Waseem Daker v. Michael W. Almand ( 2023 )

USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 1 of 12
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-10618
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
WASEEM DAKER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
MICHAEL W. ALMAND,
Court Reporter,
BEVERLY BRIDGES,
Court Reporter,
KIMBERLY ELIAS,
Court Reporter,
DONNA HASINSKI,
Court Reporter,
VICTORIA A. SCHUSTER,
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 2 of 12
2 Opinion of the Court 21-10618
Court Reporter, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-02772-WMR
____________________
Before LUCK, LAGOA, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Waseem Daker appeals the district court’s orders dismissing
his initial complaint, denying leaving to amend the initial com-
plaint, and denying relief from the judgment. After careful review,
we affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Daker is “a Georgia prisoner serving a life sentence for mur-
der.” Daker v. Jackson, 942 F.3d 1252, 1255 (11th Cir. 2019). He’s
also a “serial litigant who has clogged the federal courts with frivo-
lous litigation by submitting over a thousand filings in over a hun-
dred actions and appeals in at least nine different federal courts.”
Id. (marks and citation omitted, alterations accepted).
In 2017, Daker filed a petition for state postconviction relief.
In connection with that petition, he submitted Georgia Open
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 3 of 12
21-10618 Opinion of the Court 3
Records Act requests to the court reporters from his criminal trial
for the original audio recordings, in order to show by the “tones of
voice and demeanors” that the state trial court was biased against
him.
When the court reporters didn’t respond to his requests,
Daker filed this case against them in the district court. Daker’s ini-
tial complaint alleged two bases for jurisdiction: federal question
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. section 1331, and diversity jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. section 1332. The complaint contained thirteen
counts against seven court-reporter defendants. Daker alleged that
by failing to respond to his records requests, the court reporters
violated Georgia’s Open Records Act, committed “the torts of vio-
lation of public duty . . . [and] intentional infliction of emotional
distress,” and infringed on his First Amendment right to access the
courts.
Before any of the defendants were served, the magistrate
judge screened Daker’s complaint under the Prisoner Litigation
Reform Act, 28 U.S.C. section 1915A. The magistrate judge rec-
ommended that: (1) one of Daker’s Georgia Open Records Act
claims be dismissed because it fell outside the two-year statute of
limitations; (2) his First Amendment access-to-court claims be dis-
missed because they failed to state how the lack of audio recordings
prevented Daker from raising a nonfrivolous claim in his postcon-
viction proceedings; and (3) the remaining state-law claims be dis-
missed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because, like the
court-reporter defendants, Daker was a resident of Georgia and
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 4 of 12
4 Opinion of the Court 21-10618
thus couldn’t satisfy 28 U.S.C. section 1332’s diversity require-
ments.
Daker objected to the magistrate judge’s recommendation,
moved for the district court to provide him with copies of any ju-
dicially noticed materials it cited, and attached a proposed
amended complaint. The district court overruled his objections
and adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation.
The district court concluded that the First Amendment
court-access claims were frivolous because the initial complaint
didn’t allege facts showing that the state trial court’s “tone and de-
meanor” kept Daker from filing a nonfrivolous claim for postcon-
viction relief. The district court also agreed with the magistrate
judge that, as to his state-law claims, Daker failed to show that the
parties were diverse. The district court relied on its order in an-
other case Daker had filed, Daker v. Redfin Corp., No. 1:20-cv-02561
(N.D. Ga. Sept. 1, 2020), vacated and remanded, No. 20-13598, 2021
WL 5235102 (11th Cir. Nov. 10, 2021), to determine that Daker was
a citizen of Georgia, not Florida. The district court thus dismissed
Daker’s complaint for failure to state a claim as to his First Amend-
ment court-access claims and for lack of subject matter jurisdiction
as to his state-law claims. It also denied Daker’s motion for copies
of court documents because Daker already had access to the district
court’s Redfin order.
Daker moved several times for reconsideration and relief
from judgment, and also sought leave to file an amended com-
plaint. The district court denied these motions. As to Daker’s
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 5 of 12
21-10618 Opinion of the Court 5
proposed amended complaint, the district court found that it didn’t
“cure the defects” in the initial complaint because its allegations of
judicial bias were still conclusory and speculative.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Where a party argues, for the first time on appeal, that the
district court should have recused itself, “we review his recusal re-
quest for plain error.” United States v. Berger, 375 F.3d 1223, 1227
(11th Cir. 2004). We review de novo the district court’s dismissal
of a complaint under section 1951A for failure to state a claim. Leal
v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 254 F.3d 1276, 1279 (11th Cir. 2001). We typi-
cally review the district court’s denial of leave to file an amended
complaint for abuse of discretion, but we review de novo the dis-
trict court’s finding that any amendment would have been futile.
Fla. Evergreen Foliage v. E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Co., 470 F.3d 1036,
1040 (11th Cir. 2006). At this stage, we accept all well-pleaded facts
as true and assess whether the complaint “states a plausible claim
for relief.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009).
DISCUSSION
Daker raises four issues on appeal. He argues that: (1) the
district court and the magistrate judge should have recused them-
selves; (2) the district court erred in dismissing his initial complaint;
(3) the district court erred in denying him leave to file an amended
complaint; and (4) the district court should have granted his mo-
tions for relief from the judgment.
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 6 of 12
6 Opinion of the Court 21-10618
A.
Daker argues that the district court and the magistrate judge
should have recused themselves because they were biased against
him. Because Daker didn’t seek recusal before the entry of final
judgment, we review only under the plain error standard. See Ber-
ger, 375 F.3d at 1227.
A judge must recuse if his “impartiality might reasonably be
questioned.” 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). “To disqualify a judge under [sec-
tion] 455(a), the bias ‘must stem from extrajudicial sources, unless
the judge’s acts demonstrate such pervasive bias and prejudice that
it unfairly prejudices one of the parties.’” Berger, 375 F.3d at 1227(quoting United States v. Bailey, 175 F.3d 966, 968 (11th Cir. 1999)).
By “extrajudicial sources,” we mean that a litigant cannot seek
recusal simply because a judge has ruled against him. Id. But “[a]n
exception to that rule is made when a judge’s remarks in a judicial
context demonstrate such pervasive bias and prejudice that it con-
stitutes bias against a party.” Hamm v. Members of the Bd. of Regents,
708 F.2d 647, 651 (11th Cir. 1983).
Here, the record shows no objective indication of bias or po-
tential bias from the district court or the magistrate judge. Daker
points to the fact that the district court voluntarily recused itself
from a number of Daker’s cases—over a year after dismissing
Daker’s complaint in this case—with an order explaining that the
court had “become fatigued by the sheer volume of Daker’s liti-
giousness and vexatious filings.” See Order, Daker v. Warren, No.
1:14-cv-3180-SDG, at 2 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 30, 2022). But this order
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 7 of 12
21-10618 Opinion of the Court 7
does not show that the district court plainly erred by failing to
recuse a year earlier than it did. Rather, the order shows that the
district court was sufficiently self-aware to know when recusal was
“prudent,” even if not strictly necessary under section 455(a). Id.Also, the district court’s order shows nothing that calls the magis-
trate judge’s impartiality into question. Daker hasn’t shown plain
error.
B.
Next, Daker argues that the district court erred in dismissing
his initial complaint. As to his First Amendment court-access
claims, Daker argues that the district court erred by failing to ac-
cept the complaint’s allegations as true and did not view the allega-
tions in the light most favorable to him. As to his state-law claims,
Daker argues that the district court erred by relying on an order
from another case to find that he wasn’t a Florida resident for pur-
poses of diversity jurisdiction.
1.
The First Amendment protects inmates’ “meaningful access
to the courts.” Bass v. Singletary, 143 F.3d 1442, 1445 (11th Cir.
1998). But to state a First Amendment court-access claim, the in-
mate must allege facts showing that a state actor “frustrated or im-
peded the inmate’s efforts to pursue a nonfrivolous legal claim” for
postconviction relief. Id. (citing Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 352–
57 (1996)).
Under this standard, Daker’s initial complaint didn’t allege a
plausible court-access claim. He alleged that being denied
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 8 of 12
8 Opinion of the Court 21-10618
recordings of his trial hindered his appeals and habeas proceedings
because the recordings were necessary to show the state trial
court’s “tone of voice or demeanor” and bias against him. But this
allegation wasn’t specific enough to move his claim from the
“merely possible” to the “plausible.” See Quality Auto Painting Ctr.
of Roselle, Inc. v. State Farm Indem. Co., 917 F.3d 1249, 1260 (11th Cir.
2019) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
Ordinarily, “judicial remarks during the course of a trial that are
critical or disapproving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties,
or their cases . . . do not support a bias or partiality challenge.”
Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994). Not even “expres-
sions of impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, [or] anger” require
a judge to recuse himself, unless the judge “display[s] a deep-seated
favoritism or antagonism that would make a fair judgment impos-
sible.” Id. at 555–56.
Absent allegations that the recordings (independent of the
transcripts) were necessary to show a deep-seated favoritism or an-
tagonism, Daker’s complaint didn’t plausibly allege that the lack of
the recordings hindered his efforts at postconviction relief. Thus,
the district court did not err in dismissing his First Amendment
1
claims.
1
The district court dismissed Daker’s court-access claims as frivolous, which
Daker argues was unfair because the magistrate judge recommended that they
be dismissed for failure to state a claim. Because we conclude that Daker’s
complaint failed to state an access-to-courts claim, we need not address
whether it was also frivolous. See Fuqua v. Turner, 996 F.3d 1140, 1156 (11th
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 9 of 12
21-10618 Opinion of the Court 9
2.
To establish subject matter jurisdiction on the basis of diver-
sity, a plaintiff must show that (1) the amount in controversy ex-
ceeds $75,000 and (2) he is a citizen of a different state than every
defendant. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1); King v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 505
F.3d 1160, 1171 (11th Cir. 2007). “When a plaintiff files suit in fed-
eral court, [he] must allege facts that, if true, show federal subject
matter jurisdiction over [his] case exists.” Travaglio v. Am. Exp. Co.,
735 F.3d 1266, 1268 (11th Cir. 2013). Citizenship—or “domicile”—
means more than just residence in a state: it requires “both resi-
dence in a state and an intention to remain there indefinitely.” Id.(marks and citation omitted). For a prisoner, like Daker, citizenship
is determined by his domicile prior to incarceration. See Polakoff v.
Henderson, 488 F.2d 1977 (5th Cir. 1974) (affirming dismissal for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction “for the reasons stated” in the district
court’s order, which held that a prisoner’s domicile is the domicile
he had prior to incarceration (citing Polakoff v. Henderson, 370 F.
Supp. 690, 693 (N.D. Ga. 1973)).
Daker argues that the district court erred in finding he
wasn’t a citizen of Florida for diversity purposes because the initial
complaint alleged that he had resided in Florida prior to his incar-
ceration and intended to return to Florida upon his release. In his
objections to the magistrate judge’s recommendation, Daker
Cir. 2021) (explaining that “we may affirm based on any ground supported by
the record”).
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 10 of 12
10 Opinion of the Court 21-10618
further claimed that his family owned a home and business in Flor-
ida prior to his incarceration, that he went to school in Florida, that
he “resided in Florida continuously from 1977 to about 1990,” and
that he continued to “return periodically” to Florida after moving
to Georgia in 1990.
But the district court didn’t err. It adopted factual findings
from another of Daker’s cases. See Order, Daker v. Redfin Corp., No.
1:21-cv-2651-WMR (N.D. Ga. Sept. 1, 2020). There, the district
court found that Daker had lived and worked in Georgia from 1990
until his arrest in 2010, hadn’t had a job in Florida during that time,
hadn’t kept a Florida driver’s license, and hadn’t shown any objec-
tive indicia of intent to return to Florida that predated his incarcer-
ation. Id. at 5–6. Although we reversed the district court’s order in
Redfin, we didn’t find that the district court erred in concluding
Daker was a Georgia resident. See Daker v. Redfin Corp., 2021 WL
5235102, at *2 (11th Cir. Nov. 10, 2021).
In Daker v. Holmes, 2022 WL 21929076 (11th Cir. June 14,
2022), we rejected the same argument that Daker makes here: that
the district court erred by relying on the Redfin findings that Daker
was a citizen of Georgia. Id. at *10. Just as in Holmes, the district
court here did not err in relying on the Redfin findings to conclude
that Daker was a Georgia citizen, and, thus, the parties were not
diverse.
C.
Daker also argues that the district court should have allowed
him an opportunity to file a first amended complaint. Daker had a
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 11 of 12
21-10618 Opinion of the Court 11
right to file the first amended complaint as a matter of course. See
Williams v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys., 477 F.3d 1282, 1292 (11th Cir.
2007). But he did not file the first amended complaint. He included
the first amended complaint as an attachment to his objections to
the magistrate judge’s recommendation, but he never filed it be-
fore the district court dismissed the initial complaint. So the first
amended complaint never became operative.
Daker later moved to amend his complaint in an alternative
request for relief in his first motion for reconsideration. “[I]n doing
so, [Daker] waived the right to amend as a matter of course and
[he] invited the [d]istrict [c]ourt to review its proposed amend-
ments.” See Coventry First, LLC v. McCarty, 605 F.3d 865, 870 (11th
Cir. 2010). Although leave to amend should be “freely give[n] . . .
when justice so requires,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2), the district court
does not have to grant leave where the amendment would be fu-
tile—that is, “when the complaint as amended is still subject to dis-
missal.” Hall v. United Ins. Co. of Am., 367 F.3d 1255, 1263 (11th Cir.
2004) (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Weaver, 169 F.3d 1310, 1320 (11th
Cir. 1999)).
Here, the district court did not err in finding that Daker’s
amendments would have been futile. The first amended complaint
Daker attached to his objections didn’t add any allegations about
judicial misconduct that weren’t in the initial complaint.
His proposed second amended complaint, attached to the
reconsideration motion, had more allegations that the state trial
court: ruled against him, raised objections that the prosecutors
USCA11 Case: 21-10618 Document: 43-1 Date Filed: 07/25/2023 Page: 12 of 12
12 Opinion of the Court 21-10618
hadn’t raised, instructed him to stop talking, and admonished him
in front of the jury. But it contained no allegations that Daker’s
inability to access a recording of the proceedings hindered his ability
to bring a nonfrivolous claim for postconviction relief. See Bass,
143 F.3d at 1445. Without allegations about how not having the
recordings blocked his ability to raise a nonfrivolous postconvic-
tion claim, Daker’s amended court-access claims run into the same
problem that doomed the initial complaint.
D.
Finally, Daker argues that the district court should have
granted his motions for relief from the judgment because it erred
in dismissing his initial complaint and it should have recused itself.
But, as we’ve already explained, the district court did not err in dis-
missing the initial complaint and it didn’t plainly err in failing to
recuse.
AFFIRMED.2
2
All pending motions are DENIED.