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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 17-13253
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cv-02194-AT
JOSEPH DINGLER,
on behalf of himself and all persons similarly situated,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
ASHTON DINGLER,
Plaintiff,
versus
STATE OF GEORGIA,
GA DIV. OF FAMILY & CHILDREN SERVICES,
DIR. BOBBY CAGLE,
DFCS,
FULTON COUNTY GEORGIA, FAMILY COURT,
CATHELENE TINA ROBERSON,
Clerk,
Defendants - Appellees.
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________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
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(February 23, 2018)
Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Joseph Dingler (“Plaintiff”) filed a petition in Georgia state court to
legitimize himself as the father of his unborn child and to appoint a guardian ad
litem. At the same time, Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, filed a federal complaint on
behalf of himself, his unborn child, and a class of unborn children against the state
of Georgia, the Georgia Division of Family and Children Services, the Division’s
director, Fulton County Family Court, and the court’s clerk. Plaintiff alleged that,
in violation of Georgia state law, the Georgia Constitution, and the United States
Constitution, he had been deprived of access to state courts, his ability to assert his
parental interest in his unborn child, and a guardian ad litem. The district court
dismissed Plaintiff’s complaint sua sponte for being frivolous under
28 U.S.C.
§ 1915 and denied Plaintiff’s post-judgment motions challenging the court’s
dismissal. Now, on appeal, Plaintiff argues that dismissing his complaint violated
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his constitutional rights, among other errors. We disagree and AFFIRM the
district court.
I. BACKGROUND
According to Plaintiff’s complaint, Plaintiff impregnated a woman to whom
he was not married in late 2016. Around May 2017, Plaintiff became concerned
over the unborn child’s safety and sought to legitimize himself as the child’s
father. At the same time, he also sought to have a guardian ad litem appointed to
prevent the mother from having an abortion or putting the child up for adoption.
In the process of filing his petition for legitimization and a guardian ad
litem, Plaintiff was given conflicting information over what Georgia court or
agency he should file his petition with. Eventually, Plaintiff was told by the
Georgia Division of Family and Children Services that it had no authority to
legitimize Plaintiff as the child’s father or to appoint a guardian ad litem because
the child had not been born yet. On May 22, Plaintiff filed a petition for an
emergency hearing in Fulton County Superior Court to address both issues.
While his state court action was still pending, Plaintiff, proceeding pro se,
filed a lawsuit in the federal district court against the State of Georgia, the Georgia
Division of Family and Children Services, the Division’s director Bobby Cagle,
Fulton County Family Court, and court clerk Cathlene Tina Robinson. Plaintiff
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asserted claims on behalf of himself, his unborn child, and a class of unborn
children including “all ‘persons’ . . . . over the 28 week age of viability.” Plaintiff
sought a writ of mandamus “requiring [the defendants] to provide effective
remedy” for alleged violations of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments
of the United States Constitution, unspecified articles of the Georgia Constitution,
and O.C.G.A. § 19-7-5, which requires certain persons and entities to report child
abuse. Plaintiff also sought declaratory relief and injunctive relief for alleged
violations of both his, his unborn child’s, and the class’s rights under the First,
Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and
paragraphs I, II, and XIV of Article I, § I of the Georgia Constitution.
Plaintiff filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis under
28 U.S.C.
§ 1915, and the district court granted the motion. Pursuant to
28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e)(2)(b)(i),1 the district court determined that Plaintiff’s complaint was
frivolous and dismissed it sua sponte before the complaint was served on the
defendants. The court also entered an order of final judgment.
Plaintiff then filed a motion for reconsideration, a motion to amend the
complaint, a motion for an emergency preliminary injunction, and a motion for the
1
“Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion thereof, that may have been paid, the court
shall dismiss the case at any time if the court determines that . . . the action or appeal . . . is
frivolous or malicious.”
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i).
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appointment of a guardian ad litem. The district court denied Plaintiff’s motion for
reconsideration and denied the remaining motions as moot. Plaintiff filed a timely
appeal under
28 U.S.C. § 1291.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review questions of constitutional law de novo. United States v. Ward,
486 F.3d 1212, 1221 (11th Cir. 2007). We review for abuse of discretion a district
court’s dismissal of a complaint under § 1915(e)(2), Bilal v. Driver,
251 F.3d
1346, 1349 (11th Cir. 2001), dismissal of a declaratory judgment claim, Smith v.
Casey,
741 F.3d 1236, 1244 (11th Cir. 2014), and denial of a reconsideration
motion under Rule 59(e), Case v. Eslinger,
555 F.3d 1317, 1325 (11th Cir. 2009).
III. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Plaintiff challenges the dismissal of his complaint in two ways:
(1) by attacking § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)’s constitutionality and (2) by challenging the
district court’s application of § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) to a non-prisoner, as well as the
court’s frivolity determination in general. Plaintiff also contends that the district
court erred by denying his Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the judgment and
his motion to amend the complaint. Before turning to these issues, we note that we
consider only Plaintiff’s claims raised on his own behalf because a non-attorney
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pro se litigant cannot bring any action on behalf of his or her child. Devine v.
Indian River Cty. Sch. Bd.,
121 F.3d 576, 581 (11th Cir. 1997).
A. The District Court’s Application of Section 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) to
Plaintiff was Constitutional
Plaintiff begins by challenging § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) as violating his right of
access to the courts, violating the Equal Protection Clause by treating indigent
plaintiffs differently than plaintiffs who pay filing fees, and constituting an
unconstitutional bill of attainder. This Court has already rejected the proposition
that a functionally identical subsection of the same statute violates indigent
plaintiffs’ right of access to the courts and the Equal Protection Clause. See Farese
v. Scherer,
342 F.3d 1223, 1227 n.5 (11th Cir. 2003) (holding that due process and
equal protection challenges to § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) were “without merit”);
Vanderberg v. Donaldson,
259 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[S]ection
1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) . . . does not violate the Equal Protection Clause . . . . [and sua
sponte dismissal] did not deny Plaintiff due process.”).2 Because Plaintiff’s
challenges to § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) are the same, we must reject them as well.
2
Unlike § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), which commands courts to dismiss “frivolous or malicious” actions,
§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) states that courts shall dismiss actions that “fail[ ] to state a claim on which
relief may be granted.” For the purposes of Plaintiff’s arguments, the two subsections are
functionally identical because both require sua sponte dismissal of unpaid complaints.
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Next, Plaintiff contends that § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) violates the Constitution’s
prohibition on bills of attainder. See U.S. Const., Art. I, § 9, cl. 3 (“No Bill of
Attainder . . . shall be passed.”). “A bill of attainder is ‘a law that legislatively
determines guilt and inflicts punishment upon an identifiable individual without
provision of the protections of a judicial trial.’” Houston v. Williams,
547 F.3d
1357, 1364 (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Nixon v. Adm’r of Gen. Servs.,
433 U.S. 425,
468 (1977)). 3 To qualify as an unconstitutional bill of attainder, the statute must
have three characteristics: “specification of the affected persons, punishment, and
lack of a judicial trial.” Selective Serv. Sys. v. Minn. Pub. Interest Research Grp.,
468 U.S. 841, 846–47 (1984). “[O]nly the clearest proof . . . suffice[s] to establish
the unconstitutionality of a statute on such a ground.” Communist Party of U.S. v.
Subversive Activities Control Bd.,
367 U.S. 1, 83 (1961) (quoting Flemming v.
Nestor,
363 U.S. 603, 617 (1960)).
Section 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) is not a bill of attainder, because it does not impose
punishment. To the contrary, it furthers “the government’s legitimate interests in
deterring meritless claims and conserving judicial resources.” Vanderberg,
259
F.3d at 1324. Because § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) “furthers the non-punitive goal of
3
Historically, bills of attainder were also known as “bills of pains and penalties” if they
“prescribed a penalty short of death.” United States v. Brown,
381 U.S. 437, 441 (1965). The
Constitution prohibits all bills of attainder, “of any form or severity.”
Id. at 447.
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allocating resources, and no intent to punish can be established from the record,”
Plaintiff’s argument “has no merit.” Houston,
547 F.3d at 1364.4
B. The District Court did not Abuse its Discretion by Dismissing the
Complaint Without Opportunity to Amend and Denying
Plaintiff’s Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment
Plaintiff challenges the dismissal of his complaint in two ways. First,
Plaintiff contends that the district court erred by applying § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) to a
non-prisoner. Yet it plainly applies to anyone proceeding in forma pauperis,
“prisoners and non-prisoners alike.” Rowe v. Shake,
196 F.3d 778, 783 (7th Cir.
1999); see also Troville v. Venz,
303 F.3d 1256, 1260 (11th Cir. 2002) (finding “no
error in the district court’s dismissal of [a non-prisoner’s] complaint” under
§ 1915(e)).
Second, Plaintiff argues generally that the district court abused its discretion
by dismissing his complaint and not allowing him an opportunity to amend.
Notably, Plaintiff does not argue that his claims were not frivolous on the merits or
that amendment would correct his original complaint’s flaws, but instead accuses
4
Plaintiff also suggests in a single sentence of his brief that an unspecified Georgia law
“‘attains’ unwed biological fathers.” But “passing references” alone are insufficient to properly
preserve an issue for appeal. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th
Cir. 2014). Thus, we do not consider this issue.
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the district court of class-based and political bias. 5 The record, however, reveals
no trace of bias or even a scintilla of evidence to support Plaintiff’s accusations.
Plaintiff also suggests that the district court may have applied a heightened
pleading standard. Yet the district court acknowledged the liberal pleading
standard applied to pro se litigants. Trawinski v. United Tech.,
313 F.3d 1295,
1297 (11th Cir. 2002). And we discern nothing in the district court’s orders that
suggests it may have implicitly applied a higher standard.
Further, although “we read briefs filed by pro se litigants liberally, issues not
briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.” Timson v. Sampson,
518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “[S]imply stating that an
issue exists, without further argument or discussion, constitutes abandonment of
that issue and precludes our considering the issue on appeal.” Singh v. U.S.
Attorney Gen.,
561 F.3d 1275, 1278–79 (11th Cir. 2009); see also Sapuppo v.
Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014) (a claim raised on
appeal “in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and authority” is
considered abandoned). Thus, Plaintiff abandoned any contention that his claims
5
The closest Plaintiff comes to addressing the actual merits of the district court’s frivolity
determination is a single sentence—in the middle of his equal protection challenge—when he
states that he “believes, although inartful, [that] he has satisfied both [frivolity] prongs.”
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themselves were not frivolous on their merits and that his amended claims would
have cured any defects.
For this same reason, Plaintiff also abandoned any argument that the district
court abused its discretion by denying his Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the
judgment. Plaintiff’s mere statement of the standard of review for such a motion—
without more—is insufficient to preserve it for appeal. See Singh,
561 F.3d at
1278–79; Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 681.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court.
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