Charles Evans v. Avectus Healthcare Sols. ( 2021 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 21a0497n.06
No. 20-6231
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
) FILED
CHARLES EVANS, 10/29/2021
)
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant,
)
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
AVECTUS HEALTHCARE SOLUTIONS, LLC, ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
Defendant-Appellee.
)
Before: MOORE, KETHLEDGE, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Charles Evans claims that Avectus Healthcare Solutions
engaged in the unauthorized practice of law when it filled out a form to perfect a hospital lien and
later sent Evans a one-page document with information about the lien. The district court granted
summary judgment to Avectus. We affirm.
Tennessee law allows a hospital or its agent to place a lien, in the amount of its unpaid
medical charges, upon any legal recovery that a patient might later receive as a result of her
injuries. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-22-101 et seq. To perfect the lien, the hospital or its agent files
“in the office of the clerk of the circuit court” a “verified statement” with the patient’s name,
address, dates of treatment, and amounts owed, among other similar information. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 29-22-102(a). The clerk then records the lien in a “hospital lien book.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 29-22-103. If the hospital is paid the amount owed, it sends the clerk a “certificate” to that effect
and the clerk releases the lien. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-22-105.
Case No. 20-6231, Charles Evans v. Avectus Healthcare Sols.
Saint Francis Hospital is located near Memphis. Its usual practice is to perfect liens for
unpaid treatment expenses only if the patient is uninsured. In September 2016, St. Francis treated
Charles Evans for injuries that he sustained in a car crash. St. Francis charged Evans $4,008.93.
Although Evans had health insurance, St. Francis apparently overlooked that fact, because it sent
his information to its agent, Avectus, for filing of a lien-perfection form. Avectus accordingly
filled out Evans’s information on the form, filed it with the court clerk, and mailed Evans a one-
page document with generic information about the lien.
Evans’s insurance company later paid St. Francis in full for his treatment. Nobody sent a
release form to the court clerk, however, so the lien for Evans’s invoice remained in place.
Eventually Evans’s lawyer—the same lawyer who represents him in this suit—mailed Avectus a
check for $4,008.93, payable to St. Francis. Avectus then sent notice of the payment to the court
clerk, who released the lien.
Evans thereafter brought this putative class action against Avectus, alleging that it had
engaged in “the unauthorized practice of law” and “law business,” in violation of Tennessee law,
when it filled out and filed the lien-perfection form with the court clerk and when it sent Evans the
one-page explanatory document. An affiliate of St. Francis then sent Evans’s lawyer a check for
$4,008.93, which his lawyer declined to cash. The parties later moved for summary judgment. In
a carefully reasoned opinion, the district court granted summary judgment to Avectus. We review
that decision de novo. See U.S. ex rel. Wall v. Circle C Const., L.L.C., 697 F.3d 345, 350 (6th
Cir. 2012).
In Tennessee, only licensed attorneys may practice law or engage in “law business.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 23-3-103(a). The Tennessee Supreme Court retains “inherent power” to define what
those terms mean. In re Burson, 909 S.W.2d 768, 776 (Tenn. 1995). An act amounts to the
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Case No. 20-6231, Charles Evans v. Avectus Healthcare Sols.
practice of law “only if [it] requires the professional judgment of a lawyer.” Id. And “the essence
of professional judgment is the lawyer's educated ability to relate the general body and philosophy
of law to a specific legal problem of a client.” Id. The question is whether Avectus presumed to
exercise that kind of judgment here.
Avectus did not do that when it filled out the lien-perfection form with Evans’s
information. That was “mere clerical work” rather than work requiring the exercise of legal
judgment. See Fifteenth Jud. Dist. Unified Bar Ass’n v. Glasgow, 1999 WL 1128847, at *4 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1999); see also In re Burson, 909 S.W.2d 768. Nor did the act of filing that form with
the court clerk require any legal judgment. See Est. of Green v. Carthage Gen. Hosp., Inc.,
246 S.W.3d 582, 586 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).
That leaves the one-page document purporting to provide generic information about the
lien. As an initial matter, we agree with Evans that the document is badly written and likely
inaccurate in some respects. But the document was unrelated to any court appearance or the
preparation of “papers, pleadings, or documents . . . in connection with proceedings pending”
before a court or similar body. Tenn. Code Ann. § 23-3-101(3). Nor did the provision of that
document require a “lawyer's educated ability to relate the general body and philosophy of law to
a specific legal problem of a client.” In re Burson, 909 S.W.2d at 776; see also Glasgow, 1999 WL
1128847, at *3 n.4. This case is therefore different from In re Rose, 314 B.R. 663 (Bankr. E.D.
Tenn. 2004), in which a non-lawyer advised customers as to how to file a bankruptcy petition and
other documents in bankruptcy court. Rose, 314 B.R. at 696–700. Thus, whatever one might say
about Avectus’s one-page document, it did not constitute the practice of law.
The district court’s judgment is affirmed.
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