Sea Trade Maritime Corp., Peters v. Coutsodontis ( 2018 )


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  • 16-3291(L)
    Sea Trade Maritime Corp., Peters v. Coutsodontis, et al.
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
    SUMMARY ORDER
    RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
    ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
    FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
    WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
    CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
    “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
    PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
    At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals
    for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall
    United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
    New York, on the 7th day of August, two thousand eighteen.
    PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS,
    REENA RAGGI,
    PETER W. HALL,
    Circuit Judges.
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
    SEA TRADE MARITIME CORPORTATION, GEORGE
    PETERS,
    Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-
    Appellees,
    -v.-                                             16-3291(L),
    17-1573(CON),
    STELIOS COUTSODONTIS,                                        17-1572(XAP)
    Defendant-Cross-Defendant-
    Cross-Claimant-Appellee-
    Cross-Appellant,
    FRANCESA ELENI COUTSODONTIS, GENERAL
    MARITIME ENTERPRISES CORPORATION,
    Defendants-Cross-
    Defendants-Cross-Claimants,
    1
    and
    IASON SHIPPING LTD., ATTIKA
    INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION S.A.,
    Defendants-Cross-
    Defendants.
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
    FOR PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS-         NADER MOBARGHA (Joshua
    CROSS-APPELLEES:                   Liston, on the brief), Beys
    Liston & Mobargha LLP; New
    York, NY.
    FOR DEFENDANT-CROSS-               MARK A. BERMAN (Kelly A.
    DEFENDANT-CROSS-CLAIMANT-          Zampino, on the brief),
    APPELLEE-CROSS-APPELLANT:          Hartmann Doherty Rosa
    Berman & Bulbulia, LLC; New
    York, NY.
    Appeal from a judgment of the United States District
    Court for the Southern District of New York (Schofield,
    J.).
    UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED
    AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is
    AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.
    This appeal arises from a judgment of the United States
    District Court for the Southern District of New York
    (Schofield, J.) following a three-day bench trial in a
    dispute over the ownership and control of Sea Trade
    Maritime Corporation (“Sea Trade”), whose sole asset until
    2009 was the ocean-going ship “M/V Athena.”    We assume the
    parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
    2
    procedural history, and the issues presented for review.
    Elias Eliades and his wife, Athena Eliades, formed Sea
    Trade in July 1992, purchasing the M/V Athena for $9.1
    million later that year.   Athena had two siblings:
    Defendant Stelios Coutsodontis and Anna Peters, the mother
    of Plaintiff George Peters.   During their lifetimes, Elias
    and Athena were the Directors of Sea Trade and George
    Peters managed day-to-day operations.
    Sea Trade’s Certificate of Incorporation provides for
    500 authorized shares.   Upon Sea Trade’s formation, Elias
    had 475 shares and George Peters received 25 shares.    In
    July 1994, Elias transferred a further 25 of his shares to
    George Peters and 150 shares to Anna Peters.   When Elias
    died in September 1996, Athena inherited his 300 remaining
    shares.   When Athena died in January 2003, she left 250
    shares to Coutsodontis and 50 shares to Anna Peters
    (bringing her total shares to 200), while George Peters
    continued to own 50 shares.   Thus, Coutsodontis and the
    Peters family each held a 50 percent ownership interest in
    Sea Trade.
    Since 2005, multiple litigations have been conducted
    between Coutsodontis on the one hand and Sea Trade and
    3
    George Peters (“Peters”) on the other.   Peters argued that
    Athena’s bequest of shares to Coutsodontis violated a no-
    alienation clause of Sea Trade’s Articles of Incorporation
    and was therefore null and void.   In 2009, the Court of
    First Instance of Athens held that Coutsodontis was the
    owner of the 250 shares of Sea Trade he inherited from
    Athena; the ruling was upheld by the Greek appellate court
    in 2011 and by the Supreme Court of Greece in 2014 (the
    “Greek shareholder litigation”).   Peters does not contest
    the giving of preclusive effect to the Greek courts’
    decision.   See J. App’x 243-46.
    In July 2008, while the Greek shareholder litigation
    was pending, Coutsodontis caused the M/V Athena to be
    arrested in Spain in order to obtain security against his
    ownership interest.   In August 2008, after the arrest was
    vacated, Coutsodontis again caused the M/V Athena to be
    arrested, in New Orleans.   That arrest was also vacated.
    Peters brought the present case, asserting (inter alia)
    claims for wrongful arrest and breach of fiduciary duty: on
    the wrongful arrest claim, Peters seeks money damages for
    the asserted lost opportunity to sell the M/V Athena on
    favorable terms in the summer of 2008; on the breach of
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    fiduciary duty claim, Peters seeks the equitable remedy of
    forfeiture of Coutsodontis’ shares in Sea Trade.
    1. Peters challenges the denial of relief on his
    wrongful arrest claim, arguing that the district court
    erred in concluding that any consequential damages for lost
    profits from the sale of the M/V Athena are too
    speculative.
    “After a bench trial, . . . we review the district
    court’s findings of fact for clear error and conclusions of
    law and mixed questions de novo.”   Connors v. Conn. Gen.
    Life Ins. Co., 
    272 F.3d 127
    , 135 (2d Cir. 2001).
    First, Peters argues that the district court applied
    the wrong legal standard by requiring proof of “damages for
    the inability to sell to a specific buyer.”   Br. of
    Appellants 34.   But the district court cited the correct
    legal standard: that Appellants bore the burden of proving
    consequential damages (including lost profits) “with
    reasonable certainty.”   J. App’x 240 (quoting Int’l
    Minerals & Res., S.A. v. Pappas, 
    96 F.3d 586
    , 597 (2d Cir.
    1996)).   The district court also relied on precedent that a
    plaintiff cannot recover damages if “it is uncertain
    whether such damages resulted necessarily and immediately
    5
    from the breach complained of,” that is, if the damages are
    not the “certain result of the wrong.”   
    Id. (quoting Story
    Parchment Co. v. Paterson Parchment Paper Co., 
    282 U.S. 555
    , 562–63 (1931)).   Although Peters asserted that arrests
    of the vessel frustrated sale of the vessel on favorable
    terms that are no longer available, the district court
    observed that Peters “had not hired a broker,” “had not
    begun to market the ship,” and “did not have a contract for
    the purchase of the ship,” and concluded therefore that
    Peters’ intention to sell the M/V Athena was too
    speculative to support an award for consequential damages.
    
    Id. at 241.
      The district court did not (as Peters
    contends) require proof of a sale to a specific buyer; it
    cited that fact (among others) as evidence in reaching its
    determination.
    Second, Peters challenges the district court’s factual
    finding that Peters had no certain intention to sell the
    M/V Athena in July 2008.   Peters emphasizes his own
    assertions on direct testimony that he began to collect
    information on recent sales and ship brokers, and that he
    contacted Sea Trade’s lawyers about a possible sale.
    Peters further cites the frenetic market for ships in the
    6
    summer of 2008 and the fact that the M/V Athena was nearing
    the end of its operating life.      Finally, Peters points to
    Coutsodontis’ asserted motivation for arresting the ship:
    he heard rumors that it was up for sale.
    But even if the Court were to agree with Peters’
    characterization of the facts, “[t]he fact that there may
    have been evidence to support an inference contrary to that
    drawn by the trial court does not mean that the findings
    made are clearly erroneous.”    Diesel Props S.R.L. v.
    Greystone Bus. Credit II LLC, 
    631 F.3d 42
    , 52 (2d Cir.
    2011).   Moreover, “[w]here there are two permissible views
    of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them
    cannot be clearly erroneous.”       Anderson v. City of Bessemer
    City, N.C., 
    470 U.S. 564
    , 574 (1985).      The district court
    heard Peters’ trial testimony, assessed his demeanor, and
    considered his various admissions “that he did not have any
    documentary evidence to corroborate his oral testimony,”
    “that he had no contract of sale, no contract with a broker
    to sell the vessel, no letter of intent to sell, and no
    survey of the ship by any prospective buyer,” and “that the
    ship was not yet on the market” in the summer of 2008.      J.
    App’x 236-37.   The district court therefore concluded that
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    Peters failed to sustain his burden to prove that the M/V
    Athena would have been sold but for Coutsodontis’ arrest
    campaign.   We will not “second-guess [a] bench-trial
    court’s credibility assessments.”   Krist v. Kolombos Rest.
    Inc., 
    688 F.3d 89
    , 95 (2d Cir. 2012).   We identify no
    error, clear or otherwise, in the district court’s analysis
    or in its conclusion to deny relief on the wrongful arrest
    claim.
    2. Peters argues that the district court erred in
    finding that his refusal to recognize Coutsodontis’
    ownership in Sea Trade breached his fiduciary duty to
    Coutsodontis and impaired any entitlement to equitable
    relief for Coutsodontis’ own breach of fiduciary duty.
    We do not reach the district court’s unclean hands
    determination as to Peters because we conclude that Peters
    failed in the first instance to prove his breach of
    fiduciary duty claim against Coutsodontis, without which
    there is no basis for equitable relief.
    The elements of a breach of fiduciary duty claim under
    New York law are (1) the existence of a fiduciary
    relationship, (2) misconduct by the defendant, and (3)
    “damages directly caused by [the defendant’s] misconduct.”
    8
    Pokoik v. Pokoik, 
    115 A.D.3d 428
    , 429, 
    982 N.Y.S.2d 67
    , 70
    (1st Dep’t 2014); see R.M. Newell Co. v. Rice, 
    236 A.D.2d 843
    , 844, 
    653 N.Y.S.2d 1004
    , 1005 (4th Dep’t 1997)
    (identifying damages as “essential element” of breach of
    fiduciary duty claim).   Breach of fiduciary duty is a tort,
    see Sergeants Benev. Ass’n Annuity Fund v. Renck, 
    19 A.D.3d 107
    , 110, 
    796 N.Y.S.2d 77
    , 80 (1st Dep’t 2005), and “[a]s
    with other torts in which damage is an essential element,
    the claim is not enforceable until damages are sustained,”
    IDT Corp. v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co., 
    12 N.Y.3d 132
    , 140, 
    879 N.Y.S.2d 355
    , 360 (2009) (internal quotation
    marks omitted).    Accordingly, to succeed on his breach of
    fiduciary duty claim, Peters had to prove damages
    regardless of the relief ultimately sought.
    Peters acknowledges that the wrongful arrests in July
    and August 2008 “are the bases for Coutsodontis’s breach of
    fiduciary duty.”   Br. of Appellants 43.   In holding
    Coutsodontis liable for breach, the district court
    determined that the arrests damaged Sea Trade by causing it
    “to lose business, incur expenses[,] and harm its
    reputation in garnering future business.”   J. App’x 248.
    That damages assessment, however, cannot be reconciled with
    9
    Peters’ own theory of relief or with other portions of the
    district court’s decision.   After the bench trial but
    before the district court issued its findings of fact and
    conclusions of law, Peters clarified that he did not seek
    damages for lost charters due to the res judicata effect of
    prior litigation and, instead, sought only “damages from
    the lost opportunity to sell the M/V Athena in the summer
    of 2008, as well as any and all injunctive relief,
    including . . . Coutsodontis’s forfeiture of shares in Sea
    Trade.”   Dist. Ct. Dkt. No. 272 at 1.   As discussed in the
    preceding point, the district court specifically found that
    Peters failed to prove with reasonable certainty any
    damages from the alleged lost sale opportunity attributed
    to Coutsodontis’ 2008 arrests.     Thus, assuming arguendo
    that Peters satisfied the first two elements of his breach
    of fiduciary duty claim against Coutsodontis, that claim
    necessarily fails at the third step for the same reason as
    the wrongful arrest claim:   the failure to prove non-
    speculative damages.
    Accordingly, because the district court could not,
    consistent with its rejection of the wrongful arrest claim,
    hold Coutsodontis liable for breach of fiduciary duty, we
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    reverse the award of relief on that claim, including the
    order requiring forfeiture of Coutsodontis’ shares in Sea
    Trade.1    Insofar as Peters challenges the unclean hands
    finding delaying the date of that forfeiture, we reject
    that argument as moot.
    3. Peters argues that the district court exceeded its
    equitable powers in awarding damages to Coutsodontis
    because Coutsodontis failed to assert a claim for
    affirmative relief and because he is seeking the same
    relief in state court.
    “The district court’s . . . fashioning of equitable
    relief [is] reviewed for abuse of discretion.”    United
    States v. Apple, Inc., 
    791 F.3d 290
    , 313 (2d Cir. 2015).
    “District courts have broad authority in crafting equitable
    remedies . . . . [and] appellate review is correspondingly
    narrow.”    Conn. Office of Protection & Advocacy for Persons
    with Disabilities v. Hartford Bd. of Educ., 
    464 F.3d 229
    ,
    245 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal citation and quotation marks
    omitted).
    1 The reversal may have no practical effect in that it
    affords Coutsodontis no larger share of the sale assets in
    escrow, and Sea Trade has no other assets or ongoing
    business operations.
    11
    The district court did not exceed its equitable powers
    in ordering an inquest, despite the fact that Coutsodontis
    did not assert an affirmative claim for relief.   Once
    parties invoke a court’s equity jurisdiction, the court
    “has the power to decide all relevant matters in dispute
    and to award complete relief,” F.T.C. v. Bronson Partners,
    LLC, 
    654 F.3d 359
    , 366 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Porter v.
    Warner Holding Co., 
    328 U.S. 395
    , 399 (1946)), and “to
    assure that equity is done to all parties,” In re Galewitz,
    
    3 A.D.2d 280
    , 286, 
    160 N.Y.S.2d 564
    , 572 (1st Dep’t 1957).
    Indeed, a court sitting in equity “may grant any type of
    relief within its jurisdiction appropriate to the proof
    whether or not demanded, imposing such terms as may be
    just.”   State of New York v. Barone, 
    74 N.Y.2d 332
    , 336,
    
    547 N.Y.S.2d 269
    , 271 (1989) (quoting NY CPLR § 3017(a));
    see Soviero v. United States, 
    967 F.2d 791
    , 793 (2d Cir.
    1992) (“When a court possessing equitable powers has
    jurisdiction over a complaint that seeks equitable relief,
    it has authority to award whatever damages are incident to
    the complaint.”).   In resolving the breach of fiduciary
    duty claim here, the district court first recognized
    Coutsodontis’ 50 percent ownership interest in Sea Trade by
    12
    giving preclusive effect to the 2014 ruling of the Supreme
    Court of Greece in the related Greek shareholder
    litigation.   Even if the district court ultimately erred in
    finding Coutsodontis liable for breach of his attendant
    fiduciary duties and, thus, in ordering forfeiture of his
    shares, the district court nonetheless possessed authority
    to recognize the parties’ relative ownership interests in
    the course of its analysis and to order an inquest into
    amounts owed retroactively to them based on those
    interests.
    Peters further argues that the inquest is improper
    because Coutsodontis has filed an action in state court
    seeking the same relief: $26 million in compensatory
    damages for Sea Trade’s lost profits.   While “the pendency
    of an action in the state court is no bar to proceedings
    concerning the same matter in the Federal court having
    jurisdiction, exceptional circumstances may on occasion
    permit the dismissal of a federal suit due to the presence
    of a concurrent state proceeding for reasons of wise
    judicial administration.”   Zemsky v. City of New York, 
    821 F.2d 148
    , 152 (2d Cir. 1987) (internal quotation marks and
    alterations omitted).   The district court explained that
    13
    abstention was unwarranted because the parties had already
    submitted briefing in magistrate court and collateral
    estoppel would preclude the parties from relitigating in
    state court any issues resolved in federal court.
    Appellants offer no reason why the district court’s
    decision was an abuse of discretion.
    We have considered Appellants’ remaining arguments and
    conclude that they are without any merit.   The judgment of
    the district court is REVERSED as to the breach of
    fiduciary duty claim and AFFIRMED in all other respects.
    FOR THE COURT:
    CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK
    14