United States v. Rowe ( 2021 )

20-3409-cv
United States v. Rowe
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
AMENDED SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
"SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 1st day of June, two thousand twenty-one.
PRESENT: AMALYA L. KEARSE,
GERARD E. LYNCH,
DENNY CHIN,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. 20-3409-cv
ROGER ROWE,
Defendant-Appellant.
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FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE: Richard L. Parker, Bruce R. Ellisen,
Attorneys, for David A. Hubbert, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division,
United States Department of Justice,
Washington, DC, and Mark J. Lesko,
United States Attorney for the Eastern
District of New York, Brooklyn, NY.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Roger Rowe, pro se, Amityville, NY.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Kuntz, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-appellant Roger Rowe appeals the judgment of the district
court entered October 15, 2020, awarding plaintiff-appellee United States of America
$307,695.15 in assessed and unpaid penalties for failing to pay over withholding taxes to
the Internal Revenue Service. 1 By decision and order entered September 16, 2020, the
district court denied Rowe's motions to dismiss and for summary judgment and
granted the Government's cross-motion for summary judgment. The district court
concluded that Rowe was liable for penalties assessed under 26 U.S.C. § 6672 for
willfully failing to remit to the IRS taxes collected from the employees of Integrated
Construction Management, Inc. ("ICM") from December 31, 2007 through September 30,
2008. We assume the parties' familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural
history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
1 Rowe filed his notice of appeal on October 2, 2020; it became effective on October 15,
2020, when the district court granted the Government's motion to amend the judgment to reflect
the amount due and entered a new judgment accordingly. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(1).
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We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, "resolv[ing] all
ambiguities and draw[ing] all inferences against the moving party." Garcia v. Hartford
Police Dep't, 706 F.3d 120, 126–27 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam). A district court's
"interpretation and application of a statute of limitations" are also reviewed de novo.
City of Pontiac Gen. Emps. Ret. Sys. v. MBIA, Inc., 637 F.3d 169, 173 (2d Cir. 2011).
An employer required to withhold taxes from its employees' wages must
hold those funds as "a special fund in trust for the United States" and pay them to the
Government "in the same manner . . . [as] the taxes from which such fund arose." 26
U.S.C. § 7501(a). Under 26 U.S.C. § 6672(a), an individual may be liable for an
employer's failure to remit such funds to the Government if "(1) he or she was a
responsible person for collection and payment of the employer's taxes; and (2) he or she
willfully failed to comply with section 7501(a)." Winter v. United States, 196 F.3d 339, 344
(2d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). 2 "The person against whom the IRS
assesses a § 6672 tax penalty has the burden of disproving, by a preponderance of the
evidence, the existence of one of these two elements." Fiataruolo v. United States, 8 F.3d
930, 938 (2d Cir. 1993).
2 See 26 U.S.C. § 6672(a) ("Any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay
over any tax imposed by [the Internal Revenue Code] who willfully fails to collect such tax, or
truthfully account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or
defeat any such tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by
law, be liable [for] a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded, or not collected, or not
accounted for and paid over.").
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Here, the record supports the district court's conclusion that Rowe was
liable as a matter of law for the § 6672 trust fund recovery penalties assessed against
him. First, Rowe conceded that he was a "responsible person" for § 6672(a) purposes,
acknowledging that he had "significant control over the enterprise's finances." Winter,
196 F.3d at 345 (internal quotation marks omitted). 3 Specifically, Rowe admitted that he
was "a person required to collect, truthfully account for and pay over" ICM's taxes.
Answer at ¶ 1. Moreover, the documentary evidence established unequivocally that
Rowe, as ICM's president and only shareholder, had check-signing authority,
responsibility for paying the company's taxes, and significant control over its finances.
See Winter, 196 F.3d at 345 (listing factors).
Second, on the record presented, a reasonable fact-finder could only
conclude that Rowe knew of ICM's obligation to pay withholding taxes. To satisfy the
willfulness element,
a responsible person need not act out of an evil motive or an intent to
defraud. Instead, the principal component of willfulness is knowledge: a
responsible person acted willfully within the meaning of § 6672(a) if he (a)
knew of the company's obligation to pay withholding taxes, and (b) knew
that company funds were being used for other purposes instead.
3 Rowe contends that the trustee in ICM's bankruptcy proceeding was responsible for
paying ICM's employment taxes during the relevant quarters. But even if the trustee was also a
"responsible person" for § 6672 purposes, Rowe cannot escape liability on that basis. As the
statute and our precedent make clear, there can be more than one "responsible person" at a
company, "all of whom may be found responsible for a tax delinquency" under § 6672. Winter,
196 F.3d at 345 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also 26 U.S.C. § 6672(a) ("[a]ny person
required to . . . pay over any tax . . . shall . . . be liable").
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Id. (internal quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted). Here, ICM's bankruptcy
petition, signed by Rowe and filed in January 2009, listed the IRS as one of its creditors,
stating that ICM owed $410,000 in IRS withholding taxes. Rowe signed ICM's
employment tax returns and numerous checks from ICM during the four quarters
relevant here, demonstrating that he knew ICM continued to use funds for other
purposes instead of remitting the funds to the IRS as required. Hence, no genuine issue
of fact existed as to willfulness.
Rowe asserts several defenses. None has merit. First, he argues that he is
not liable for failing to pay withholding because an IRS Account Transcript for the tax
period "Dec. 31, 2008" states that the account balance and penalty is zero dollars. The
government, however, did not seek to recover for unremitted taxes for the quarter
ending December 2008; rather, it sought recovery for the quarters ending December
2007, March 2008, June 2008, and September 2008. Compl. ¶ 5.
Second, Rowe's claim that this action was barred by the applicable statute
of limitations also fails. Rowe first argues that the five-year statute of limitations set
forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2462 governs in this case because the IRS assessed penalties, rather
than taxes, against him. That argument is meritless. Section 2462 establishes a five-year
limitations period for any action to enforce a civil penalty “[e]xcept as otherwise
provided by Act of Congress.” 28 U.S.C. § 2462. Such a specific Act of Congress creates
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a ten-year limitations period for actions to collect assessed taxes. See 26 U.S.C.
§ 6502(a)(1). And because 26 U.S.C. § 6671(a) provides that penalties under § 6672
“shall be assessed and collected in the same manner as taxes,” that ten-year limitations
period applies here. See Capozzi v. United States, 980 F.2d 872, 874-75 & n.2 (2d Cir.
1992).
Alternatively, Rowe argues that the action is time-barred under the ten-
year limitations period. That argument also fails. Rowe claims that the penalties were
assessed more than ten years before the filing of this action, pointing to a proposed
assessment of trust fund recovery penalty sent to him in July 2009, that indicated that
the IRS had assessed the underlying employment taxes on various dates in 2008. In his
answer, however, Rowe admitted that the IRS assessed § 6672 tax penalties against him
on October 19, 2009 for four tax periods in 2007–2008 and that he was notified of this
assessment. Thus, the Government's complaint, filed on October 11, 2019, was timely
filed "within 10 years after the assessment" of the § 6672 tax penalties. 26 U.S.C.
§ 6502(a)(1).
Third, Rowe argues that the district court's judgment violated 26 U.S.C.
§ 5000A(g). Section 5000A, however, concerns penalties for an employer's failure to
maintain required health benefits and is not at issue in this case as no such penalties
were imposed on Rowe in relation to this action.
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Fourth, Rowe correctly notes that the Government failed to fully comply
with the notice requirements of Local Rule 56.2. Although the Government's notice to
him as a pro se litigant opposing summary judgment stated that the "full text of Rule 56
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Local Civil Rule 56.1 [were] attached," the
text of those rules was not in fact attached to the notice. Notice, Record on Appeal Doc.
20 at 2. This was harmless error. Under Vital v. Interfaith Medical Center, a pro se litigant
must be notified by either the district court or opposing counsel of the consequences of
failing to respond to a motion for summary judgment and the nature of summary
judgment. 168 F.3d 615, 620–21 (2d Cir. 1999). "Where, however, a pro se litigant has
demonstrated a clear understanding of the nature and consequences of a summary
judgment motion and the need to set forth all available evidence demonstrating a
genuine dispute over material facts, failure to provide proper notice will be deemed
harmless." Jova v. Smith, 582 F.3d 410, 414 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Here, Rowe was provided with a one-page notice describing summary
judgment and stating, inter alia, that under Rule 56 he could "NOT oppose summary
judgment simply by relying upon the defenses [he] raised in [his] answer" and "must
submit evidence . . . countering the facts asserted by the plaintiff and raising specific
facts that support [his] claim." Notice at 2. Rowe filed both an opposition to the
Government's motion and his own summary judgment motion, citing Rule 56 and
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describing the evidentiary requirements for a motion for summary judgment in both of
those documents. Because the record shows that Rowe understood the nature and
consequences of summary judgment, the Government's failure to attach copies of the
rules cited in its notice was harmless error. See Jova, 582 F.3d at 414.
Finally, Rowe has not shown that the district court abused its discretion
by not affording him additional discovery. "A district court has wide latitude to
determine the scope of discovery, and we ordinarily defer to the discretion of district
courts regarding discovery matters. A district court abuses its discretion only when the
discovery is so limited as to affect a party's substantial rights." In re Agent Orange Prod.
Liab. Litig., 517 F.3d 76, 103 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks, citation, and
alteration omitted). Rowe's conclusory statement that more discovery would have
allowed him to find better support for his defenses is not sufficient to show that his
substantial rights were violated.
We have considered all of Rowe's remaining arguments and conclude
they are without merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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