USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-12393
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
LLOYD EUGENE BAKER,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
3M COMPANY, et al.,
Defendants,
KIMBERLY O. BRANSCOME,
JAY L. BHIMANI,
Interested Parties-Appellants.
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 21-12393
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 7:20-cv-00039-MCR-GRJ
____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
LAGOA, Circuit Judge:
This is an appeal from the district court’s order imposing
monetary sanctions against attorneys Kimberly O. Branscome and
Jay L. Bhimani. At the conclusion of a bellwether trial, the district
court found that Branscome’s closing argument violated its order
and imposed sanctions under its inherent authority. On appeal, the
attorneys argue that the district court deprived them of their right
to due process and that the district court failed to assess whether
the attorneys acted with subjective bad faith. After careful review,
we vacate and remand the order imposing sanctions.
I. RELEVANT BACKGROUND
This appeal arises from one of the bellwether trials—Baker
v. 3M Co., No. 7:20-cv-00039-MCR-GRJ (N.D. Fla.)—in a multidis-
trict litigation concerning combat arms earplugs. Appellants Brans-
come and Bhimani are two of the attorneys for the defendants, 3M
Company and Aearo Technologies LLC, in that litigation.
One of the “hotly contested” pieces of evidence at trial was
testing conducted by Michael & Associates, Inc.; specifically, the
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 3 of 9
21-12393 Opinion of the Court 3
conclusion based on the testing that the at-issue earplugs had a
noise reduction rating (“NRR”) of 23. Prior to trial, the district
court held that this evidence was inadmissible hearsay. But the dis-
trict court allowed the parties “to examine or cross-examine expert
witnesses regarding the bases for their opinions using” this evi-
dence.
The bellwether jury trial was held between June 7 and June
18, 2021. On June 18, 2021, the district court held proceedings re-
lated to the parties’ closing arguments. During the proceedings be-
fore the parties made their closing arguments, the plaintiff raised
an issue with one of defendants’ demonstrative slides. The demon-
strative at-issue focused on the testimony of Richard McKinley, one
of the plaintiff’s expert witnesses. Under the heading of “Cross,”
the demonstrative stated “The NRR is 23”—a reference to the test-
ing conducted by Michael & Associates. The district court held
that, “[i]f Ms. Branscome makes that clear in her closing that this is
not being offered for the truth that the NRR was 23, then I’m fine
with it. If not, it’s not coming in.” Because Branscome was not in
the room at the time, the district court gave its directive to Bhi-
mani.
During the defendants’ closing argument, Branscome dis-
played the demonstrative and asserted that the relevant expert ad-
mitted that there was an independent study, that the study was in-
consistent with the expert’s opinion, and that “an independent la-
boratory got a 23.” Before Branscome moved to the next slide, the
district court asked Branscome to approach the bench. The district
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 21-12393
court asked Branscome whether Bhimani discussed the district
court’s ruling regarding the at-issue demonstrative. Branscome re-
sponded in the affirmative. The district court stated that Brans-
come “didn’t connect” the NRR of 23 to the expert and that Brans-
come must “clear this up to my satisfaction or I’m going to clear it
up” because the jury “need[s] to know they cannot consider the 23
for the truth of the results of that test.”
Thereafter, Branscome stated the following to the jury:
You heard from Judge Rodgers that the testing
from Michael & Associates falls into a unique evi-
dence category; it’s called hearsay. And what that
means is you can consider it not for the truth of the
testing but for the credibility that it has to the plain-
tiff’s case on whether their experts relied on it,
whether they told you about it. . . .
And so, how does that fit in the framework if
you’re evaluating Mr. McKinley?
It comes into play if you ask yourself, if he
reached the opinion that the Combat Arms Earplug
Version 2 was defective but he didn’t tell you about
evidence that’s contrary to that opinion, does that call
into question the basis for his conclusion.
The district court then interceded, stating: “Ms. Branscome is ab-
solutely correct in the way she’s described that to you, but I want
to make sure you understand. You may not consider the NRR of
23 on the Michael study for the truth.”
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 5 of 9
21-12393 Opinion of the Court 5
At the conclusion of the parties’ closing arguments, and after
the jury retired to deliberate, the district court stated that Brans-
come failed to inform the jury that “the NRR of 23 was not offered
for the truth.” The district court found that the “clarification that
was made between” itself and Branscome “was sufficient to ame-
liorate the misleading impression.” But the district court stated
that the clarification did not ameliorate “the willful violation of [the
court’s] order.” The district court concluded that “right now my
intent is to enter monetary sanctions against one or both of you for
this violation of my court order” and that “if I decided that I want
to hear from you, I’ll give you that opportunity.”
Approximately seven hours later, and without notice, the
district court stated that it “wanted to take the time, between [7:41
p.m. and 8:00 p.m.], to hear from Ms. Branscome and Mr. Bhimani,
[to] give you an opportunity to address the [c]ourt on why sanc-
tions shouldn’t be imposed for what happened this morning.” The
attorneys stated that they did not intend to violate the district
court’s order and that they thought that their closing argument,
and clarification that the source of the statement was inadmissible
hearsay, complied with the district court’s order. The district court
concluded that it would “summarily sanction[]” Branscome and
Bhimani because the “proceedings and the integrity of the [c]ourt
were degraded . . . by the willful violation of [its] orders.” With
respect to willfulness, the district court held that the attorneys’ con-
duct was willful because the district court’s directives were clear,
“there [was] no reasonable lawyer who could have construed them
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 6 of 9
6 Opinion of the Court 21-12393
in any way other than as a specific directive,” and the attorneys “did
everything . . . to avoid doing the [district court’s] . . . very clear
directive.”
On June 22, 2021, the district court issued a written order
imposing sanctions against Branscome and Bhimani. The written
order clarified that the district court sanctioned the attorneys under
its “inherent authority and responsibility to summarily punish mis-
conduct that it observes.” The district court held that the attor-
neys’ “conduct cannot be reasonably construed as anything other
than willful” based on “the knowledge and experience of both at-
torneys, their course of conduct during the trial, and the specificity
and unequivocally of the [c]ourt’s rulings.” The district court fur-
ther found that “summary disposition” was appropriate because
unless the court “took a significant, essentially immediate step . . .
this extraordinarily complicated trial, and the broader multidistrict
litigation, risked becoming unmanageable.”
This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review sanctions orders for an abuse of discre-
tion.” Purchasing Power, LLC v. Bluestem Brands, Inc.,
851 F.3d
1218, 1222–23 (11th Cir. 2017). “A district court abuses its discre-
tion if it applies an incorrect legal standard, follows improper pro-
cedures in making the determination, or bases the decision upon
findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” Johnson v. 27th Ave.
Caraf, Inc.,
9 F.4th 1300, 1310 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting Peer v.
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 7 of 9
21-12393 Opinion of the Court 7
Lewis,
606 F.3d 1306, 1311 (11th Cir. 2010)). “We review de
novo the argument that the sanctions imposed by the district court
violated due process.” Serra Chevrolet, Inc. v. Gen. Motors Corp.,
446 F.3d 1137, 1147 (11th Cir. 2006)
III. ANALYSIS
While a district court has the inherent power to sanction at-
torneys, the court must “exercise caution in invoking its inherent
power, and it must comply with the mandates of due process.”
Chambers v. NASCO, Inc.,
501 U.S. 32, 50 (1991). When an attor-
ney is sanctioned by the court,
complying with the mandates of due process means
that the attorney must, first, be afforded “fair notice
that [her] conduct may warrant sanctions and the rea-
sons why,” and, second, “be given an opportunity to
respond, orally or in writing, to the invocation of such
sanctions and to justify [her] actions.”
Kornhauser v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
685 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir.
2012) (alterations in original) (quoting In re Mroz,
65 F.3d 1567,
1575–76 (11th Cir. 1995)). “An elementary and fundamental re-
quirement of due process in any proceeding which is to be ac-
corded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the circum-
stances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action
and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Don-
aldson v. Clark,
819 F.2d 1551, 1559 (11th Cir. 1987) (en banc)
(quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Tr. Co.,
339 U.S. 306, 314
(1950)).
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 8 of 9
8 Opinion of the Court 21-12393
Here, the district court did not provide any notice to Brans-
come or Bhimani before stating that it intended to “enter monetary
sanctions” against the attorneys. Approximately seven hours later,
without notice that a hearing would take place that same day, the
district court asked the attorneys to address “why sanctions
shouldn’t be imposed.” Because “[a]n attorney charged with mis-
conduct is entitled to notice of the charge[—]that is, the attorney is
entitled to know the precise rule, standard, or law that he or she is
alleged to have violated and how he or she allegedly violated it”—
we must vacate the district court’s order imposing sanctions. 1
United States v. Shaygan,
652 F.3d 1297, 1318–19 (11th Cir. 2011)
(vacating sanctions award where “[t]he district court did not pro-
vide [the attorneys] with notice that it was considering a public rep-
rimand”).
Moreover, “the inherent-powers standard is a subjective
bad-faith standard.” Purchasing Power,
851 F.3d at 1223. The sub-
jective bad faith standard “can be met” if there is “direct evidence
of subjective bad faith,” or if the “attorney’s conduct [that] is so
1 The district court found that “summary disposition” was appropriate because
the court needed to take this “essentially immediate step to deter counsel” so
that the trial and multidistrict litigation would not become “unmanageable.”
We do not need to address whether a court may, under exigent circumstances,
“summarily sanction[]” attorneys. Here, the district court imposed sanctions
after the trial had already concluded and after any “misleading impression”
was “ameliorate[d].” Therefore, there was no exigency to plausibly justify
“summarily sanction[ing]” the attorneys.
USCA11 Case: 21-12393 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2023 Page: 9 of 9
21-12393 Opinion of the Court 9
egregious that it could only be committed in bad faith.”
Id. at
1224–25.
Therefore, because the district court imposed sanctions un-
der its inherent power to do so, the district court was required to
find that the attorneys subjectively engaged in bad faith. See
id. at
1224. While the district court found that the attorneys’ conduct
“cannot be reasonably construed as anything other than willful”, it
did not assess the subjective bad faith standard. On remand, after
providing the attorneys with notice and an opportunity to be
heard, the district court must determine whether the attorneys’
conduct met this Court’s subjective bad faith standard. 2
Accordingly, we vacate the court’s order imposing sanctions
and remand.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
2 Appellants also assert that they did not violate the relevant order and that the
order was too vague to support sanctions for its violation. In essence, they
contend that the district court erred in finding that they violated the order as
initially stated by the district court. This argument is better addressed in the
first instance by the district court on remand.
