Bharat B. Patel v. BancorpSouth Bank , 187 So. 3d 1060 ( 2016 )


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  •         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
    NO. 2014-CA-01312-COA
    BHARAT B. PATEL, NEW VISION BRANDON                                     APPELLANTS
    PLAZA, LLC, AND JAGDISH A. BAROT
    v.
    BANCORPSOUTH BANK                                                          APPELLEE
    DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        08/14/2014
    TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. THOMAS J. GARDNER III
    COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               LEE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                B. WAYNE WILLIAMS
    LAWRENCE M. COCO III
    NORMA CARR RUFF
    DAN W. WEBB
    R. PATRICK MCCRANEY
    ANDREW WALKER ALDERMAN
    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                  LES ALVIS
    J. CHASE BRYAN
    KEVIN B. SMITH
    NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CIVIL - CONTRACT
    TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:                 NEW VISION AND BAROT’S MOTION TO
    DISMISS AND COMPEL ARBITRATION
    DENIED; PATEL’S MOTION TO DISMISS
    AND TRANSFER DENIED
    DISPOSITION:                             REVERSED, RENDERED, AND
    REMANDED – 03/03/2016
    MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
    MANDATE ISSUED:
    EN BANC.
    IRVING, P. J., FOR THE COURT:
    ¶1.    Bharat B. Patel, New Vision Brandon Plaza LLC, and Jagdish A. Barot (collectively
    “the Defendants,” unless the context dictates otherwise) appeal a Lee County Circuit Court
    judgment in favor of BancorpSouth that denied Patel’s motion to compel arbitration.
    Finding that the circuit court misapplied the law, we reverse and render the judgment of the
    circuit court and remand this case with directions to dismiss BancorpSouth’s lawsuit, and
    send the case to binding arbitration.
    PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
    ¶2.    In 2009, BancorpSouth held a deed of trust on a parcel of undeveloped commercial
    property of approximately thirty-five acres located in Rankin County, Mississippi. In March
    2009, the property was facing foreclosure. The Defendants purchased the property before
    the foreclosure sale, but would later claim that they had been fraudulently induced to
    purchase it based on a bid amount, set by BancorpSouth, of $5.3 million and that
    BancorpSouth had failed to disclose that the property contained wetlands that required
    remediation.
    ¶3.    At the time of purchase, New Vision executed a promissory note (the Note) and a deed
    of trust. By separate, individual agreements (the Guaranties), Barot and Patel guaranteed
    payment of the Note. The Note and the Guaranties contained similar, but not identical,
    arbitration provisions. Section 29 of the Note states:
    Any and all claims, disputes[,] or controversies . . . by either Borrower or
    Lender . . . arising from or relating to (a) this Note . . . shall be resolved upon
    the election of Borrower or Lender or said third parties, by binding arbitration
    pursuant to this Section 29 and the code of procedure of the entity which is the
    Arbitration Organization at the time the Claim is filed.
    (Emphasis in original). Section 22 of the Guaranties similarly states:
    2
    Any claim, dispute[,] or controversy . . . by either Borrower, Guarantor[,] or
    Bank . . . arising from or relating to (a) any of the Obligations [of the
    Guaranty] . . . SHALL BE resolved upon the election of Guarantor or Bank .
    . . by BINDING ARBITRATION pursuant to this Arbitration Provision and
    the Code of Procedure of the Arbitration Organization in effect at the time the
    Claim is filed and all Claims shall be filed at any Arbitration Organization
    office.
    (Emphasis in original).
    ¶4.    On September 5, 2012, BancorpSouth filed suit against the Defendants in the Lee
    County Circuit Court (the Lee County Action) to collect the unpaid balance of the loan. On
    September 20, 2012, before answering the Lee County Action,1 the Defendants filed a
    lawsuit in the Rankin County Circuit Court (Rankin County Action) to rescind and avoid the
    Note and Guaranties, demanding a jury trial and claiming they were fraudulently induced by
    BancorpSouth to buy the property. The Defendants also claimed that they had defaulted on
    the loan, with an unpaid balance of $4,926,116.39, because they could not develop the
    property due to the fact that it contained wetlands.
    ¶5.    On October 24, 2012, BancorpSouth filed a motion to dismiss the Rankin County
    Action under the first-to-file rule2 or, alternatively, to transfer the case to Lee County.
    1
    The docket contained in the record reflects that summonses were issued on
    September 5, 2012, for the Defendants, but it does not show that the any of the summonses
    were ever served. Additionally, the record reflects that on October 31, 2012, a lawyer
    entered an appearance on behalf of Patel only.
    2
    The first-to-file rule is well established in Mississippi: “[W]here two suits between
    the same parties over the same controversy are brought in courts of concurrent jurisdiction,
    the court which first acquires jurisdiction retains jurisdiction over the whole controversy to
    the exclusion or abatement of the second suit.” Issaquena Warren Ctys. Land Co. v. Warren
    Cty., 
    996 So. 2d 747
    , 750 (¶8) (Miss. 2008) (quoting RAS Family Partners LP v. Onnam
    3
    ¶6.    On November 19, 2012, New Vision and Barot filed, in the Lee County Action, a joint
    answer, a compulsory counterclaim, and a motion to dismiss and compel arbitration. The
    fifth defense in their answer affirmatively asserted their right to arbitration as specified in
    both the Note and Guaranties. The counterclaim was asserted “without waiving and
    expressly preserving [New Vision and Barot’s] right to arbitration.” On the same day, Patel
    separately answered the Lee County Action. He raised forty-six affirmative defenses in his
    answer, but did not raise arbitration. However, in a separately filed motion to dismiss, Patel,
    by reference, adopted Barot and New Vision’s motion to dismiss and compel arbitration. He
    also filed a motion to transfer the case to the Rankin County Circuit Court.
    ¶7.    The Rankin County Circuit Court heard BancorpSouth’s motion to dismiss in April
    2013, one week before the hearing in the Lee County Action on New Vision and Barot’s
    motion to compel arbitration. On April 29, 2013, the Rankin County Chancery Court
    dismissed the Rankin County Action under the first-to-file rule, and on August 15, 2014, the
    Lee County Circuit Court denied New Vision and Barot’s motion to dismiss and compel
    arbitration, as well as Patel’s motion to dismiss and/or to transfer the case to Rankin County.
    The trial court found that the Defendants had waived their contractual right to arbitration by
    engaging in conduct inconsistent with arbitration (filing the Rankin County Action). The
    Defendants have timely appealed.
    DISCUSSION
    Biloxi LLC, 
    968 So. 2d 926
    , 929 (¶16) (Miss. 2007)).
    4
    ¶8.    On appeal, the grant or denial of a motion to compel arbitration is reviewed de novo.
    Nutt v. Wyatt, 
    107 So. 3d 989
    , 993 (¶10) (Miss. 2013) (quoting Scruggs v. Wyatt, 
    60 So. 3d 758
    , 766 (¶16) (Miss. 2011)). We also note that so far as we can tell, there is no Mississippi
    precedent addressing the unique facts presented in today’s case—whether a defendant who
    is obligated to arbitrate a matter waives that right by initiating litigation concerning that
    matter in a separate lawsuit.
    ¶9.    The circuit court, in denying the Defendants’ motion to dismiss and compel arbitration
    in the Lee County Action, found that the Defendants had waived their contractual right to
    arbitrate by initiating the Rankin County Action. In support, the circuit court cited Century
    21 Maselle & Associates v. Smith, 
    965 So. 2d 1031
     (Miss. 2007). Century 21 promulgated
    the test that arbitration can be waived by a party through “either active participation or
    substantial invocation of the litigation process which results in detriment or prejudice to the
    other party, or engaging in conduct inconsistent with timely enforcing the arbitration
    agreement . . . .” 
    Id. at 1036
     (¶8). The circuit court applied the second alternative of the test,
    stating that the Defendants had engaged in “conduct [(the filing of the Rankin County
    Action)] inconsistent” with enforcing the arbitration agreement; thus, arbitration was
    waived.3
    3
    The trial court further found the compulsory counterclaim by New Vision, Barot,
    and Patel in the Lee County Action, and Patel’s seeking to transfer this cause to Rankin
    County, were also inconsistent with requesting arbitration, and confirmed the waiver of
    arbitration.
    5
    ¶10.   “[P]arties claiming waiver must offer sufficient evidence at a hearing to overcome the
    presumption in favor of arbitration.” 
    Id.
     The parties here agree that Century 21 is binding,
    and that the second alternative of the test—“engaging in conduct inconsistent with timely
    enforcing the arbitration agreement”—is applicable. BancorpSouth claims this test is
    applicable to New Vision, Barot, and Patel as plaintiffs in the Rankin County Action. We
    agree, but they are not seeking to arbitrate matters in that action. And, as we discuss below,
    what they did as plaintiffs in the Rankin County Action is material to that action, and what
    the defendants did, or failed to do, in the Lee County Action is material to that action.
    ¶11.   In support of their argument that their filing of the Rankin County Action does not
    constitute waiver or preclude arbitration in the Lee County Action, the Defendants point to
    the Mississippi Supreme Court’s pronouncement in Mississippi Credit Center Inc. v. Horton,
    
    926 So. 2d 167
     (Miss. 2006):
    [N]either delay in pursuing the right to compel arbitration nor participation in
    the judicial process, standing alone, will constitute a waiver. That is to say, a
    party who invokes the right to compel arbitration and pursues that right will
    not ordinarily waive the right simply because of involvement in the litigation
    process . . . .
    Id. at 180 (¶41). The Defendants argue that their right to arbitrate was timely asserted
    approximately two and one-half months after the Lee County Action was filed; thus,
    according to Horton, waiver of arbitration was precluded. By this argument, it appears that
    the Defendants tacitly agree that their actions, as plaintiffs, in the Rankin County Action are
    relevant to the Lee County Action, where they are defendants. If that is what the Defendants
    6
    are asserting, we disagree with that part of their argument. However, we agree that the
    Defendants timely asserted their right to arbitrate in the Lee County Action, as the record
    reveals that they asserted that right in their initial filings.
    ¶12.   Since none of the parties assert that the actions undertaken by the Defendants in the
    Lee County Action to compel arbitration were untimely, we will not discuss this issue any
    further. The heart of BancorpSouth’s argument is not the timeliness of the Defendants’
    assertion of their right to arbitrate within the Lee County Action, but the Defendants’ filing
    of the Rankin County Action and its impact on their right to compel arbitration in the Lee
    County Action.
    ¶13.   While we agree that Century 21 is controlling, we find that the circuit court
    misapplied it. In a lawsuit brought by a plaintiff, the right to compel arbitration of the issues
    contained in the plaintiff’s lawsuit belongs to the defendant if there exists an arbitration
    agreement, executed by the plaintiff and defendant, that covers the matters addressed in the
    lawsuit. Therefore, it seems obvious that by initiating the Rankin County Action, the
    Defendants, who were plaintiffs in that action, waived their right to arbitrate the matters
    contained in that lawsuit because the filing of the action itself is inconsistent with a desire
    to take advantage of the right to arbitrate. So had the Rankin County Action been initiated
    first and remained viable, the Defendants, who were plaintiffs there, would not have been
    able at some point later to change their minds and seek arbitration. By the same token, it can
    be legitimately argued that by initiating the Lee County Action, BancorpSouth waived its
    7
    right to arbitrate the issues contained in that suit, but the same cannot be said about Patel,
    New Vision, and Barot because they are the defendants in the Lee County Action.
    ¶14.   The Defendants argue that Nutt is dispositive. Nutt involved two suits over the
    amount of attorney fees owed to Derek Wyatt as a result of work he performed in connection
    with litigation on behalf of Hurricane Katrina insureds. Nutt, 
    107 So. 3d at 991-92
     (¶¶3-5).
    It was not disputed that David H. Nutt and others entered into a contract with Wyatt whereby
    Nutt and others engaged Wyatt’s services. The dispute was over the nature of the agreement.
    Wyatt insisted that he was part of the Katrina Joint Venture (KJV) that Scruggs Law Firm
    Inc., Nutt & McAlister PLLC, and others formed to represent Hurricane Katrina insureds and
    that he was entitled to a minimum ten percent fee-sharing interest in the KJV cases. 
    Id.
     On
    the other hand, Nutt and the others’ position was that they orally agreed to pay Wyatt an
    annual salary plus a bonus based on ten percent of the net fees that Nutt received from cases
    on which Wyatt provided substantial services to clients. Id.
    ¶15.   The first suit was filed by Nutt in the Chancery Court of Madison County, which the
    supreme court described as follows:
    Nutt, et al., filed a “Verified Petition for Replevin and Complaint for
    Declaratory Judgment to Adjudicate Amount Owed by Nutt & McAlister,
    PLLC to Wyatt, or Amount Owed by Wyatt to Nutt & McAlister, PLLC”. . .
    . In that action, Nutt, et al., sought a declaration of obligations related to the
    oral employment contract with Wyatt; their complaint did not refer to the KJV,
    and they did not aver that Wyatt was a party to the KJV.
    Id. at 991 (¶4). The second suit was filed by Wyatt in the Lafayette Circuit Court (Lafayette
    County Case) against Scruggs, Nutt, and others. That suit claimed that he had been “denied
    8
    his share of KJV attorney fees as agreed upon by Nutt and McAlister.” Id. at 991-92 (¶5).
    Nutt and others filed a motion to transfer the Lafayette County Case to Madison County or
    to stay the proceedings in the Lafayette County Case pending a final judgment in the
    Madison County proceedings. The trial court denied the motion. Id. at 992 (¶6). Scruggs
    then filed a motion to compel arbitration in the Lafayette County Case, “seeking to compel
    Wyatt to arbitrate his claims against them under the arbitration provision in the [Katrina Joint
    Venture Agreement (KJVA)].” Id. at (¶7). The circuit court denied the motion but stayed
    the proceedings pending an appeal by Scruggs. Id.
    ¶16.   On appeal, the supreme court found that the KJVA arbitration provision was valid and
    that it applied to Wyatt’s claims against Scruggs under the “direct-benefit rule” even though
    Wyatt was not a signatory to the KJVA. Id. at (¶8). Therefore, the supreme court reversed
    and remanded the Lafayette County Case.
    ¶17.   Immediately after remand, Nutt “filed a motion to remove the earlier stay granted by
    the [circuit court] and to compel arbitration of Wyatt’s claim.” Id. at 993 (¶9). The circuit
    court denied Nutt’s motion even though it found, based on the supreme court’s ruling in the
    Scruggs appeal, that the arbitration provision was also applicable to the Nutt defendants. Id.
    The circuit court explained that
    Nutt [and others] had waived their right to compel arbitration by: (1) filing a
    motion to transfer venue prior to filing their motion to compel arbitration; (2)
    delaying 595 days before filing their motion to compel arbitration; and (3)
    filing a prior action in Madison County Chancery Court seeking declaratory
    judgment regarding Wyatt’s rights under the oral employment contract.
    9
    Id. Nutt appealed.
    ¶18.   On appeal, although the supreme court discussed Nutt’s prior filing in the Madison
    County Chancery Court and the nature of that filing being different than the basis asserted
    by Wyatt in the Lafayette County Case, it is clear from any objective reading of Nutt that the
    supreme court’s holding was premised solely on Nutt’s action in the Lafayette County Case
    where he was a defendant, not what he did prior to being made a defendant. Here is what the
    supreme court said:
    In their first responsive pleading, before this [c]ourt’s decision that the Katrina
    JVA applied to Wyatt’s claims, Nutt, et al., preserved their right in the
    alternative to compel arbitration, in the event of a judicial determination that
    the Katrina JVA applied to Wyatt’s claims. When we declared that the Katrina
    JVA did apply, they timely filed a motion to compel arbitration, within one
    week of the mandate. We find that the conduct of Nutt, et al., was consistent
    with timely seeking to compel arbitration, once this [c]ourt held that Wyatt’s
    claims were related to the Katrina JVA. Accordingly, we conclude that Nutt,
    et al., did not waive their right to enforce the provision.
    Id. at 994-95 (¶14). At another point in the opinion, the supreme court said this:
    We find that Nutt, et al., did not actively participate in litigation or
    substantially invoke the litigation process in this case before seeking to
    enforce the provision, nor did they conduct themselves inconsistently with
    timely enforcing the provisions. The trial court erred by finding that Nutt, et
    al., waived their right to compel arbitration by participating in litigation and
    delaying filing a motion to compel arbitration.
    Id. at 996 (¶19) (emphasis added). It is clear that the ultimate matter in dispute in both the
    Madison County Case and the Lafayette County Case was attorney fees, if any, owed to
    Wyatt, although the parties pursued different theories or avenues to get to a determination
    in that regard. So while our case is not factually on all-fours with Nutt, we nevertheless
    10
    believe it is instructive on the law to be applied here.
    ¶19.    The dissent apparently concludes that the reason the supreme court held in Nutt that
    Nutt’s prior filing of the Madison County lawsuit had not waived his right to arbitrate
    Wyatt’s claim against it in the Lafayette County Case is because the two actions dealt with
    very different matters—an employment agreement and a joint-venture agreement. That is
    not an entirely accurate characterization of the lawsuits. There was only one agreement,
    which was an oral employment agreement. The dispute was over whether that oral
    agreement fell within the parameters of the arbitration provision of the KJVA even though
    Wyatt was not a signatory to it. As stated, Nutt, taking the position that the KJVA was
    inapplicable—though not directly litigating that issue in the Madison County Case—sought
    instead in the Madison County Case a declaration of obligations related to the oral
    employment contract with Wyatt. It is not reasonably debatable that the Nutt decision
    declared that one of the obligations related to the oral employment contract is that it was
    subject to the arbitration provision of the KJVA, which was the subject matter of Lafayette
    County Case. So it is clear that the two lawsuits were related but employed procedurally
    different mechanisms to resolve the attorney’s fee dispute between the antagonists in the
    lawsuits. In any event, there is nothing in Nutt warranting the extrapolation that if the
    pleadings in Nutt’s Madison County Case had mentioned the KJVA, the result would have
    been a finding that he waived his right to arbitrate Wyatt’s claim in the Lafayette County
    Case.
    11
    ¶20.   We also find the dissent’s and BancorpSouth’s reliance on United States ex rel. Frank
    A. Trucco & Sons Co. v. Bregman Construction Corp., 
    256 F.2d 851
    , 852 (7th Cir. 1958),
    unavailing in light of the Nutt decision. Even so, we will briefly discuss the Trucco decision.
    There, Bregman Construction (Bregman) initially sued Frank A. Trucco & Sons’ (Trucco)
    surety in the state of New York for Trucco’s breach of a public-works subcontract that
    contained an arbitration provision. 
    Id.
     Trucco then sued Bregman in Indiana for breach of
    the same subcontract, and Bregman tried to invoke the arbitration provision. 
    Id.
     The district
    court ruled that Bregman waived its right to arbitrate because of its filing suit in New York.
    
    Id.
     The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit stated:
    [T]he district court properly determined this matter. To hold otherwise would
    place Bregman in the unique and untenable position of demanding the right to
    litigate one phase of its dispute with Trucco while at the same time insisting
    upon arbitration of another phase of its dispute, all of such controversy arising
    out of its sub-contract with the other disputants.
    ****
    We hold, in the instant case, that Bregman, by filing its New York action,
    repudiated its own promise to arbitrate as set out in its sub-contract with
    Trucco. This repudiation gave use-plaintiff the election of arbitration which
    it did not exercise in the New York action. By filing its complaint under the
    Miller Act in this court use-plaintiff then made its election not to arbitrate.
    Thus, each party elected not to arbitrate, the one by filing an action in New
    York for alleged failures on a performance bond, and the other by bringing suit
    in Indiana for money alleged due for labor and materials under a payment
    bond, both actions arising out of the same sub-contract. We hold that Bregman
    thereby conclusively waived its right to arbitration in the instant case.
    
    Id. at 853-54
    .
    ¶21.   We acknowledge that the facts in Trucco are somewhat comparable to our facts, but
    12
    point out that they are different in a significant aspect in that in Trucco, Bregman, the party
    seeking to compel arbitration, apparently was not precluded from continuing his pursuit of
    the separate litigation that he had initiated.4 Here, the Defendants were unable to pursue the
    Rankin County Action because of the first-to-file rule. That was not the case in Trucco;
    otherwise Trucco would not have been able to maintain its lawsuit. Further, had Bergman’s
    separate lawsuit been dismissed at the time of the hearing on its motion in Trucco to compel
    arbitration, there would have been no reason for the Seventh Circuit’s finding that Bregman
    was “demanding the right to litigate one phase of its dispute with Trucco while at the same
    time insisting upon arbitration of another phase of its dispute.” Here, at the time that the Lee
    County circuit judge denied the Defendants’ motion to compel, more than four months had
    passed since the Defendants’ Rankin County Action had been dismissed. So here, unlike
    Bergman’s position in Trucco, the Defendants’ position was not untenable as they were not
    attempting to have their dispute with BancorpSouth resolved by both a jury panel and an
    arbitration panel. The most that they did was seek a transfer of the Lee County Action to
    Rankin County.
    ¶22.   We also agree with Patel’s argument that the Rankin County Action could not
    constitute a waiver of arbitration because that court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. Under
    the priority-jurisdiction rule, jurisdiction was established in Lee County before the
    4
    The Trucco decision does not inform us as to the time proximity of the filing of
    Bregman’s lawsuit and the filing of Trucco’s lawsuit.
    13
    Defendants filed their Rankin County Action. Therefore, it seems logical to us that the
    Rankin County Action had no ability to impact the rights of any party and could not support
    waiver.
    ¶23.   For the reasons discussed, we find that the circuit court erred in refusing to grant the
    Defendants’ motion to compel. Consequently, we reverse and render the judgment of the
    circuit court and remand this case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    ¶24. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LEE COUNTY IS
    REVERSED AND RENDERED, AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED WITH
    DIRECTIONS TO DISMISS BANCORPSOUTH’S LAWSUIT AND SEND THIS
    CASE TO BINDING ARBITRATION. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE
    ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANTS.
    LEE, C.J., CARLTON, FAIR AND JAMES, JJ., CONCUR. WILSON, J.,
    CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.
    BARNES, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY
    GRIFFIS, P.J., ISHEE AND GREENLEE, JJ.
    BARNES, J., DISSENTING:
    ¶25.   I respectfully dissent. The trial court properly found Defendants’ filing suit in Rankin
    Count constituted an act inconsistent with arbitration. Therefore, I would affirm the trial
    court’s denial of Defendants’ motion to dismiss and compel arbitration.
    ¶26.   This case involves the unique situation where Defendants requested arbitration on
    repayment of the Note and Guaranties in this suit after filing suit in another county “arising
    from or relating to” the same documents. The trial court, in denying Defendants’ motion to
    dismiss and compel arbitration, found that Defendants waived their contractual right to
    arbitrate, citing in support Century 21 Maselle & Associates v. Smith, 
    965 So. 2d 1031
     (Miss.
    14
    2007). Century 21 promulgated the test that arbitration can be waived by a party through
    “either active participation or substantial invocation of the litigation process which results
    in detriment or prejudice to the other party, or engaging in conduct inconsistent with timely
    enforcing the arbitration agreement . . . .” 
    Id. at 1036
     (¶8). The trial court correctly applied
    the second alternative of the test, stating that the filing of the Rankin County Action
    constituted “conduct inconsistent” with enforcing the arbitration agreement; thus, arbitration
    was waived.5
    ¶27.   While “waiver of arbitration is not a favored finding,” Mississippi does “recognize
    waiver when the party seeking arbitration takes actions inconsistent with enforcing
    arbitration . . . .” Nutt v. Wyatt, 
    107 So. 3d 989
    , 993 (¶11) (Miss. 2013). “[P]arties claiming
    waiver must offer sufficient evidence at a hearing to overcome the presumption in favor of
    arbitration.” Century 21, 
    965 So. 2d at 1036
     (¶8). The parties agree that Century 21 is
    binding, and the second alternative of the test – “engaging in conduct inconsistent with
    timely enforcing the arbitration agreement” – is applicable. BancorpSouth claims this test
    5
    The trial court further found the compulsory counterclaim by New Vision, Barot,
    and Patel in the Lee County Action, and Patel’s seeking to transfer this cause to Rankin
    County, were also inconsistent with requesting arbitration, and confirmed the waiver of
    arbitration. Since the counterclaim was compulsory under Mississippi Rule of Civil
    Procedure 13(a), however, I disagree with the trial court that the counterclaim contributed
    to the waiver of arbitration. Had the compulsory counterclaim not been asserted, New Vision
    and Barot would have been subject to a claim of waiver. See M.R.C.P. 13(a) Advisory
    Committee Notes (Subject to the exceptions, “counterclaims are compulsory if they arise out
    of the same transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s
    claim”; generally, compulsory counterclaims are asserted in pending litigation to avoid
    waiver.).
    15
    is applicable to New Vision, Barot, and Patel as plaintiffs in the Rankin County Action,
    because they commenced the Rankin County Action before they filed an answer or any other
    pleading in the Lee County Action. Defendants insist that the filing of the Rankin County
    Action in no way impacted their right to arbitrate in the Lee County Action. I agree with the
    trial court that although in Century 21 the test was applied to defendants, it can properly be
    applied to plaintiffs as well.
    ¶28.   Defendants claim that mere involvement in the litigation or judicial process does not
    constitute waiver, citing Mississippi Credit Center Inc. v. Horton, 
    926 So. 2d 167
    , 180 (¶41)
    (Miss. 2006):6
    [N]either delay in pursuing the right to compel arbitration nor participation in
    the judicial process, standing alone, will constitute a waiver. That is to say, a
    party who invokes the right to compel arbitration and pursues that right will
    not ordinarily waive the right simply because of involvement in the litigation
    process . . . .
    They argue their right to arbitrate was timely asserted approximately two and one-half
    months after the Lee County Action was filed; thus, according to Horton, waiver of
    arbitration was precluded.
    ¶29.   However, Defendants ignore the fact that this case deals with two separately filed
    suits, unlike Horton and numerous other cases Defendants cite. This case is unique in that
    6
    In Horton, while the defendants timely asserted their right to compel arbitration in
    their answers, they did not file a motion to compel arbitration in a reasonable time, and
    “proceeded to substantially engage the litigation process” for eight months. Horton, 926 So.
    2d at 180 (¶¶41, 43). Because of both delay and engaging in the litigation process, the
    supreme court found the defendants’ right to arbitration was waived. Id. at 181 (¶¶45-46).
    16
    it deals with the interaction of two separate cases and waiver of the contractual right to
    arbitrate. It is not the timeliness of asserting the right to arbitrate within the Lee County
    Action that is at issue, but the filing of the Rankin County Action, and its impact on
    Defendants’ right to compel arbitration of the Lee County Action. The proper time to raise
    arbitration is at the time the party first advances arbitrable issues. Galion Iron Works & Mfg.
    v. J.D. Adams Mfg., 
    128 F.2d 411
    , 414 (7th Cir. 1942). New Vision, Barot, and Patel made
    the strategic decision to file a lawsuit demanding a jury trial in Rankin County concerning
    the same issues that they later raised in their Lee County counterclaim. It is obvious that
    Defendants wanted to litigate; they just did not want to litigate in Lee County. As admitted
    by Defendants in oral argument, they filed a compulsory counterclaim, but only wanted to
    arbitrate BancorpSouth’s claim for repayment. They wanted a jury trial in Rankin County
    on their claims against BancorpSouth. They contended, as they did below, that the Rankin
    County Action would only be arbitrated if BancorpSouth demanded arbitration.7 This
    7
    At the trial court hearing, counsel for New Vision and Barot stated:
    Your Honor, if I might respond to one thing that [BancorpSouth’s counsel] just
    said . . . I want to make sure that I’m clear in terms of the nature of the Rankin
    County case versus the nature of this case. The Rankin County case, again, is
    our claims against BancorpSouth. And it may be that we have waived the right
    to arbitrate our claims against them. Now it’s up to them [as] to whether or not
    they want to arbitrate those.
    But as it relates to their claims against us which are pending here, we have
    invoked our right to arbitration. So there is a distinction there that they want
    to somehow merge together, but they are distinct claims.
    17
    rationale, however, ignores the contractual language that “any and all claims, disputes and
    controversies . . . arising from or relating to” the Note are to be resolved by arbitration at the
    election of the borrower or lender. There is no contractual provision for splitting a cause of
    action between arbitration and litigation.
    ¶30.   Under Century 21, prosecuting the Rankin County Action is inconsistent with
    arbitration and constitutes waiver. At the time New Vision and Barot invoked arbitration in
    the Lee County Action, they were seeking to litigate their claims against BancorpSouth in
    Rankin County. It was only because BancorpSouth had “beaten them to the courthouse” that
    arbitration even became an issue.8 Defendants also argue that BancorpSouth has shown no
    prejudice by the filing of the Rankin County Action. However, under the second alternative
    of the Century 21 waiver rule, there is no requirement of prejudice to the other party.
    Century 21, 
    965 So. 2d at 1036
     (¶8).
    ¶31.   Defendants rely on Nutt as dispositive. Nutt involved two suits, and held that a
    plaintiff bringing a court action seeking limited relief does not waive the plaintiff’s right to
    arbitrate other issues. Nutt, 
    107 So. 3d at 995
     (¶14). In Nutt, the plaintiff, David Nutt, filed
    a lawsuit in Madison County Chancery Court on an employment agreement seeking replevin
    and a declaratory judgment from Derek Wyatt. 
    Id. at 991
     (¶4). Then, Wyatt sued Nutt in
    8
    Similarly, Patel was the co-plaintiff in the Rankin County Action, and did not raise
    arbitration as an affirmative defense when he filed his answer in the Lee County Action.
    Further, Patel filed a motion to transfer venue of the Lee County Action to Rankin County,
    not a motion to compel arbitration. These actions confirm Patel’s desire to litigate, not
    arbitrate.
    18
    Lafayette County Circuit Court for attorney’s fees claimed under a joint-venture agreement.
    
    Id. at 991-92
     (¶5). Nutt invoked arbitration in the second suit, and the trial court denied it
    as waived. 
    Id. at 993
     (¶9). The supreme court reversed the trial court’s judgment, however,
    holding that Nutt’s filing of the first suit in Madison County was not a waiver of the right to
    arbitrate Wyatt’s claims in Lafayette County because the two actions dealt with very different
    matters – an employment agreement and a joint-venture agreement. 
    Id. at 993, 996
     (¶¶9, 18).
    Here, New Vision and Barot’s compulsory counterclaim in the Lee County Action and their
    earlier-filed Rankin County Action both clearly “aris[e] from or relat[e] to” the contractual
    documents that formed the basis for BancorpSouth’s Lee County complaint. Whether
    Defendants owe BancorpSouth repayment on the Note and Guaranties is central to both
    suits.9 Thus, Nutt is distinguishable.
    ¶32.   I find United States ex rel. Frank A. Trucco & Sons Co. v. Bregman Construction
    Corp., 
    256 F.2d 851
    , 852 (7th Cir. 1958), cited by BancorpSouth, instructive. Bregman
    initially sued Trucco’s surety in the state of New York for Trucco’s breach of a public-works
    subcontract that contained an arbitration provision. 
    Id.
     Trucco then sued Bregman in
    Indiana for breach of the same subcontract, and Bregman tried to invoke the arbitration
    provision. 
    Id.
     The district court ruled that Bregman waived its right to arbitrate because of
    its filing suit in New York. 
    Id.
     The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
    9
    BancorpSouth’s Lee County Action seeks enforcement of the Note and two
    Guaranties. As noted by the Lee County Circuit Court, the Lee County counterclaim was
    “almost identical” to the allegations of the Rankin County complaint.
    19
    held:
    [T]he district court properly determined this matter. To hold otherwise would
    place Bregman in the unique and untenable position of demanding the right to
    litigate one phase of its dispute with Trucco while at the same time insisting
    upon arbitration of another phase of its dispute, all of such controversy arising
    out of its sub-contract with the other disputants.
    
    Id. at 853
    .
    ¶33.    Here, New Vision and Barot were demanding the right to litigate their claims against
    BancorpSouth in Rankin County while insisting upon arbitration of BancorpSouth’s claims.
    I agree with the Seventh Circuit that this would be an “untenable position.” The trial court
    did not err in finding Defendants’ act of filing suit in Rankin County “inconsistent with
    arbitration.”
    ¶34.    Patel filed supplemental authority under Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure
    28(k), claiming the Rankin County Action could not constitute waiver of arbitration because
    that court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. Patel states, under the priority-jurisdiction rule,
    jurisdiction was established in Lee County, and Rankin County was without subject-matter
    jurisdiction. Since the Rankin County Action lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, and thus
    was dismissed without prejudice and not on the merits, Patel argues the Rankin County
    Action had no ability to impact the rights of any party, and could not support waiver. I do
    not find this argument persuasive; the suit was filed and prosecuted with the intent to litigate,
    which are acts inconsistent with waiver.
    ¶35.    Defendants further argue that BancorpSouth has “contracted away [its] right to claim
    20
    waiver.” Both the Note and Guaranties provide: “IF ARBITRATION IS NOT CHOSEN
    BY EITHER PARTY AT ANY STAGE OF AN ACTION OR PROCEEDING IN COURT,
    BOTH BORROWER AND LENDER HEREBY WAIVE ALL RIGHTS TO TRIAL BY
    JURY.” (Emphasis in original). New Vision and Barot interpret this to mean that they may
    assert arbitration at any time. I do not. As BancorpSouth notes, this provision is located
    under a separate heading: “WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL.” In context, the provision indicates
    that no party will have the right to a jury trial even if the dispute is not arbitrated; it does not
    mean the parties can raise arbitration at any time.10
    ¶36.   Lastly, at oral argument, New Vision and Barot claimed the following language from
    the Note means that the act of instituting a lawsuit is not a waiver of arbitration: “THE
    INITIATION OF A CLASS ACTION OR AN ACTION IN WHICH BORROWER IS ONE
    OF TWO OR MORE PLAINTIFFS SHALL NOT RELIEVE EITHER PARTY FROM THE
    OBLIGATIONS OF ARBITRATION CONTEMPLATED BY THIS SECTION 29.” New
    Vision and Barot, however, read the provision out of context. The full third paragraph of
    Section 29 of the Note provides:
    IN THE EVENT BORROWER INITIATES AN ACTION AT LAW OR IN
    EQUITY AGAINST LENDER EITHER AS A MULTI-PLAINTIFF
    LAWSUIT OR IN A CLASS ACTION LAWSUIT, THE PROVISIONS OF
    10
    Patel relatedly argues that BancorpSouth breached the arbitration provisions by
    taking the position that Defendants waived the right to arbitrate. I am not persuaded by this
    argument. BancorpSouth’s assertion of waiver does not breach the arbitration agreement any
    more than Defendants breached the agreement by demanding a jury trial in the Rankin
    County Action in violation of the Note and Guaranties.
    21
    THIS SECTION 29 SHALL APPLY TO BORROWER, ALONE OR AS AN
    INDIVIDUAL AND SHALL NOT APPLY SO AS TO REQUIRE
    ARBITRATION FOR A PLAINTIFF CLASS OR FOR A GROUP OF
    PLAINTIFFS, BORROWER BEING INDIVIDUALLY AND SEPARATELY
    BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS SECTION 29 RATHER THAN AS A
    CLASS REPRESENTATIVE OR GROUP.         MOREOVER, THE
    INITIATION OF A CLASS ACTION OR AN ACTION IN WHICH
    BORROWER IS ONE OF TWO OR MORE PLAINTIFFS SHALL NOT
    RELIEVE EITHER PARTY FROM THE OBLIGATIONS OF
    ARBITRATION CONTEMPLATED BY THIS SECTION 29.
    ¶37.   The paragraph clearly addresses two separate situations. The first part concerns class
    arbitration. See generally Thomas H. Oehmke, Oehmke Commercial Arbitration § 16:9
    (Defenses to class arbitration – Prohibition on class arbitration); § 16:13 (Defenses to class
    arbitration – Waiver of class arbitration) (3rd ed. 2015). In the event the borrower (New
    Vision) initiates a class action (or multi-party action) against BancorpSouth, the arbitration
    provisions only apply to the individual borrower, and election by BancorpSouth to arbitrate
    will not require arbitration for a plaintiff class or group of plaintiffs. The second concerns
    the rights of the unwilling class members or “involuntary plaintiffs.” See In re Piper Funds
    Inc., 
    71 F.3d 298
    , 303-04 (8th Cir. 1995) (contractual right to arbitrate “may not be sacrificed
    on the altar of efficient class action management”; “unwilling class member’s right to
    arbitrate may not be held hostage . . . .”); M.R.C.P. 19(a) (joinder of parties; involuntary
    plaintiffs). The last sentence, written in the passive, versus active, voice, provides that if a
    class or multi-party action is filed and the borrower is one of the plaintiffs, that alone will not
    prevent the borrower from exercising its right to arbitrate. This situation applies if the
    lawsuit is initiated and the borrower is a plaintiff; it does not state that the borrower can
    22
    initiate the action and still demand arbitration. Had the parties intended that result, the
    provision would have been written in the same manner as the first sentence: “[I]n the event
    borrower initiates an action at law or in equity against lender . . . .” It was not. Further, it
    would make no sense for the contract to provide that a party could not be found to have
    waived arbitration if it filed a lawsuit on behalf of two or more plaintiffs without a
    corresponding provision regarding filing as a singular plaintiff. Lastly, this paragraph
    concerning class action and multi-plaintiff lawsuits is found only in the Note but not the
    Guaranties; therefore, if New Vision’s interpretation is correct, the result would mean that
    New Vision had not waived arbitration by filing the Rankin County Action but, having no
    similar provision in the Guaranties, Barot and Patel would have waived their rights to
    arbitrate. I do not accept New Vision and Barot’s interpretation of this last sentence.
    ¶38.   Based on the foregoing, I find the trial court correctly determined that Defendants
    waived their right to arbitrate by filing the Rankin County Action. Accordingly, I would
    affirm the trial court’s denial of Defendants’ motion to dismiss and compel arbitration.
    GRIFFIS, P.J., ISHEE AND GREENLEE, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.
    23