USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 1 of 9
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-11499
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
CANDACE E. HERREN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
LA PETITE ACADEMY, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
D.C. Docket Nos. 2:16-cv-01308-LSC,
2:17-cv-00739-LSC
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 2 of 9
2 Opinion of the Court 22-11499
____________________
Before JORDAN, BRANCH, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Candace Herren appeals the district court’s grant of sum-
mary judgment in favor of her former employer, La Petite Acad-
emy, Inc., (“La Petite”), on Herren’s claim for interference under
the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993,
29 U.S.C. §2615(a)
(“FMLA”). Reversible error has been shown; we vacate the judg-
ment and remand for further proceedings.
I.
This appeal is the second time this litigation has come before
us for review. In August 2016, Herren filed a civil action against Le
Petite for unlawful retaliation and interference under the FMLA.
Herren later filed a second civil action against Le Petite, in which
she asserted claims for unlawful discrimination based on her race,
age, and medical disability. The district court consolidated the two
civil actions and later granted La Petite’s motion for summary judg-
ment on all of Herren’s claims.
In Herren’s first appeal before us, we affirmed the district
court’s grant of summary judgment on Herren’s claims for retalia-
tion under the FMLA and for unlawful discrimination. We con-
cluded, however, that -- in reviewing Herren’s claim for FMLA in-
terference -- the district court failed to place the burden of proof
on the appropriate party.
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 3 of 9
22-11499 Opinion of the Court 3
We vacated the district court’s grant of summary judgment
on Herren’s FMLA interference claim. We remanded for the dis-
trict court to consider in the first instance whether La Petite satis-
fied its burden to show that it would have terminated Herren’s em-
ployment for reasons “wholly unrelated” to Herren’s request for
FMLA leave. See Herren v. La Petite Acad., Inc.,
820 F. App’x 900 (11th
Cir. 2020) (unpublished).
On remand, the district court again granted summary judg-
ment in favor of La Petite on Herren’s FMLA interference claim.
In its order dated 22 April 2022, the district court determined that
La Petite demonstrated sufficiently that the employment decision
was wholly unrelated to Herren’s request for FMLA leave.
II.
La Petite operates childcare centers throughout the United
States. Herren began working for La Petite in 1986. From 2013
until the termination of her employment in May 2016, Herren
worked as the Director of La Petite’s Grayson Valley center in Bir-
mingham, Alabama.
In December 2015, an infant at La Petite’s center in
Brookwood died after becoming unresponsive during a nap. Fol-
lowing that tragic incident, La Petite’s Alabama-based childcare
centers came under increased scrutiny by the Child Care Services
Division of the Alabama Department of Human Resources
(“DHR”). Among other things, DHR increased the frequency of
its inspection visits. In the first few months of 2016, DHR issued
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 4 of 9
4 Opinion of the Court 22-11499
several deficiency reports to La Petite’s centers, including the Gray-
son Valley center.
On 29 February 2016, Herren’s then-supervisor issued Her-
ren a written performance improvement plan (“PIP”) to address
Herren’s performance in the light of DHR’s deficiency reports.
The PIP described Herren as having “[p]oor overall performance”
based on her failure to maintain compliance with La Petite’s com-
pany policies and with applicable state and local regulations. The
PIP also warned that failure to maintain acceptable levels of perfor-
mance could result in disciplinary action, including separation of
employment.
Following inspection visits on 5 and 7 April, DHR issued the
Grayson Valley center two additional deficiency reports. On 26
April, La Petite’s Divisional Vice President of Operations (Cindy
Lehnhoff) placed Herren on administrative leave pending further
investigation. Lehnhoff assigned Rhonda Kirk (La Petite’s Interim
Human Resources Manager) to investigate the Grayson Valley cen-
ter and Herren’s performance. As part of that investigation, Kirk
visited the Grayson Valley site on 28 April. That same day, Kirk
prepared a report summarizing her findings and recommending
that Herren’s employment be terminated. Following Kirk’s inves-
tigation, Lehnhoff decided to terminate Herren’s employment. On
2 May 2016, Lehnhoff notified Herren that her employment was
terminated.
Herren suffers from colitis and Crohn’s disease. In March
2015, La Petite approved Herren’s request for intermittent FMLA
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 5 of 9
22-11499 Opinion of the Court 5
leave from 17 March 2015 to 17 March 2016 to allow Herren to
obtain once-monthly chemotherapy treatments for her medical
conditions.
In March 2016, Herren advised her new supervisor (Felicia
Gist) that her Crohn’s disease was no longer in remission and that
she would need to take 12 weeks of FMLA leave starting in May.
On 26 April (the same day Herren was placed on administrative
leave) Herren requested and received paperwork from La Petite’s
benefits department to renew her FMLA leave. Herren emailed the
completed paperwork the next day, requesting FMLA leave from
27 April through 24 June.
In emails dated 27 April, a benefits specialist advised Gist that
Herren would need to take FMLA leave starting that day. On 2 May
(the day Herren’s employment was terminated), Herren received a
certified letter informing her that she was eligible for the additional
FMLA leave she had requested.
III.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary
judgment; we “view all evidence and make all reasonable infer-
ences in favor of the party opposing summary judgment.” Chap-
man v. AI Transp.,
229 F.3d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
Summary judgment is appropriate when the record shows “no gen-
uine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A material fact
is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 6 of 9
6 Opinion of the Court 22-11499
a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Furcron v. Mail Ctrs. Plus, LLC,
843 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotations omitted).
To establish a claim for inference under the FMLA, a plaintiff
need only demonstrate -- by a preponderance of the evidence --
that she was entitled to a benefit that was denied by her employer.
See Strickland v. Water Works & Sewer Bd.,
239 F.3d 1199, 1206-07
(11th Cir. 2001). Causation is no element of a plaintiff’s FMLA in-
terference burden; “the employer’s motives are irrelevant.” See
id.
at 1207; Spakes v. Broward Cty. Sheriff’s Office,
631 F.3d 1307, 1309
(11th Cir. 2011). That Herren established a claim for FMLA inter-
ference is undisputed.
When -- as in this case -- an employee establishes an FMLA
interference claim, the employer may then “raise the lack of causa-
tion as an affirmative defense” to liability. See Spakes,
631 F.3d at
1309. To establish this affirmative defense, the employer bears the
burden of “demonstrat[ing] that it would have discharged [the] em-
ployee ‘for a reason wholly unrelated to the FMLA leave.’”
Id. at 1310
(emphasis added); see Krutzig v. Pulte Home Corp.,
602 F.3d 1231, 1236
(11th Cir. 2010) (“[T]he right to commence FMLA leave is not ab-
solute, and . . . an employee can be dismissed, preventing her from
exercising her right to commence FMLA leave, without thereby vi-
olating the FMLA, if the employee would have been dismissed re-
gardless of any request for FMLA leave.”).
According to La Petite, the decision to terminate Herren’s
employment was based on performance-related issues stemming
from the DHS deficiency reports: a reason it says was wholly
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 7 of 9
22-11499 Opinion of the Court 7
unrelated to Herren’s application for FMLA leave. On remand, the
district court determined that -- because La Petite “began the pro-
cess of terminating Herren before she ever requested FMLA leave”
-- La Petite demonstrated adequately that the decision to terminate
Herren’s employment was wholly unrelated to Herren’s FMLA ap-
plication.
Upon review of the record, we conclude that the district
court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of La Petite.
The record -- viewed in Herren’s favor -- does not establish beyond
dispute that La Petite would have terminated Herren’s employment
regardless of her FMLA leave request.
That the entire decisional process that resulted in the termi-
nation of Herren’s employment began before Herren’s FMLA leave
request does not establish -- without dispute -- that the decision to
terminate Herren’s employment was wholly unrelated to the
FMLA leave request. La Petite began considering additional disci-
plinary action against Herren following DHR’s two deficiency re-
ports in early April. La Petite, however, presented no unrebutted
evidence that a final decision to terminate Herren’s employment
had been made before Herren requested additional FMLA leave on
27 April.
To the contrary, the evidence supports a reasonable infer-
ence that Lehnhoff decided to terminate Herren’s employment af-
ter Herren’s 27 April leave request. Herren was placed on adminis-
trative leave on 26 April pending an investigation. Lehnhoff
charged Kirk with conducting the investigation. On April 28, Kirk
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 8 of 9
8 Opinion of the Court 22-11499
visited the Grayson Valley site and prepared a report documenting
her findings. According to Lehnhoff’s deposition testimony,
Lehnhoff decided to terminate Herren’s employment after Kirk
completed her investigation: at least one day after Herren’s FMLA
leave request. Given the overlap in time between La Petite’s inves-
tigation and Herren’s FMLA leave request, the record does not
show affirmatively that the two events were unrelated.
On appeal, the parties each present argument about whether
Lehnhoff in fact knew about Herren’s 27 April FMLA leave request
when she decided to terminate Herren’s employment. These ar-
guments are made for a good reason. We have concluded that one
way in which an employer might satisfy its burden of proving that
an employment decision was “wholly unrelated” to an employee’s
FMLA request is by presenting unrebutted evidence that -- at the
time the decision was made to terminate an employee’s employ-
ment -- the decisionmaker was unaware of the employee’s request
for FMLA leave. See Krutzig,
602 F.3d at 1236.
We note, however, that the district court included no discus-
sion of Lehnhoff’s knowledge in its 22 April 2022 summary-judg-
ment order. Nor can we conclude that this record establishes be-
yond dispute that Lehnhoff was unaware of Herren’s 27 April
FMLA leave request. The record contains evidence from which a
factfinder could infer reasonably that Lehnhoff knew about the
FMLA request, including (1) Lehnhoff’s equivocal testimony about
whether she knew about Herren’s FMLA leave status or about Her-
ren’s request for additional leave; (2) undisputed evidence that both
USCA11 Case: 22-11499 Document: 29-1 Date Filed: 07/28/2023 Page: 9 of 9
22-11499 Opinion of the Court 9
Kirk and Gist knew about Herren’s request to take additional
FMLA leave; (3) Kirk’s central role in investigating Herren and
Grayson Valley; and (4) evidence that Kirk’s investigation notes in-
cluded a reference to Herren’s FMLA status.
In sum, La Petite, for now at least, has failed to satisfy its
burden of establishing --beyond dispute -- that the reason for termi-
nating Herren’s employment was “wholly unrelated” to Herren’s
FMLA leave request. A genuine issue of disputed material fact ex-
ists; the district court erred in granting summary judgment. We
vacate the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Herren’s
FMLA interference claim and remand for further proceedings con-
sistent with this opinion.*
VACATED AND REMANDED.
* On appeal, Herren argues that the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on an issue not raised properly in La Petite’s summary-judgment
motion. We have already rejected this argument. In deciding Herren’s initial
appeal, we noted that -- although La Petite “did not couch its argument on the
FMLA interference claim in terms of an affirmative defense” -- the district
court committed no error in addressing the issue of causation because Herren
raised the issue in her response to La Petite’s summary-judgment motion. We
remain bound by our earlier ruling on this matter. See Lebron v. Sec’y of Fla.
Dep’t of Child. & Fams.,
772 F.3d 1352, 1360 (11th Cir. 2014) (“Under the ‘law
of the case’ doctrine, the ‘findings of fact and conclusions of law by an appel-
late court are generally binding in all subsequent proceedings in the same case
in the trial court or on a later appeal.’”).
