Lowell W. Lehman, Jr. v. Visionspan, Inc. , 205 F.3d 1255 ( 2000 )

In re Lowell W. LEHMAN, Jr., Debtor.
Lowell W. Lehman, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
VisionSpan, Inc., Defendant-Appellee.
No. 99-12545
Non-Argument Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
Feb. 18, 2000.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.(No. 98-02181-CV-ODE-1),
Orinda D. Evans, Judge.
Before COX and WILSON, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.
PER CURIAM:
In this bankruptcy case, appellant debtor Lowell Lehman sought complete avoidance of a judicial lien
on his home in the amount of $53,878.19 held by appellee VisionSpan, Inc. The bankruptcy judge, affirmed
by the district court, held that only part of the lien could be avoided and that $24,6881 of that lien could not
be avoided. We affirm.
This case involves interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code. Although the precise terms of the
applicable provision would call for avoidance of the entire lien, the bankruptcy court reasoned that such a
reading would produce an absurd result and departed from those precise terms. See In re Lehman, 223 B.R.
32, 34-35 (Bankr.N.D.Ga.1998). We have held this to be a legitimate approach to statutory interpretation.
Although statutory interpretation begins with the language of the statute itself, see In re Southeast Banking
Corp., 156 F.3d 1114, 1120 (11th Cir.1998), a court may look beyond the plain language of a statute if
applying the plain language would produce an absurd result, see Hughey v. JMS Dev. Corp., 78 F.3d 1523,
1
The bankruptcy court made a minor arithmetical error in the amount of $10. We have corrected the
bankruptcy court's figures in this opinion.
1529 (11th Cir.1996). There was no error in the decision that a literal application of the language of the
statute would violate Congressional intent and would produce an absurd result.
Briefly, these are the undisputed facts. On November 13, 1997, Lowell Lehman filed a case under
Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. At the time of the filing, VisionSpan had a judgment lien against
Lehman's property in the amount of $53,878.19. Lehman and his wife, as tenants in common, owned a home
in Atlanta, Georgia valued at $225,000. Lehman's wife is not in bankruptcy and is not a debtor of
VisionSpan. Lehman had only an undivided fifty-percent interest in the home. NationsBank held a
first-priority mortgage on the entire interest in the home in the amount of $165,000.
Section 522 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 522, sets out a statutory scheme permitting a debtor
in bankruptcy to exempt certain property from his or her bankruptcy estate. For property to qualify for an
exemption, it must first be part of the bankruptcy estate. If the debtor has mortgaged his or her property, the
debtor has retained only an equitable interest in the property. Absent a provision providing otherwise, only
that equitable interest would be property of the estate and eligible for an exemption.
Section 522(f), however, provides a special mechanism for the debtor to "avoid" certain liens on
property, thereby bringing the whole property within the bankruptcy estate and potentially qualifying it for
an exemption. See generally Owen v. Owen, 500 U.S. 305, 308-09, 111 S. Ct. 1833, 114 L. Ed. 2d 350 (1991).
To accomplish this purpose, § 522(f) provides, in basic part, that a debtor may "avoid" a lien to the extent it
"impairs" an exemption. This amount is calculated as follows:
(2)(A) For the purposes of this subsection, a lien shall be considered to impair an exemption
to the extent that the sum of—
(i) the lien;
(ii) all other liens on the property; and
(iii) the amount of the exemption that the debtor could claim if there were no liens
on the property;
exceeds the value that the debtor's interest in the property would have in the absence of any liens.
2
§ 522(f)(2)(A).
In this case, under the express language of the statute, the following calculation would be made:
! Add (i) $53,878.19 (the amount of the VisionSpan judgment lien); (ii) $165,000 (the amount of the
mortgage held by NationsBank); and (iii) $5,312 (the amount of the exemption claimed by Lehman).
The total of these figures is $224,190.19.
! The value of Lehman's "interest in the property ... in the absence of any liens" is $112,500.
! $224,190.19 "exceeds" $112,500 by $111,690.
Therefore, VisionSpan's lien would be "considered to impair" Lehman's exemption by $111,690 and Lehman
could avoid it to that extent, which would permit Lehman to avoid all of VisionSpan's lien of $53,878.19.
This would be the consequence of applying the precise terms of the statute: Lehman, as shown
above, would avoid all of VisionSpan's lien. Lehman, however, would still have equity in the property of
$30,000 (derived by subtracting the $165,000 amount of the NationsBank mortgage from the $225,000
property value and dividing by two, to account for Lehman's one-half ownership of the property). In effect,
Lehman would shield his entire equity of $30,000 from VisionSpan's lien of $53,878.19, even though Lehman
was entitled to a debtor's exemption of only $5,312.00.
Concluding this result would provide Lehman a windfall and would be "absurd," the bankruptcy court
took the following common sense approach:
The value of the entire property is $225,000.00. Deducting the mortgage, $165,000.00,
leaves $60,000.00 equity in the property, not accounting for VisionSpan's lien. The Debtor's
half-interest in the property is therefore worth $30,000.00. After deducting the debtor's exemption,
$5,312.00, there is remaining in the property $24,688.00. [VisionSpan's] lien is in the amount of
$53,879.00, which clearly impairs the Debtor's exemption. [VisionSpan] is, however, entitled to
retain its lien on the unencumbered, nonexempt portion of the Debtor's property, in the amount of
$24,688.00.
In effect, the court was simply substituting, in the statutory formula, the total value of the home ($225,000)
in place of Lehman's interest in the home in the absence of any liens ($112,500). The same outcome would
also be produced by substituting the value of the NationsBank mortgage attributable to Lehman's share of
the property ($82,500), in place of the value of the mortgage on the whole property ($165,000).
3
Although a literal reading of the text of § 522(f)(2)(A) would support Lehman's position, there is
clear evidence that a literal interpretation would disserve the legislative intent behind the provision.
The legislative history demonstrates that in 1978, when Congress adopted the power of avoidance
in § 522(f), its intention was only to entitle the debtor to the debtor's exemptions provided by § 522. As
explained by the House Judiciary Committee in connection with the adoption of § 522(f):
[T]he bill gives the debtor certain rights not available under current law with respect to exempt
property. The debtor may void any judicial lien on exempt property, ... [which] allows the debtor
to undo the actions of creditors that bring legal action against the debtor shortly before bankruptcy.
Bankruptcy exists to provide relief for an overburdened debtor. If a creditor beats the debtor into
court, the debtor is nevertheless entitled to his exemptions.
H.R.Rep. No. 95-595, at 126-27 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5963, 6087-88. The Senate
Judiciary Committee report supports this interpretation of the purpose of § 522(f), stating that § 522(f) "gives
the debtor the ability to exempt property that the trustee recovers under one of the trustee's avoiding powers
if the property was involuntarily transferred away from the debtor (such as by the fixing of a judicial lien)...."
S.Rep. No. 95-989, at 76 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5862.
Additional evidence is found in the legislative history to the 1994 amendments, which adopted the
§ 522(f)(2)(A) formula. The House Judiciary Committee report states that the formula in § 522(f)(2)(A) was
"based upon" In re Brantz, 106 B.R. 62 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1989). H.R.Rep. No. 103-835, at 52 (1994), reprinted
in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3340, 3361. The formula used by the court in Brantz based its calculation on the value
of the "property"—as opposed to the value of the "debtor's interest in the property," as appears in §
522(f)(2)(A). See Brantz, 106 B.R. at 68. So, too, the bankruptcy court in this case calculated lien avoidance
using the value of the whole property, not the value of the debtor's interest in the property. Because the
bankruptcy court essentially employed the Brantz formula, upon which § 522(f)(2)(A) was "based," we are
further persuaded that the deviation from the literal language of § 522(f)(2)(A) was consistent with the
legislative intent.
4
The decision to depart from the statutory language accords with the recent decision of the First
Circuit in a comparable case, Nelson v. Scala, 192 F.3d 32 (1st Cir.1999). But see In re Cozad, 208 B.R. 495
(B.A.P. 10th Cir.1997) (applying literal language of § 522(f)(2)(A) in similar scenario).
There was no error in declining to follow a literal application of the language of § 522(f)(2)(A) which
would produce an absurd result and would violate the Congressional intent.
AFFIRMED.
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