing inherent in Julio Menendez’s
testimony that could result in his prosecution, as he denied knowledge of or
involvement with the drugs and his testimony was consistent with this denial.
Based on Julio Menendez’s anticipated testimony, the possibility that the
prosecutor could bring out some information on cross-examination that could lead
to Julio Menendez’s subsequent prosecution is too speculative to give rise to an
actual conflict of interest.
Even if there was an actual conflict, Menendez cannot establish an adverse
effect. Assuming that calling Julio Menendez at the suppression hearing is a
plausible (which the government concedes) and reasonable alternative strategy,
Menendez cannot establish that “the alternative strategy was not followed because
2
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
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it conflicted with the attorney’s external loyalties.” Reynolds, 253 F.3d at 1343.
The magistrate and the district court credited counsel’s explanation that the
decision was strategic and not based on his duty of loyalty to Julio Menendez. To
the extent that Julio Menendez and Menendez gave testimony at the evidentiary
hearing to the effect that counsel made the decision because counsel was concerned
about Julio Menendez getting into trouble as a result of testifying at the
suppression hearing, the magistrate and the district court’s decision to credit
counsel’s explanation did not amount to clear error. See Anderson v. City of
Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 575, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 1512, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985)
(“[W]hen a trial judge’s finding is based on his decision to credit the testimony of
one of two or more witnesses, each of whom has told a coherent and facially
plausible story that is not contradicted by extrinsic evidence, that finding, if not
internally inconsistent, can virtually never be clear error.”). Counsel also testified
that Menendez was concerned that his father could be implicated or ensnared if his
father testified, and that he was “concerned from [Menendez’s] part that his father
could say something that somehow would implicate him in the matter . . . .”
However, counsel’s testimony, coupled with Julio Menendez’s testimony that he
wanted to testify, is indicative of an attempt to balance Menendez’s competing
interests, not of a conflict between counsel’s external loyalties.
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In light of the foregoing, we hold that the district court did not err in finding
that counsel did not provide ineffective assistance due to a conflict of interest.
AFFIRMED.
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