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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-10350
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ROBERT FIKE,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 8:22-cr-00333-KKM-CPT-1
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 23-10350
Before WILSON, LUCK, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
After serving a time-served sentence for sending obscene
materials to a 13-year-old girl, Robert Fike began a three-year term
of supervised release. About six months into that term, Fike vio-
lated his release conditions three times by using illegal drugs and
being discharged from his residential reentry center. The district
court revoked Fike’s supervised release and sentenced him to ten
months’ imprisonment. Fike appeals, arguing that the district court
plainly erred by imposing his prison sentence for rehabilitative pur-
poses in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 3852(a), Tapia v. United States,
564
U.S. 319 (2011), and United States v. Vandergrift,
754 F.3d 1303 (11th
Cir. 2014). We disagree and affirm.
I.
In 2019, Robert Fike, a 48-year-old Florida resident, sent ten
packages of obscene materials to a 13-year-old girl in Pennsylvania.
Fike did not know the minor victim personally—he discovered her
on “a[n] . . . online . . . channel known for featuring wholesome
family content.” The victim’s minor status is a “prominent feature”
of the channel.
The packages Fike sent the minor contained the following
items: girls’ clothing (socks and leggings) visibly marked with Fike’s
semen, sexually explicit letters addressed to the victim, and chil-
dren’s toys. After discovering online that the child’s family was
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23-10350 Opinion of the Court 3
planning a trip to Disney World, Fike wrote to the child that he
was planning to travel to Disney to see her. Government agents
also discovered unsent packages of obscene materials addressed to
the minor at Fike’s residence, including letters that explicitly refer-
enced the victim’s age.
A grand jury charged Fike with eight counts of transferring
obscene materials to a minor, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1470, and
one count of stalking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2)(B). But
Fike entered a plea agreement with the government in which he
pleaded guilty to only two counts of transferring obscene materials
to a minor, and the government dismissed the remaining counts
against him. On April 5, 2022, the district court sentenced Fike to
time served followed by three years of supervised release. As a spe-
cial condition of his supervised release, Fike was required to spend
the first 360 days of his term at a residential reentry center in
Tampa, with the first 180 days on home incarceration and the next
180 days on home detention.
Fike’s presentence investigation report explained that Fike
suffers from a “delusional disorder” about his minor victim. Ac-
cording to his diagnostic report, “[t]he central theme” of Fike’s on-
going condition “is that another person is in love with the [him,]
with efforts to contact the object of the delusion being common.”
The report further explained that, although “the addition of psy-
chiatric medication” has led to either “a decrease in [Fike’s] fixa-
tion” on his delusions about his minor victim “or an ability to sup-
press discussion of them,” Fike nonetheless “continue[s] to endorse
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4 Opinion of the Court 23-10350
the belief that some of [his delusions] [are] real.” The evaluator fur-
ther cautioned that the use of “illicit substances, including canna-
bis, may . . . exacerbate the symptoms of his delusional disorder.”
Less than seven months after Fike began his term of super-
vised release, the probation office filed a petition charging Fike
with three violations of his conditions of supervised release—using
and possessing marijuana on two occasions and being unsuccess-
fully discharged from his residential reentry center because of ille-
gal drug use. In a discharge report prepared by the reentry center,
a BOP staff member who had supervised Fike opined that she
“do[es] not believe [Fike] will be successful upon release” because
he will “not accept[] responsibility for his actions” and “[h]e contin-
ues to talk about his case and how he is still interested in having a
consensual relationship with his [minor] victim.”
The probation office’s filings corroborate the concerns
raised in Fike’s discharge report. In its sentencing recommenda-
tion, the office maintained that “Fike’s prognosis to succeed on su-
pervision is poor” because, “[a]lthough he was taking medicine” for
his “significant mental health needs” while on supervised release,
“Fike’s delusions regarding his romantic relationship with the teen-
age victim persisted.” Specifically, Fike “continued to believe [he
and the minor victim] were in a relationship[] and that he had the
consent of [the minor’s] parents and attorneys to be in a relation-
ship with her.” And Fike “often mentioned that he still wanted to
start a family with the minor victim.” Accordingly, the office rec-
ommended the district court revoke Fike’s supervised release and
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23-10350 Opinion of the Court 5
sentence him to 10 months’ imprisonment, noting as its “primar[]y
concern[]” the safety of “the victim in this case.”
The district court held two revocation hearings. First, Judge
Barber—who was temporarily covering the case for the assigned
judge—held an initial revocation hearing in January 2023. During
the initial hearing, the government asked Judge Barber to revoke
Fike’s term of supervised release and sentence him to four months’
imprisonment. But Judge Barber decided not to sentence Fike dur-
ing this hearing, believing it made more sense to transfer the case
back to the assigned judge for sentencing. Before adjourning, how-
ever, Judge Barber recounted the facts of Fike’s underlying crimes
and said “there’s no way in the world” that he would sentence Fike
to only “four months[’]” imprisonment. In Judge Barber’s opinion,
“there’s only one possible outcome, and that’s the absolute maxi-
mum sentence available under the law to protect the public from
[Fike’s] activities.” Judge Barber reiterated that Fike’s ultimate sen-
tence would be up to the assigned judge upon transfer, but he “just
c[ould not] see any other possible outcome in light of” Fike’s rec-
ord. The statutory maximum penalty for Fike’s Class C violations
is two years’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised
release. See
18 U.S.C. § 3583(g), (h).
Judge Barber then transferred the case back to the assigned
judge, who held a final revocation hearing a week later. During the
hearing, Fike admitted to all three violations of his supervised re-
lease conditions, and the district court calculated a sentencing
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6 Opinion of the Court 23-10350
guideline range of four to ten months’ imprisonment. See U.S.
Sent’g Guidelines Manual § 7B1.4(a) (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2021).
The district court then heard argument from counsel. Coun-
sel for the government stated that the government had reached an
agreement with the defense to request a sentence of four months’
imprisonment with no supervised release to follow. The govern-
ment explained that “the reason” it and the probation office both
requested “no supervised release to follow” is because “[t]here’s
simply too many mental health . . . [and] other associated issues”
Fike must overcome “to have a successful residential reentry center
treatment” and “get back on his feet.”
The sentencing judge “agree[d]” that Fike would likely not
“be successful on any further supervised release,” but she was “con-
cerned” that four months’ imprisonment was “insufficient, partic-
ularly with [Fike’s] mental health issues and [because] . . . it appears
he still has delusions about a relationship with the minor victim.”
The judge thus asked the government whether it had any “addi-
tional facts with regards to . . . [the judge’s] concern with the minor
victim.” Counsel responded that, if the district court revoked Fike’s
supervised release, Fike would “ha[ve] to go through all the proper
registrations and monitoring.” The court asked, “Would that keep
him from sending obscene materials to the victim in Pennsylva-
nia?” The government responded, “I have no idea.”
The district court then heard argument from defense coun-
sel, who asked the court to impose a sentence of time served fol-
lowed by one year of supervised release. To support its argument
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23-10350 Opinion of the Court 7
against imprisonment and in favor of supervised release, defense
counsel focused on Fike’s own apparent necessities—that Fike
“need[s] significant mental health treatment,” needs “a place to
live,” “needs services,” “needs help getting his disability forms filled
out so that he has some income,” “needs help getting his medica-
tion,” and “needs . . . supervision.” Counsel asserted that Fike is
experiencing “trauma” from being treated unfairly in this case and
argued that Fike “doesn’t need further incarceration for that[;] he
needs mental health treatment, a safe place where he can talk about
what happened to him.” The defense conceded that Fike “occasion-
ally . . . talks about the underlying crime because of his mental
health diagnosis” for which “there is no cure,” but assured the
court that “when he’s . . . taking his medication[,] . . . he’s not talk-
ing about it as much.”
The district court then probed defense counsel and Fike’s
probation officer about whether Fike was consistent in taking his
medication while on supervised release. Both confirmed that he
was. The judge then asked the probation officer to address the
court’s “concern[]” that Fike’s delusions regarding the minor vic-
tim were “still persisting” despite being “on medication and under
supervision.” The probation officer affirmed the court’s concern,
noting that Fike still “talk[ed] . . . openly . . . about . . . fantasies that
he had with the young . . . girl” and about his “belie[f] that he had
consent to be with that girl” while on medicated supervision. The
judge continued examining these concerns at length, asking the
probation officer whether Fike “ma[d]e comments about continu-
ing to reach out to the victim”; whether he “sa[id] anything about
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8 Opinion of the Court 23-10350
his desire to still have a relationship with her”; and whether “there
is any . . . need to protect the victim” from Fike. The probation
officer responded that she thinks Fike “wants to start a family” with
the victim, but that she “can’t predict if he’s gonna repeat [his] be-
havior.”
Finally, the sentencing judge asked the probation officer
why the office was recommending no additional supervised re-
lease—specifically, whether that recommendation “is based on
[Fike’s] mental health issues making him not as amenable to super-
vision.” The probation officer explained that the primary reason for
this recommendation is that Fike’s lack of support system increases
the risk that he will be unable to secure housing, transportation,
employment, mental health services, and medication upon release.
But defense counsel disagreed with the recommendation, arguing
that a new term of supervised release is necessary because Fike
“need[s] Probation’s help . . . [and] resources” to secure housing.
Lastly, the court allowed Fike to make a statement. Fike be-
gan by suggesting that others had “set him up” and “were respon-
sible” for his crimes. “I know it sounds crazy,” Fike said, “but no
one has seen it from my point of view.” Fike then explained that he
“need[s] help” from the probation office “to get back on [his] feet”
so that he can become “a father.”
The court proceeded to sentencing. The sentencing judge
explained that she had considered the nature and circumstances of
the offense, Fike’s history and characteristics, the need for adequate
deterrence and protection of the public, the guideline range,
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23-10350 Opinion of the Court 9
counsel’s argument, and Fike’s statement. In particular, she
stressed “[t]he need for adequate deterrence and the protection of
the public,” reiterating her “concern[] about . . . [Fike’s] potential
contact with the victim of the underlying offense” and noting that
“it . . . seem[s] that [Fike] still ha[s] some . . . lingering frustrations
perhaps as to how [his] prosecution proceeded and whether [he]
w[as] wrongfully convicted or set up.”
Accordingly, the district court revoked Fike’s term of super-
vised release and sentenced him to 10 months’ imprisonment with
no new term of supervised release to follow. Fike timely appealed
his sentence.
II.
If a criminal defendant violates the conditions of his super-
vised release by committing a Class C drug offense, the district
court is required to “revoke the term of supervised release and”
impose “a term of imprisonment not to exceed” two years.
18
U.S.C. § 3583(g), (e)(3). In addition, the district court “may” impose
a new “term of supervised release after imprisonment.”
Id.
§ 3583(h).
In determining the term and conditions of any supervised
release, the district court must “consider the factors set forth in [18
U.S.C.] section 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C), (a)(2)(D), (a)(4),
(a)(5), (a)(6), and (a)(7).” Id. § 3583(c). Those factors include the
need for the sentence to “afford adequate deterrence to criminal
conduct,” “protect the public from further crimes of the defend-
ant,” and “provide the defendant with needed . . . medical care.” 18
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10 Opinion of the Court 23-
10350
U.S.C. § 3553(a). But the law expressly provides that “imprison-
ment is not an appropriate means of promoting correction and re-
habilitation.”
18 U.S.C. § 3852(a). Accordingly, a district court may
not “impose or lengthen a prison sentence to enable an offender to
complete a treatment program or otherwise to promote rehabilita-
tion.” Tapia v. United States,
564 U.S. 319, 335 (2011). See also United
States v. Vandergrift,
754 F.3d 1303 (11th Cir. 2014).
According to Fike, the sentencing judge improperly imposed
a prison term because of his rehabilitative needs. Specifically, he
argues that the court sentenced him to prison because he needed
medication and mental health treatment. We disagree.
Because Fike raises this argument for the first time on ap-
peal, we review his sentence only for plain error. Vandergrift,
754
F.3d at 1307. Under this standard, Fike must show that: (1) an error
occurred, (2) the error was plain, and (3) the error affected his sub-
stantial rights.
Id. But even if Fike makes this showing, the decision
to correct the error is within our discretion, which we will “not
exercise . . . unless the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity,
or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Mon-
roe,
353 F.3d 1346, 1356–57 (11th Cir. 2003) (cleaned up).
Fike has not met this rigorous standard because the sentenc-
ing judge did not sentence Fike to a term of imprisonment so that
he could receive rehabilitative services. The law does not prohibit
a district court from merely “discussing rehabilitation during a sen-
tencing hearing.” Vandergrift,
754 F.3d at 1311 (emphasis added);
accord Tapia,
564 U.S. at 334. In particular, “[s]entencing courts are
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23-10350 Opinion of the Court 11
permitted to consider a defendant’s rehabilitative needs when im-
posing sentences of . . . supervised release.” United States v. Alberts,
859 F.3d 979, 986 n.3 (11th Cir. 2017) (citing Tapia,
564 U.S. at 330).
Although the sentencing judge inquired about Fike’s mental
condition and medication during the final revocation hearing, the
context of those statements makes plain that the judge never con-
sidered whether imprisonment would promote Fike’s rehabilitation.
No one suggested at the hearing that imprisonment would assist
Fike’s rehabilitation. Cf. Vandergrift,
754 F.3d at 1311–12 (“[I]n the
course of making th[e defendant’s] prison term 24 months long, the
district court stated that it needed ‘to consider what’s best for the
defendant’ and that ‘the sentence [was] being imposed . . . for the
benefit of the defendant.’”); Tapia,
564 U.S. at 334 (district court
stated the “number one” consideration in crafting its prison sen-
tence was ensuring the defendant “serve a prison term long enough
to qualify and complete” the BOP’s “500 Hour Drug Program”).
The defense counsel referenced Fike’s personal needs only when
arguing against imprisonment or in favor of supervised release. Like-
wise, the judge invoked these topics only when considering (1)
whether to impose a new term of supervised release and (2) the risk
that Fike would inflict further harm on the victim if released. Neither
consideration is improper.
Fike has also not met his burden of establishing that any sup-
posed error affected his substantial rights. For an error to affect sub-
stantial rights, the defendant must show that the error probably af-
fected the outcome of the district court’s proceedings. See United
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12 Opinion of the Court 23-10350
States v. Innocent,
977 F.3d 1077, 1082 (11th Cir. 2020). We’ve held
that a defendant cannot show that an error of this type affected his
substantial rights if “the sentencing transcript shows that rehabili-
tation was merely an ancillary concern” in the court’s sentencing
decision. Alberts,
859 F.3d at 986; see also Vandergrift,
754 F.3d at
1312 (substantial rights not impacted where “rehabilitative needs
clearly constituted only a minor fragment of the court’s reasoning”
(quoting United States v. Bennett,
698 F.3d 194, 201 (4th Cir. 2012))).
And here, the bulk of the sentencing court’s inquiries during the
revocation hearing pertained to the victim’s safety. Cf. Vandergrift,
754 F.3d at 1312 (holding “[t]he court’s primary considerations
were for the safety of the public and deterring others from similar
conduct” where “the court emphasized its concern that [the de-
fendant] continued to possess photographs that he had taken of
young boys about whom he had sexually fantasized”). And as ex-
plained, to the extent any of the court’s imprisonment-related
statements pertained to Fike’s rehabilitation, that concern was
plainly “ancillary” to the court’s “primary” concern for public
safety.
Moreover, the record and applicable law belie any sugges-
tion that Fike “would have been given a lesser sentence” had the
assigned judge not considered his rehabilitative needs. Taylor, 417
F.3d at 1183. For starters, the sentencing judge was required to im-
pose some “term of imprisonment” here because Fike violated his
supervised release by possessing a controlled substance. See
18
U.S.C. § 3583(g) (“If the defendant . . . possesses a controlled sub-
stance in violation of the condition set forth in subsection (d)[,] . . .
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23-10350 Opinion of the Court 13
the court shall . . . require the defendant to serve a term of impris-
onment . . . .”).
Fike cannot establish that his term of imprisonment would
have been shorter absent any improper consideration of rehabilita-
tion. To the contrary, Judge Barber stated that he would have im-
posed a term of imprisonment over twice as long as that imposed
by the assigned judge, which Judge Barber believed was necessary
to “protect the public from [Fike’s] activities.” Both judges ex-
pressed a significant concern for the victim’s safety, and the record
amply supports that concern. The probation office’s presentence
investigation report and sentencing memoranda, the reentry cen-
ter’s discharge report, and counsel’s and Fike’s statements during
the revocation hearing each highlight Fike’s continued infatuation
with the minor victim and his unwillingness to accept the illegality
of his conduct.
III.
The district court is AFFIRMED.
