[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JANUARY 25, 2012
No. 11-10797
JOHN LEY
________________________
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-00477-WKW-WC
THE LORD ABBETT MUNICIPAL INCOME FUND, INC.,
a Maryland corporation,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
JOHN M. TYSON, JR., in his official capacity as
Special Prosecutor and Commander of the Task
Force on Illegal Gambling of the Governor of Alabama,
GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
________________________
(January 25, 2012)
Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, COX, Circuit Judge, and HUNT,* District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
*
Honorable Willis B. Hunt, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Georgia, sitting by designation.
The Lord Abbett Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) owns bonds issued
by The Cooperative District of Houston County Alabama-Country Crossing Project
(“Cooperative District”). The Fund alleges that Alabama state officials1 have
interfered with the income stream it expected to receive from these bonds. By not
affording the Fund a hearing to challenge this interference, the Fund claims a
violation of its Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process rights. The district
court dismissed the Fund’s
42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for injunctive relief. It ruled that
the Fund’s claim was not ripe. And, it questioned whether the Fund had Article III
standing to assert its claim. We affirm the district court’s dismissal, though on
different grounds.
I. BACKGROUND
The Cooperative District issued bonds to finance a mixed-use development
project known as Country Crossing.2 These bonds were to be paid, in part, by fees
levied on electronic bingo machines operated at Country Crossing. After Country
Crossing opened, these electronic bingo machines came to the attention of Alabama’s
1
The Fund filed suit against former Alabama Governor Robert Riley and Special Prosecutor
and Commander of the Task Force on Illegal Gambling, John M. Tyson, Jr., in their official
capacities. Under Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2) current Alabama Governor, Robert Bentley, was
automatically substituted for Governor Riley at the end of Governor Riley’s term. The Fund has
moved to substitute current Alabama Attorney General Luther Strange for Tyson because Governor
Bentley disbanded the Task Force on Illegal Gambling. We grant this motion to substitute.
2
We relay the facts as they appear in the Fund’s complaint.
2
Task Force on Illegal Gambling (the “Task Force”). John Tyson, the Task Force’s
Commander, threatened to seize the electronic bingo machines and planned a raid to
take the machines because they violated Alabama’s anti-gambling laws. In response,
Country Crossing closed its doors to prevent seizure of the machines.
The Fund’s complaint states that it has a property interest in the bonds and the
revenue stream funding the bonds. It asserts that the Alabama state officials’
interference with the operation of the bingo machines has deprived it of this property
interest. Because the Fund has not been given an opportunity to challenge the state
officials’ interference with the machines, the Fund contends a procedural due process
violation has occurred. The Complaint seeks injunctive relief under
42 U.S.C. § 1983
and requests a hearing to decide the legality of the electronic bingo machines under
state law. The Defendants moved to dismiss this claim for lack of jurisdiction based
on Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6). The district court granted the motion to dismiss on Rule 12(b)(1) grounds
as an unripe claim.3
3
The district court also dismissed two additional counts in the Fund’s complaint. Count II
sought injunctive relief to prevent interference with the operation of the bingo machines and Count
III requested a judgment declaring that the machines could be legally operated. The district court
dismissed Counts II and III as barred by the state’s sovereign immunity under the Eleventh
Amendment. The Fund does not challenge the dismissal of these counts on this appeal.
3
On appeal, the Fund presents three arguments in support of its position that the
district court erred by dismissing its case. First, the Fund rejects the district court’s
ripeness analysis by arguing that the Supreme Court’s decision in Ex Parte Young,
209 U.S. 123,
28 S. Ct. 441 (1908), controls. Second, it argues that the district court
erred in its standing analysis by overlooking the government coercion that forced
Country Crossing to close. In the alternative, the Fund contends it should be granted
leave to amend its complaint to allege why Country Crossing closed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“A district court’s decision to grant a motion to dismiss for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) is a question of law we review de novo.”
Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co.,
578 F.3d 1252, 1260 (11th Cir. 2009) (citing
McElmurray v. Consol. Gov’t of Augusta-Richmond Cnty.,
501 F.3d 1244, 1250 (11th
Cir. 2007)). Like the district court, we construe the Defendants’ attack on the court’s
jurisdiction as a facial one. “Accordingly, ‘the court must consider the allegations in
the plaintiff’s complaint as true.’” McElmurray,
501 F.3d. at 1251 (quoting
Williamson v. Tucker,
645 F.2d 404, 412 (5th Cir. 1981)). Similarly, the court
reviews de novo a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal for failure to state a claim and construes
the factual allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.
4
Mills v. Foremost Ins. Co.,
511 F.3d 1300, 1303 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing Castro v.
Sec’y of Homeland Sec.,
472 F.3d 1334, 1336 (11th Cir. 2006)).
III. DISCUSSION
The district court ruled that the Fund did not allege a claim ripe for federal
adjudication. It refused to hold that the state officials’ threatened interference with
the electronic bingo machines amounted to a deprivation of the Fund’s property
rights. Therefore, the court ruled, “[a]t this stage, Defendants have done nothing to
invoke the Fund’s procedural due process rights.” (Dkt. 32 at 16.) The Fund
contends it can allege a ripe due process claim without waiting for the actual seizure
of the bingo machines because the threatened seizure of the machines caused a
reduction in its anticipated income from the bonds. According to the Fund, these
threats trigger a procedural due process obligation to provide the Fund a hearing on
the legality of the electronic bingo equipment. The Fund relies heavily on Ex Parte
Young to support this claim.
In Young, the state attorney general of Minnesota challenged a court’s decision
to hold him in contempt.
209 U.S. at 126-27,
28 S. Ct. at 443. He questioned the
validity of the contempt order by arguing that the court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction over the underlying controversy.
Id. at 143,
28 S. Ct. at 447. In the
underlying action, shareholders of a railroad company asserted that recently passed
5
state laws limiting the rates charged by railroads would deprive them of property in
violation of the due process clause.
Id. at 130,
28 S. Ct. at 444. The Court held that
the alleged unconstitutionality of the state laws constituted a federal question giving
the court jurisdiction over the case.
Id. at 144-45,
28 S. Ct. at 447-48.
The Fund argues that like the shareholders in Young, it is a bondholder whose
investment is threatened by state action on the activity intended to generate a return
on its investment. It suggests that under Young the court has jurisdiction to hear the
case even though Alabama officials have not seized the bingo machines. The
Defendants contend this goes too far. They emphasize that Young addressed a party’s
right to challenge the validity of state statutes under federal constitutional law in
federal court. It did not require, “States to give criminal suspects a preseizure hearing
in circumstances like these.” (Appellee Br. at 42.)
We agree with the Defendants that Young does not require the state to afford
the Fund a hearing prior to any enforcement action against the bingo machines.
Regardless of Young, we agree with the Fund that its Complaint alleges a ripe claim.4
4
The district court’s ripeness analysis focused on the fact that Alabama officials have never
seized the electronic bingo machines at Country Crossing. Based on this fact, it concluded that the
Defendants have not deprived the Fund of any property rights and that any procedural due process
inquiry by the court would be speculative. Whether the Fund has alleged a ripe procedural due
process violation is a complex question. And, a good argument can be made in support of the district
court’s conclusion on ripeness. After careful consideration, however, we conclude that the Fund’s
Complaint alleges a ripe § 1983 claim.
To the degree that the Fund’s § 1983 claim alleges that the actions of state officials deprived
6
That does not end our inquiry, however. In the district court, the Defendants moved
to dismiss the Fund’s § 1983 claim for failure to state a claim and lack of jurisdiction.
(Dkt. 13 at 8 & 10.) In the Fund’s response to the Defendants’ motion, it addressed
both of these grounds for dismissal. (Dkt. 18 passim) While the district court did not
reach the Defendants’ 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim, we may affirm the
district court’s dismissal on any ground found in the record. Posner v. Essex Ins. Co.,
Ltd.,
178 F.3d 1209, 1218 n.11 (11th Cir. 1999) (citing Powers v. United States,
996
F.2d 1121, 1123-24 (11th Cir. 1993)); see also Pitt Cnty. v. Hotels.com, L.P.,
553
F.3d 308, 315 (4th Cir. 2009) (disagreeing with district court’s determination that
plaintiff lacked standing but affirming dismissal of complaint on ground that it failed
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted), Gemtel Corp. v. Cmty.
Redevelopment Agency of City of L.A.,
23 F.3d 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1994) (affirming
dismissal of action for failure to state a claim after rejecting district court’s
conclusion case should be dismissed on ripeness and mootness grounds). We affirm
it of its property interest in the income it expected to receive from the bonds, the Fund has been
deprived of that income and the state affords the Fund no venue to redress that deprivation. If these
facts alleged a cognizable due process violation, the claim would be ripe. Therefore ripeness is not
the proper ground for dismissal of the Fund’s § 1983 procedural due process claim.
The district court never definitively ruled whether the Fund had Article III standing.
Construing the facts contained in the Fund’s complaint as true and drawing reasonable inferences
in its favor, we conclude the Fund has adequately pled Article III standing. The Complaint states
an Article III injury, caused by the Defendants’ conduct, that would be redressed if the Fund received
the relief it seeks.
7
the district court’s dismissal because the Complaint fails to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted.
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, ___,
129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 570,
127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974 (2007)). We are not
required to accept as true the Fund’s legal conclusion that a Fourteenth Amendment
violation occurred. Edwards v. Prime, Inc.,
602 F.3d 1276, 1291 (11th Cir. 2010).
In order to state a procedural due process claim under § 1983, the Fund had to allege
a constitutionally inadequate process. See Grayden v. Rhodes,
345 F.3d 1225, 1232
(11th Cir. 2003) (“In this circuit, a § 1983 claim alleging a denial of procedural due
process requires proof of . . . constitutionally-inadequate process.” (citing Cryder v.
Oxendine,
24 F.3d 175, 177 (11th Cir. 1994))). Because the facts as pled in the
Fund’s Complaint do not allege a due process violation, the complaint fails to state
a claim for which relief can be granted and should be dismissed.
Ex parte Young provides no refuge for the Fund. In Young, the Court found
jurisdiction where a party challenged a state statute as unconstitutional even though
the state had yet to enforce the statute. The Fund makes no similar charge regarding
Alabama’s laws in this case because a ban on electronic bingo machines does not
8
violate federal law. The Fund cites no case that interprets Ex Parte Young as entitling
it to a preseizure hearing in circumstances like these. In fact, case law and common
sense counsel against a due process requirement for a preseizure hearing under these
circumstances.
The government’s seizure of suspected contraband would grind to a halt if
every entity that had an economic interest in the targeted property was owed a hearing
before the government could lawfully seize the property. The due process clause is
not to the contrary. While the due process clause ordinarily requires preseizure
process, in Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co.,
416 U.S. 663,
94 S. Ct.
2080 (1974), the Supreme Court agreed “that seizure for purposes of forfeiture is one
of those ‘ “extraordinary situations” that justify postponing notice and opportunity for
a hearing.’ ”
Id. at 677,
94 S. Ct. at 2088 (quoting Fuentes v. Shevin,
407 U.S. 67,
92 S. Ct. 1983, 1999 (1972)). Given that the Supreme Court did not afford the owner
of property actually seized a preseizure hearing, we have no trouble concluding that
the due process clause does not afford an entity without an ownership interest a
hearing in the face of threatened seizure. Simply put, the due process clause does not
require states to afford those who seek to profit from potentially criminal enterprises
a hearing to establish the legality of the enterprise before state officers have begun
9
a prosecution or forfeiture action. Thus, the Fund has failed to state a claim for which
relief should be granted.
We also reject the Fund’s argument that the district court erred by dismissing
its complaint without granting it leave to amend. The Fund’s request for leave to
amend appeared in its response to the Defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Fund
failed, however, to attach a copy of this proposed amendment or set forth its
substance. Therefore, the district court did not err by denying the Fund’s request.
See United States ex rel. Atkins v. McInteer,
470 F.3d 1350, 1362 (11th Cir. 2006)
(citing Long v. Satz,
181 F.3d 1275, 1279 (11th Cir. 1999)).
IV. CONCLUSION
We deny the Defendants’ pending motion to dismiss the appeal as moot in light
of this opinion.5 We grant the Fund’s motion to substitute. We modify the judgment
of the district court to declare that Count I of the Fund’s Complaint is dismissed with
prejudice under Rule 12(b)(6) and affirm the judgment as modified.
AFFIRMED.
5
The Defendants’ moved to dismiss the appeal as moot because Governor Bentley
disbanded the Task Force.
10
