United States v. Roye ( 2021 )

19-2644-cr
United States v. Roye
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
"SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 12th day of January, two thousand twenty-one.
PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI,
REENA RAGGI,
DENNY CHIN,
Circuit Judges.
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
-v- 19-2644-cr
JIMEL FRANK, AKA 30, AKA Velly,
Defendant,
KARL ROYE, AKA Eagle,
Defendant-Appellant.
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FOR APPELLEE: JOHN T. PIERPONT, JR., Assistant United
States Attorney (Marc H. Silverman, Assistant
United States Attorney, on the brief), for John H.
Durham, United States Attorney for the
District of Connecticut, New Haven,
Connecticut.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: MICHELLE A. BARTH, Law Office of Michelle
Anderson Barth, Burlington, Vermont.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
Connecticut (Arterton, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
On August 4, 2016, a jury convicted defendant-appellant Karl Roye of
murder in aid of racketeering and conspiracy to commit the same. On August 2, 2019,
following the resolution of the parties' post-judgment appeals, the district court
imposed concurrent sentences of 120 months' imprisonment and life imprisonment, and
an amended judgment was entered on August 12, 2019. Roye appeals, contending that
the district court (1) violated his Eighth Amendment rights by imposing a mandatory
life sentence without parole, and (2) committed prejudicial error in instructing the jury
as to the conspiracy to commit murder in aid of racketeering. We assume the parties'
familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues
on appeal.
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On April 6, 2011, Roye and Jimel Frank approached Anthony Parker, a
rival gang member, sitting alone in a parked car in a driveway. United States v. Frank,
749 F. App'x 5, 6-7 (2d Cir. 2018). After a brief confrontation, Roye and Frank shot
Parker from both sides of the car, killing him. Id. at 7. Roye was twenty years old at the
time of the murder.
Roye argues that this Court should vacate his mandatory life sentence,
relying primarily on Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 465 (2012) (holding that "mandatory
life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the
Eighth Amendment's prohibition on 'cruel and unusual punishments'"). In effect, Roye
argues that this Court should extend the Eighth Amendment protections provided to
juveniles under Miller, and reaffirmed in Montgomery v. Louisiana, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016),
to twenty-year-old offenders, such as Roye himself at the time of the April 6, 2011
murder. Roye's argument is unavailing. As this Court noted in United States v. Sierra,
when it comes to the age of an offender, "a line must be drawn, and the Supreme Court
has repeatedly chosen in the Eighth Amendment context to draw that line at the age of
18, which is the point where society draws the line for many purposes between
childhood and adulthood." 933 F.3d 95, 97 (2d Cir. 2019) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted), cert. denied sub nom. Beltran v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 2540(2020), and cert. denied sub. nom. Lopez-Cabrera v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 2541 (2020). See
also Cruz v. United States, 826 F. App'x 49, 51 (2d Cir. 2020) ("As Sierra observes, the
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Supreme Court has repeatedly drawn a bright line at age eighteen for Eighth
Amendment limitations on sentencing." (citation omitted)). Consequently, mandatory
life sentences without parole for individuals who were over eighteen (even though they
were under twenty-one) when they committed their crimes are constitutional. See
Sierra, 933 F.3d at 97.
Roye also argues that the district court committed prejudicial error in
instructing the jury as to conspiracy to commit murder in aid of racketeering without
including the underlying Connecticut state law's requirement that an overt act be
committed in furtherance of the conspiracy.
We review unpreserved objections to jury instructions for plain error,
which requires for reversal an error that is plain, "affects substantial rights," and
"seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings."
United States v. Solano, 966 F.3d 184, 193 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and
alterations omitted). "An error affects substantial rights when it is prejudicial -- that is,
when there is a 'reasonable probability' that the error affected the outcome of the trial."
Id. We find that here, even if the omission of the "overt-act" element were to constitute
plain error, it did not affect the outcome of the trial because the jury also convicted Roye
of murder, the overt act underlying the murder conspiracy charge. Accordingly, we
find that the omission did not affect Roye's substantial rights and provides no basis for
reversal here.
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We have considered Roye's remaining arguments and conclude they are
without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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