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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-13591
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
In re: SEVEN STARS ON THE HUDSON CORPORATION,
Debtor,
___________________________________________________
SEVEN STARS ON THE HUDSON CORPORATION,
d.b.a. Rockin’ Jump
Plaintiff-Counter Defendant-Appellant,
versus
MDG POWERLINE HOLDINGS, LLC,
XBK MANAGEMENT LLC,
d.b.a. Xtreme Action Park,
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2 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 0:22-cv-60299-RAR
____________________
Before LAGOA, BRASHER, and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Seven Stars on the Hudson Corporation (Seven Stars) ap-
peals from the bankruptcy court’s grant of summary judgment for
MDG Powerline Holdings, LLC (MDG) and XBK Management,
LLC (XBK). Seven Stars filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and this
appeal arises from a related adversary proceeding in which Seven
Stars alleged MDG and XBK interfered with its business. Seven
Stars had trouble funding its adversary proceeding litigation, lead-
ing to delays in discovery and missing the expert disclosure dead-
line. After the bankruptcy court refused to further extend expert
discovery deadlines, it found Seven Stars had failed to present com-
petent evidence on damages, warranting summary judgment for
the defendants. On appeal, Seven Stars contends the bankruptcy
court erred by refusing to extend the expert discovery deadlines.
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22-13591 Opinion of the Court 3
After careful review, like the district court, we affirm the bank-
ruptcy court’s decision. 1
I. BACKGROUND
Seven Stars began operations in 2016 as a trampoline park
within Xtreme Action Park, an indoor entertainment facility.
Xtreme Action Park is operated by XBK in a building owned by
MDG. XBK and MDG are allegedly owned and controlled by the
same principals.
In June 2019, Seven Stars filed a Chapter 11 voluntary peti-
tion and, shortly after, an adversary proceeding against MDG and
XBK. From March to June 2020, Seven Stars was forced to close
because of a COVID shutdown, exacerbating Seven Stars’ financial
troubles.
In May 2020, several months after Seven Stars filed its first
amended adversary complaint, Legalist, a litigation funder, ap-
proached Seven Stars about providing funding for the adversary
proceeding litigation, but they could not reach an agreement at
that time.
1 As the second court of review in a bankruptcy case, we “examine[] inde-
pendently the factual and legal determinations of the bankruptcy court and
employ[] the same standards of review as the district court.” In re Brown,
742
F.3d 1309, 1315 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). “[W]hen a district
court affirms a bankruptcy court’s order, as the district court did here,” we
look to the bankruptcy court’s decision, reviewing its factual findings for clear
error and its legal conclusions de novo.
Id.
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4 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
Over the next few months, Seven Stars filed its first set of
Rule 26(a)(1) initial disclosures in the adversary proceeding and
elected to proceed under Subchapter V in the main bankruptcy
proceeding. The main bankruptcy proceeding was dismissed in
August 2020 because a Subchapter V plan was not timely filed, and
Seven Stars filed a new Chapter 11 Subchapter V petition shortly
after. The adversary proceeding was allowed to continue.
Proceedings picked up in November 2020. First, the bank-
ruptcy court entered an agreed scheduling order in the adversary
proceeding, setting the deadline for the parties to complete fact dis-
covery in January 2021; exchange expert witness summaries and
reports 2 in February 2021; and complete expert discovery in March
2021. Seven Stars then timely requested leave to file a second
amended adversary complaint. A couple of weeks later, XBK
served written interrogatories on Seven Stars regarding damages
and expert witnesses, and MDG filed a claim in the main bank-
ruptcy proceeding for over $230,000 in unpaid rent, late fees, taxes,
and legal fees. Around this time, Legalist again approached Seven
Stars about a litigation funding agreement.
The bankruptcy court granted Seven Stars leave to amend
over MDG’s objection, and, on January 15, Seven Stars filed an un-
contested motion requesting a 60-day extension of “both the Fact
and Expert discovery deadlines.” The attached proposed order also
2 For ease of reference, we refer to the deadline to exchange expert witness
summaries and reports as the expert disclosure deadline. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(a)(2); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7026.
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22-13591 Opinion of the Court 5
extended other pretrial deadlines, including expert disclosure, by
60 days.
Seven Stars filed its operative second amended complaint in
late January 2021, asserting common-law claims and claims under
Florida’s Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. At the same
time, Seven Stars asked the court in the main bankruptcy proceed-
ing to authorize a term litigation funding agreement to cover Le-
galist’s costs in conducting the due diligence necessary to decide
whether to offer a full funding agreement. After oral argument,
the bankruptcy court allowed Seven Stars to enter the term agree-
ment, noting the court would need to approve any future litigation
funding agreement.
On March 15, Seven Stars filed a second motion to extend
“discovery deadlines,” requesting a 30-day “enlarge[ment of] the
time for the completion of discovery.” Counsel found “it necessary
to request additional time to complete fact discovery and then to
proceed with the completion of expert discovery.” She explained
there were troubles scheduling depositions and that Seven Stars’
principals had a family medical emergency. Seven Stars also ex-
pected to soon find out whether it would receive funding from Le-
galist, which it needed to complete discovery. The motion, which
was filed before hearing back from opposing counsel, did not in-
clude a new proposed scheduling order or refer to the expert dis-
closure deadline although it noted the fact and expert discovery
deadlines.
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6 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
Two days later, the bankruptcy court entered the second
agreed scheduling order, which had been attached to the January
15 motion. The new schedule set fact discovery due by March 16,
expert disclosure by April 6, and expert discovery by May 14. The
court also scheduled a hearing on the March 15 motion for April 7.
On April 6, in the main bankruptcy proceeding, Seven Stars
moved for permission to enter into a full funding agreement with
Legalist for $105,000 to cover the cost of litigation. Otherwise, the
April 6 expert disclosure deadline passed without Seven Stars dis-
closing an expert witness.
On April 7, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the dis-
covery timeline. Given the family medical emergency, MDG and
XBK did not oppose extending the fact discovery deadline to take
depositions, and the bankruptcy court extended fact discovery until
April 29. But MDG opposed extending the expert discovery dead-
line because Seven Stars had not explained why an extension of that
deadline was needed. Although Seven Stars’ counsel believed the
other deadlines would be moved along with the fact discovery
deadline, the bankruptcy court disagreed and found an extension
on the other deadlines was not properly before it based on the
March 15 extension motion. Consequently, it left the other dead-
lines in the scheduling order intact and stated the parties could con-
fer and file another motion if needed.
A couple of days later, Seven Stars amended its litigation
funding motion in the main bankruptcy proceeding, adding that it
needed the funds to cover the costs of experts and assistance for
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22-13591 Opinion of the Court 7
trial counsel. At an April 14 hearing on the litigation funding, MDG
objected to the proposed $55,000 to cover the cost of expert wit-
nesses because Seven Stars had not timely disclosed an expert or
provided an expert report and, if approved, Seven Stars would need
to pay a multiplier on funds it could not use. The bankruptcy court
overruled MDG’s objection and permitted Seven Stars to enter into
the litigation funding agreement, finding it was an appropriate ex-
ercise of the debtor’s business judgment under the circumstances.
But the court also reiterated that it had only extended fact discov-
ery in the adversary proceeding and would entertain an extension
motion regarding expert discovery when, or if, it was presented.
The written order granting the litigation funding was entered on
April 19.
On April 28, Seven Stars moved for a third discovery exten-
sion in the adversary proceeding, requesting the “fact discovery
deadline” be extended to May 14 and the “expert deadline” be ex-
tended from May 15 to July 14, 2021. Seven Stars explained that
“[e]xpert discovery in this case was anticipated from the beginning
on the issue of damages,” but it had been waiting for the funding
agreement to hire experts. It also stated it was “in the process of
finalizing a decision on experts and once retained, the expert will
need the sixty days to investigate and prepare a report and for ex-
pert depositions to take place.” However, like the second exten-
sion motion, the April 28 motion did not expressly address the ex-
pert disclosure deadline, refer to the April 6 deadline, or attach a
new proposed schedule.
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8 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
MDG objected in part, emphasizing that Seven Stars was
seeking a third extension in less than four months of both fact and
expert discovery deadlines. Although MDG did not oppose an-
other extension of fact discovery, it argued none of the exigent cir-
cumstances cited by Seven Stars had bearing on expert discovery
deadlines. It also noted that Seven Stars had not “expressly re-
quested an extension of the now-passed expert disclosure dead-
line.”
In response to MDG’s objections, Seven Stars added a re-
quest “that the deadline for identifying and designating experts be
extended to June 3, 2021.”
Around this time, the bankruptcy court confirmed the Sub-
chapter V plan in the main bankruptcy proceeding.
On May 12, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the third
extension motion where Seven Stars pointed out its funding issues
and that the expert discovery period had not expired. Seven Stars
also indicated it had “sent the resume” for an expert to Legalist and
was waiting on approval, which would take “a little bit longer than
expected,” about two weeks.
The bankruptcy court acknowledged its familiarity with the
funding issues and lengthy litigation history but asked why Seven
Stars waited three weeks after the April 6 expert disclosure deadline
to seek an extension. Seven Stars responded that it “had absolutely
no expert to designate at that point.”
While the bankruptcy court extended the fact discovery
deadline until May 14, it refused to extend the “expert discovery
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22-13591 Opinion of the Court 9
deadline.” It explained that “[s]cheduling orders matter,” it had
granted previous extensions, and the defendants objected to an-
other extension. Although the court “empathize[d]” with Seven
Stars’ position, it found that Seven Stars had long-known about the
need for an expert on damages yet failed to timely disclose an ex-
pert, timely move to extend the expert deadline, or show good
cause under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16 to extend it.
On May 23, 2021, Seven Stars finally served late, unauthor-
ized answers to XBK’s March 17, 2021, expert witness interrogato-
ries, indicating that Seven Stars was seeking $1.2 million in lost
profits and $2.5 million for tortious interference. In the following
weeks, Seven Stars twice amended its response to MDG, adding
$800,000 for breach of contract.
With Seven Stars having disclosed no expert evidence on
damages, MDG and XBK moved for summary judgment, arguing
that Seven Stars was improperly seeking lost revenues, rather than
lost profits, and that the record did not contain sufficient evidence
of damages. Seven Stars opposed the motion and attached a decla-
ration from one of its principals asserting Seven Stars suffered
$1,567,387, or $1,888,110 in damages for loss of investment value.
MDG and XBK moved to strike the declaration as a sham.
The bankruptcy court granted MDG and XBK’s motion to
strike the new declaration, finding it was “clearly inconsistent with
Seven Stars’ initial disclosures, interrogatory answers, and [one of
Seven Stars’ principals’] own deposition testimony.” Although the
bankruptcy court acknowledged there was some evidence to
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10 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
support Seven Stars’ claims, the court found Seven Stars had not
offered sufficient evidence of damages to create a triable issue of
fact, so it granted summary judgment for MDG and XBK.
Seven Stars appealed to the district court, which affirmed the
bankruptcy court’s rulings, and Seven Stars now appeals to this
Court.
II. DISCUSSION
While this case has a complex procedural history, Seven
Stars has conceded there were no damages calculations contained
in its initial Rule 26(a) disclosures, interrogatory responses, or dep-
osition testimony. Instead, Seven Stars’ argument on appeal fo-
cuses on whether the bankruptcy court should have extended the
expert discovery deadline so it could present expert testimony on
damages and whether the bankruptcy court misapplied Bank-
ruptcy Rule 9006 and Civil Rules 16 and 37.
We first address whether the bankruptcy court abused its
discretion by refusing to extend the expert discovery deadlines. See
Sosa v. Airprint Sys.,
133 F.3d 1417, 1418-19 & n.2 (11th Cir. 1998).
We then explain why Civil Rule 37 does not apply.
A. Extending Pretrial Deadlines in Scheduling Orders
A court must issue a scheduling order limiting the time to,
among other things, complete discovery. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b); Fed.
R. Bankr. P. 7016 (incorporating Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 for adversary
proceedings). The scheduling order can also modify the timing for
Rule 26(a) disclosures. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(3)(B). And, under Rule
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22-13591 Opinion of the Court 11
26(a), a party must disclose the identity of any expert witness along
with the appropriate witness report or summary at the time the
court orders. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7026 (mak-
ing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 applicable to adversary proceedings).
The Civil Rule 16 scheduling order “controls the course of
the action unless the court modifies it.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(d). And,
once set, “[a] schedule may be modified only for good cause and
with the judge’s consent.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). This good cause
standard is tied to the diligence of the party seeking the extension.
See Sosa, 133 F.3d at 1418; Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 advisory committee’s
note to 1983 amendment.
“[F]or pretrial procedures to continue as viable mechanisms
of court efficiency, appellate courts must exercise minimal interfer-
ence with trial court discretion in matters such as the modification
of its orders.” Hodges v. United States,
597 F.2d 1014, 1018 (5th Cir.
1979) 3 (reviewing whether the trial court should have modified a
pretrial order to develop certain issues at trial). “Thus, we ascribe
to the trial court a broad discretion to preserve the integrity and
purpose of the pretrial order, … and in reviewing trial court deci-
sions which prevent the introduction of otherwise competent and
relevant evidence we will not disturb the trial court’s ruling unless
it is demonstrated that the trial court has so clearly abused its dis-
cretion that its action could be deemed arbitrary.”
Id. (citation
3 In Bonner v. City of Prichard,
661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc),
this Court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Cir-
cuit handed down prior to close of business on September 30, 1981.
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12 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
omitted). Indeed, we “have often held that a district court’s deci-
sion to hold litigants to the clear terms of its scheduling orders is
not an abuse of discretion.” St. Louis Condo. Ass’n v. Rockhill Ins.
Co.,
5 F.4th 1235, 1243 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting Josendis v. Wall to
Wall Residence Repairs, Inc.,
662 F.3d 1292, 1307 (11th Cir. 2011).
As an initial matter, the parties and bankruptcy court were
not always explicit in distinguishing between the expert disclosure
deadline and the other discovery deadlines. Consequently, it is de-
batable whether Seven Stars properly moved for an extension of
the April 6 disclosure deadline. The bankruptcy court and district
court apparently concluded it did not. Indeed, neither the March
15 nor April 28 motion expressly addressed the April 6 disclosure
deadline although the April 28 motion hinted at it. It was not until
Seven Stars’ response to MDG’s objections to the April 28 motion
that it specifically requested an extension of the expert disclosure
deadline. In any event, the expert deadlines are related, and the
bankruptcy court was acutely aware the April 6 deadline had
passed without an expert being disclosed. Had it been inclined to
grant an extension of the expert discovery deadline, it would have
presumably also extended the disclosure deadline. Considering
that Rule 16(b)’s good cause standard applied to both, we will as-
sume the bankruptcy court effectively declined to extend both the
expert disclosure and discovery deadlines. See Sosa, 133 F.3d at
1418. 4
4 There has been some confusion about the proper standard.
At the May 12
hearing, the bankruptcy court properly discussed Rule 16’s good cause
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22-13591 Opinion of the Court 13
On the merits, the bankruptcy court was familiar with the
extensive history of the bankruptcy proceedings—both in the main
bankruptcy case and the adversary proceeding, which had been
pending since 2019. The bankruptcy court considered Seven Stars’
difficulty in obtaining funding litigation but refused to extend the
April 6 deadline over the defendants’ objection, emphasizing that
“[s]cheduling orders matter” and, under the federal rules, they may
be modified only for good cause and with the court’s consent.
When the bankruptcy court asked Seven Stars to justify the delay
in filing the April 28 motion, Seven Stars’ counsel only noted that
it did not have an expert to disclose while it was waiting on ap-
proval for the litigation funding. As the bankruptcy court
standard, but it alluded to the excusable neglect standard from Bankruptcy
Rule 9006(b)(1) in its final memorandum opinion. See Fed. R. Bankr. P.
9006(b)(1) (giving the bankruptcy court discretion to extend a period after a
deadline has passed “where the failure to act was the result of excusable ne-
glect”). On appeal, Seven Stars also argues the excusable neglect standard ap-
plied to the lapsed expert disclosure deadline. But we have rejected that argu-
ment, explaining the more specific Civil Rule 16 standard, not the more gen-
eral Civil Rule 6 standard, is the proper guide for determining whether a
party’s delay in seeking to extend a scheduling order deadline may be excused.
Sosa, 133 F.3d at 1418-19 & n.2. We see no reason why that would not also be
true for a scheduling order in an adversary proceeding. Moreover, even if a
showing of excusable neglect were also required, the bankruptcy court dis-
cussed many of the excusable neglect factors. See Pioneer Inv. Servs. v. Brunswick
Assocs. Ltd. P’ship,
507 U.S. 380, 395 (1993) (discussing excusable neglect). And
Seven Stars did not advance its excusable neglect argument in its April 28 mo-
tion. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co.,
385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004)
(explaining we will not typically consider an issue not raised in the lower
court).
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14 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
explained, Seven Stars planned early in the litigation to introduce
expert testimony on damages, yet it failed to act diligently to pro-
tect its ability to do so.
Seven Stars also points out that the bankruptcy court ap-
proved the funding litigation agreement as an appropriate exercise
of Seven Stars’ business judgment over MDG’s objections to the
expert fees. But at the April 14 hearing on the litigation funding,
the bankruptcy court explained it was not considering the expert
disclosure deadlines in the adversary proceeding and that Seven
Stars still needed to move for an extension. Nothing at that hearing
suggested the bankruptcy court would grant such a motion, and
the denial of the April 28 motion was not inconsistent with permit-
ting the funding agreement.
The bankruptcy court’s refusal to extend the expert discov-
ery deadlines was undoubtedly a consequential decision, and we
might have made a different decision. But we cannot say the bank-
ruptcy court’s choice to enforce the April 6 expert disclosure dead-
line constituted a clear error of judgment. See St. Louis Condo.
Ass’n, 5 F.4th at 1243; Hodges,
597 F.2d at 1018; see also In re Rasbury,
24 F.3d 159, 168 (11th Cir. 1994) (discussing the range of choices
afforded to a district court under an abuse of discretion standard of
review).
B. Civil Rule 37(c) Sanctions
Seven Stars also discusses Civil Rule 37(c) and contends the
bankruptcy court erred in imposing the harshest sanction and in
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22-13591 Opinion of the Court 15
not considering certain factors when refusing to extend the April 6
deadline.
Under Rule 37, “[i]f a party fails to provide information or
identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not
allowed to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a
motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substan-
tially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c); see Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 7037 (applying Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 in adversary proceed-
ings).
However, Rule 37(c) is not relevant to the extension issue
presented, and Seven Stars has abandoned any issue related to strik-
ing the declaration by its principal.5 As the district court explained,
the bankruptcy court did not exclude any of Seven Stars’ expert ev-
idence as a sanction under Rule 37(c) because Seven Stars never
offered an expert witness or expert testimony. As a result, the
bankruptcy court did not need to consider whether the failure to
comply with Rule 26(a) was “substantially justified or . . . harm-
less.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c). Nor, as Seven Stars would ask, can we
fault the bankruptcy court for not using a five-factor test derived
5 After the Rule 37(c) section, Seven Stars dedicated a seven-page section of its
initial brief in the district court to arguing the bankruptcy court erred in strik-
ing the declaration as a sham. However, Seven Stars omitted that section from
its initial brief in this Court, and it makes only a passing comment in a footnote
that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in striking the declaration.
“Normally, we do not review arguments that were raised only in a footnote
without supporting argument.” Lavigne v. Herbalife, Ltd.,
967 F.3d 1110, 1120
n.7 (11th Cir. 2020).
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16 Opinion of the Court 22-13591
from the Fourth Circuit, particularly where the bankruptcy court
discussed issues like Seven Stars’ explanation for the delay, the im-
portance of expert testimony on the issue of damages, and the
harm to the defendants.
To the extent the bankruptcy court’s summary judgment
memorandum opinion discussed Rule 37(c) in the context of dis-
closure, it concluded Seven Stars would have failed to meet its bur-
den under Rule 37(c) even if it had offered late expert evidence.
Considering that Seven Stars did not actually seek to admit late ex-
pert evidence, we need not decide whether that conclusion was
correct.
III. CONCLUSION
The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in refusing
to further extend the expert discovery deadlines, and without com-
petent evidence on damages, the grant of summary judgment for
the defendants is due to be affirmed.6
AFFIRMED.
6 We GRANT the appellant’s motion to correct or amend its reply brief, and
we DENY MDG’s motion for Fed. R. App. P. 38 sanctions. Although we af-
firm the bankruptcy court’s decision, this appeal was not frivolous, and sanc-
tions against Seven Stars are not warranted.
