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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-14259
Non-Argument Calendar
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Agency No. A216-362-955
STEPAN LEPETIUK,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
________________________
(September 5, 2019)
Before WILSON, JORDAN and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Stepan Lepetiuk seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’
decision denying his petition for asylum and withholding of removal. The BIA
concluded that Mr. Lepetiuk failed to establish a fear of persecution on account of
one of the protected grounds set forth in the Immigration and Nationality Act
(INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(a). Mr. Lepetiuk argues that the BIA’s decision
should be reversed because the two cases used to deny him asylum in fact support
a grant of relief, and because he sufficiently showed that he was persecuted based
on his political opinion. After reviewing the record and the parties’ briefs, we
affirm.
I
Mr. Lepetiuk served as a criminal investigator in Ukraine for 13 years. In
2014, special units were formed to control persistent riots and investigate potential
government corruption; Mr. Lepetiuk served on one of these units. Mr. Lepetiuk
testified before the immigration judge that he was attacked and threatened due to
his participation in the investigation. These attacks on and threats against Mr.
Lepetiuk began with threatening phone calls in 2014. Then—on April 18, 2014—
Mr. Lepetiuk’s car was broken into and his work papers were stolen. In 2015 Mr.
Lepetiuk was run off the road. And in January of 2016 his house was broken into
and ransacked but no valuables were stolen. Mr. Lepetiuk also testified that others
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in his special unit received similar threatening phone calls, and unlike him, decided
to forgo the investigation immediately.
Mr. Lepetiuk explained that during his involvement with the special unit
investigations, he obtained confessions and statements indicating that Andriy
Parubiy—then the Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of
Ukriane and currently the Chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament—organized the
recurring riots. Sometime afterwards, the individuals who implicated Mr. Parubiy
were found dead.
Mr. Lepetiuk further testified that he was reprimanded by his superiors for
refusing to hand over the original documents he had acquired during the
investigations in November of 2015. Mr. Lepetiuk quit the investigations in March
of 2016, applied for an American visa in August of 2016, and stayed in the United
States until December of 2016. He also moved his wife and children to Belarus
because his wife was unable to procure a visa. He returned briefly to Ukraine in
December of 2016, thinking it was safe to come back, but quickly returned to the
United States after he was stabbed.
Mr. Lepetiuk was arrested and detained by immigration officers on February
28, 2018 and was charged with being in the United States for a time longer than
permitted. He submitted an application for asylum and for withholding of
removal, but was denied both forms of relief. The IJ concluded that Mr. Lepetiuk
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did not connect the harm that he suffered with a protected ground. See 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(42)(A). Mr. Lepetiuk appealed, and the BIA affirmed the immigration
judge’s decision. The BIA relied on its earlier decisions in Matter of Fuentes, 19 I.
& N. Dec. 658 (BIA 1998), and Matter of N-M, 25 I. & N. Dec. 526 (BIA 2011),
for the proposition that persecution faced by law enforcement officials in relation
to their work does not constitute a protected ground for purposes of asylum. Mr.
Lepetiuk now petitions for review.
II
“To the extent that the [BIA’s] decision was based on a legal determination,
our review is de novo.” Diallo v. United States Att’y Gen.,
596 F.3d 1329, 1332
(11th Cir. 2010). And to the extent that the BIA interpreted a statutory term, we
defer to the BIA’s interpretation if it is reasonable. See Perlera-Escobar v.
Executive Office for Immigration,
894 F.2d 1292, 1296 (11th Cir. 1990) (citing
Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council,
467 U.S. 837 (1984)).
We review the BIA’s factual determinations for substantial evidence. We
view “the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency's decision and
draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.”
Diallo, 596 F.3d at 1332.
Therefore, the BIA's decision must be affirmed “if it is supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al
Najjar v. Ashcroft,
257 F.3d 1262, 1283–84 (11th Cir. 2001). And “the mere fact
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that the record may support a contrary conclusion is not enough to justify a
reversal of the administrative findings.”
Diallo, 596 F.3d at 1332.
III
In order to be granted asylum, an individual must establish that he or she has
been persecuted or has a well-founded fear of persecution “on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”
See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). See also Rodriguez Morales v. United States Att’y
Gen.,
488 F.3d 884, 890 (11th Cir. 2007). Mr. Lepetiuk argues that Matter of
Fuentes and Matter of N-M do not compel a denial of asylum but rather support a
grant of asylum because his investigative work was related to political corruption,
and therefore had political motives. He also argues we should apply Chevron v.
Natural Resources Defense Council,
467 U.S. 837 (1984), and that under a
Chevron analysis, Matter of Fuentes and Matter of N-M constitute an unreasonable
interpretation of the INA.
The government responds that the petition for review should be denied
because Mr. Lepetiuk did not establish a nexus to a protected ground. Moreover,
the government argues that a Chevron analysis is not applicable here and that, even
if it is, Matter of Fuentes and Matter of N-M are reasonable interpretations of the
INA.
A
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We first address Mr. Lepetiuk’s argument regarding Chevron. In his reply
brief, Mr. Lepetiuk explains for the first time why he believes a Chevron analysis
applies. He contends that both Matter of Fuentes and Matter of N-M interpret the
following statutory language in § 1101(a)(42)(A): “persecution . . . on account of .
. . political opinion.” And he argues that to the extent that this interpretation bars
all law enforcement officers from claiming political persecution, this interpretation
is unreasonable. Even if we agreed with Mr. Lepetiuk that Chevron applied to the
BIA’s reliance on Matter of Fuentes and Matter of N-M in this case, we disagree
that those cases’ purported construction of the statute is unreasonable. Cf. Perlera-
Escobar, 894 F.2d at 1297–99 (reviewing the BIA’s interpretation of the same
provision under Chevron and granting deference to the BIA’s conclusion that
harms arising in the context of civil war are not persecution based on political
opinion).
Both Matter of Fuentes and Matter of N-M concerned the extent to which
dangers faced by police and other government officials in relation to their work can
constitute a protected ground for purposes of asylum. See Matter of Fuentes, 19 I.
& N. Dec. 658; Matter of N-M, 25 I. & N. Dec. 526. In Matter of Fuentes, the BIA
concluded that persecution against police officers for actions undertaken while on
duty is not “on account of . . . political opinion.” 19 I. & N. Dec. at 661. It
reasoned “[s]uch dangers are perils arising from the nature of their employment
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and domestic unrest rather than ‘on account of’ immutable characteristics or beliefs
. . . .”
Id. In Matter of N-M, the BIA concluded that there is a difference between
an applicant suffering retaliation due to personal grievances that arose while he
was fulfilling his or her job duties, and being persecuted “on account of . . .
political opinion.” 25 I. & N. Dec. at 534.
Mr. Lepetiuk argues that this construction of the statute is unreasonable
because it bars any political persecution claim by law enforcement officers. But
this reading of the BIA decisions is too broad. Under Matter of Fuentes, for
example, a law enforcement officer is ineligible for asylum for dangers he was
exposed to in the line of duty. See 25 I. & N. Dec. at 662. But if an officer is
persecuted for reasons beyond the scope of his employment, that persecution may
give rise to an asylum claim. Indeed, we have previously noted that under Matter
of Fuentes a police officer could have an asylum claim for harms suffered after the
hostilities giving rise to on-duty dangers have ceased. See Castillo-Arias v. U.S.
Att’y Gen.,
446 F.3d 1190, 1198 (11th Cir. 2006) (noting that “there is no evidence
that the Cali cartel has ceased its hostilities”). See also Castaneda-Castillo v.
Holder,
638 F.3d 354, 365 (1st Cir. 2011) (“Fuentes does not establish a per se bar
to consideration of attacks that occurred while the respondent happened to be on
active duty.”).
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Moreover, we have previously followed the BIA’s reasoning in Matter of
Fuentes in several asylum cases. See
Castillo-Arias, 446 F.3d at 1198; Sontay v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 723 F. App’x 707, 711 (11th Cir. 2018). So have several of our
sister circuits. Compare Pavlyk v. Gonzales,
469 F.3d 1082, 1089 (7th Cir. 2006)
(conduct within the scope of governmental duties, including the duties of a
prosecutor, cannot alone constitute political expression), with Haxhiu v. Mukasey,
519 F.3d 685, 690–91 (7th Cir. 2008) (anticorruption activities beyond the scope of
military employment can constitute political expression), and Grava v. INS,
205
F.3d 1177, 1181–1182 (9th Cir. 2000) (explaining that military officials can claim
political persecution, but not for dangers arising solely from their job duties).
Accordingly, we disagree with Mr. Lepetiuk that the BIA’s purported construction
of § 1101(a)(42)(A) is unreasonable. 1
B
We now turn to a review of the BIA’s factual determination for substantial
evidence. The essential question is whether Mr. Lepetiuk has shown that,
notwithstanding his job duties, he was persecuted on account of his political
opinion. For an individual to be eligible for asylum based on political opinion, he
or she must establish, with credible evidence, (1) that he suffered past persecution
1
Mr. Lepetiuk also argues that the BIA’s decisions in Matter of Fuentes and Matter of N-M are
arbitrary and capricious. But challenges to an agency’s statutory interpretation are reviewed
under the Chevron framework and, in any event, Mr. Lepetiuk’s arbitrary-and-capricious
argument is essentially coextensive with his Chevron argument. Accordingly, we decline to
separately address it here.
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on account of his political opinion, or (2) a “well-founded fear” that his political
opinion will cause future persecution. See Silva v. United States Att’y Gen.,
448
F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2006). To set aside the BIA’s findings under the
substantial evidence test, the evidence must be “so compelling that no reasonable
factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” INS v. Elias-
Zacarias,
502 U.S. 478, 483 (1992).
Although an individual does not need to show that he was persecuted solely
because of his political opinion, he must produce evidence from which it is
reasonable to conclude that the harm was motivated, at least in part, by an actual or
imputed political opinion. See Rodriguez
Morales, 488 F.3d at 889. See also 8
U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). Here, the record does not compel the conclusion that
Mr. Lepetiuk’s actions gave rise to an actual or imputed political opinion.
First, the mere fact that Mr. Lepetiuk was a part of the special unit
investigating possible government corruption is insufficient to establish an actual
or imputed political opinion because Mr. Lepetiuk was assigned to that unit as part
of his duties as an investigator. In fact, at the hearing before the IJ, Mr.
Lepetiuk—in response to a question asking him whether he committed any crimes
in the Ukraine—explained “I just did my duty. I did whatever I had to do in the
line of service. I was investigating the case which was given to me to investigate,
and I did not break any law doing that.”
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Second, Mr. Lepetiuk’s refusal to allow the alleged threatening phone calls
to deter him from the investigation does not compel the conclusion that Mr.
Lepetiuk expressed a political opinion. Although refusing to forgo the
investigation likely required courage under the circumstances, Mr. Lepetiuk was
essentially fulfilling his job requirement.
Whether Mr. Lepetiuk’s refusal to hand over the documents he had acquired
during the investigation to his superiors establishes a political opinion is a closer
question. But under the substantial evidence test, we draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of the BIA’s decision. See
Diallo, 596 F.3d at 1332. And
absent more evidence or allegations as to those documents and Mr. Lepetiuk’s
actions, the record does not compel a finding that these actions established or
imputed a political opinion.
IV
For the foregoing reasons, we deny Mr. Lepetiuk’s petition.
PETITION DENIED.
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