United States v. Suarez ( 2023 )

21-193(L)
United States v. Suarez
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION
TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS
GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S
LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH
THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY
CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 28th day of April, two thousand twenty-three.
PRESENT:
BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
Circuit Judges,
JOHN L. SINATRA, JR.,
District Judge. *
_______________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. No. 21-193(L)
JOSE SUAREZ, AKA CHOMPIRA,
Defendant-Appellant. †
_______________________________________
* John L. Sinatra, Jr., of the United States District Court for the Western District of New York,
sitting by designation.
† The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official case caption as set forth above.
For Defendant-Appellant: JEREMIAH DONOVAN, Old Saybrook, CT.
For Appellee: NINA C. GUPTA (David C. James, on the
brief), Assistant United States
Attorneys, for Breon Peace, United
States Attorney for the Eastern District
of New York, Brooklyn, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York (Joseph F. Bianco, Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
Jose Suarez appeals from his judgment of conviction following a jury trial
in which he was found guilty on nine counts, including conspiracy to commit
assault resulting in serious bodily injury in aid of racketeering (Count One),
assault resulting in serious bodily injury in aid of racketeering (Count Two),
conspiracy to commit murder in aid of racketeering (Count Three), murder in aid
of racketeering (Count Four), and assault with a dangerous weapon in aid of
racketeering (Count Seven), all in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1959 (collectively,
the “VICAR Convictions”); two counts of brandishing and discharging a firearm
during a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (Counts Five and
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Eight); causing the death of another through the use of a firearm, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 924(j)(1) (Count Six); and being an accessory after the fact to the crimes
charged in Counts Three through Eight, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3 (Count Nine).
The district court sentenced Suarez to a mandatory life sentence on Count Four for
murder in aid of racketeering; consecutive ten-year sentences on Counts Five, Six,
and Eight for the firearms offenses; and concurrent sentences for the remaining
counts. On appeal, Suarez raises four principal challenges to his conviction and
sentence, each of which we address in turn. We assume the parties’ familiarity
with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Suarez first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence underlying each of his
VICAR Convictions. Specifically, he argues that the evidence produced at trial
was not sufficient to show that he committed those offenses for the purpose of
“gaining entrance to or maintaining or increasing [his] position in an enterprise
engaged in racketeering activity” – here, MS-13. 18 U.S.C. § 1959(a). While we
review sufficiency of the evidence claims de novo, a “defendant seeking to
overturn a jury verdict on sufficiency grounds bears a heavy burden,” because we
will “uphold the conviction if any rational trier of fact could have found the
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essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Anderson, 747 F.3d 51, 59 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). When
considering a sufficiency challenge, we view the evidence “in its totality, not in
isolation,” United States v. Huezo, 546 F.3d 174, 178 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal
quotation marks omitted), and “in a light that is most favorable to the
government, . . . with all reasonable inferences resolved in favor of the
government,” United States v. Persico, 645 F.3d 85, 104 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Here, there was more than sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that
the animating purpose of Suarez’s conduct was to maintain or increase his position
in the so-called “Sailors clique” of MS-13. At trial, a former MS-13 gang member,
Kevin Cifuentes, testified that he and Suarez were “associates” in MS-13. App’x
at 154, 161. His testimony, which was corroborated by telephone records, cell-site
data, and a drug ledger seized by the FBI, established that Suarez sold drugs on
behalf of the Sailors, stored the gang’s car at his home, participated in a
gang-related assault at Super Taco, and helped execute the murder of a rival gang
member – all conduct that someone of Suarez’s rank was expected to perform.
See United States v. Concepcion, 983 F.2d 369, 381 (2d Cir. 1992) (holding that section
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1959’s motive requirement may be satisfied where, as here, the defendant
committed the violent crimes at issue because “he knew [such conduct] was
expected of him by reason of his membership in the enterprise”). Moreover, the
car storage, assault, and murder occurred after Cifuentes told Suarez that he
would have to stop “hanging out” with MS‑13 members unless he got “involved”
in violence at the next opportunity. App’x at 178–79. While Suarez insists that
he merely “associated” with MS-13 gang members and was not in fact an
“associate” in the gang, Suarez Br. at 34–35, the jury was certainly free to credit the
government’s evidence to the contrary. Because we must “defer to the jury’s
assessment of witness credibility and the jury’s resolution of conflicting
testimony,” we have no basis for disturbing the jury’s verdict on appeal. United
States v. Triumph Cap. Grp., Inc., 544 F.3d 149, 159 (2d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
II. Peremptory Challenges
Suarez next argues that the government impermissibly used its peremptory
challenges to strike three prospective jurors – Jurors 12, 77, and 222 – based on
their race or ethnicity. In evaluating an equal-protection challenge to a
prosecutor’s use of peremptory strikes, we employ the three-part framework
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under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 96–98 (1986). First, the defendant must
make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor made a peremptory challenge
based on a protected characteristic. Id. at 96–97. If the defendant fulfills this
requirement, the burden shifts to the prosecutor to give a race-neutral explanation
for the strike. Id. at 97–98. The court must then examine the justification and
determine whether the defendant has carried the ultimate burden of proving that
the strike constituted purposeful discrimination. Id. at 98. The district court’s
evaluation of whether a proffered explanation is pretextual is entitled to “great
deference” and reviewed only for clear error. See Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S.
352, 364 (1991).
For starters, we agree with the district court that Suarez has failed to make
a prima facie showing under Batson. See App’x at 144 (“I don’t believe any type
of showing has been made to satisfy the Baston requirements.”). We have held
that a prima facie case under Batson can be based on “exclusion rates,” meaning
by demonstrating that the prosecutor used his or her peremptory challenges to
strike “a disproportionate number of members of a cognizable racial group from
the venire.” Jones v. West, 555 F.3d 90, 98 (2d Cir. 2009). If the asserted prima
facie case is based on exclusion rates, the defendant must make an adequate record
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of “how many members of that group were in the venire, and how many of those
were struck.” Id. at 99 (collecting cases). We have also observed that “[c]ases
involving successful challenges to exclusion rates have typically included patterns
in which members of the racial group are completely or almost completely excluded
from participating on the jury.” Id. at 98 (emphasis added) (collecting cases).
Here, Suarez argues that the prosecutor violated his constitutional rights by
improperly striking “all the Hispanics” from the jury. App’x at 144–45. But as
the district court noted, Suarez did not make an adequate record of “how many
[Hispanics] were in the venire, and how many of [them] were struck.” Jones, 555
F.3d at 99; see also App’x at 147 (“[T]he idea that there are no Hispanic jurors on
this case is something that I don’t think we can take to be a given.”). Instead,
defense counsel conceded during jury selection that there were at least two
minority jurors on the panel who “could be Afro-Hispanic or Afro-Caribbean,”
and “four or five” additional jurors who could speak Spanish and “might have
been” Hispanic. App’x at 144; see id. at 147 (“The Court: So why do you think
the other jurors are not Hispanic? [Defense Counsel]: We don’t know if they are
Hispanic. They might have been.”). On this record, we simply cannot conclude
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that Suarez has made the threshold showing of “purposeful discrimination in [the
government’s] selection of the petit jury.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 96.
Even if Suarez could satisfy his burden under the first step of Batson, the
district court still correctly concluded that the prosecutor “in each of the instances
articulated race[-]neutral reasons” justifying the disputed challenges. App’x at
144. During voir dire, the prosecutor explained that he struck Juror No. 12
because “there was[n’t] any information filled out” about him, and consequently,
he didn’t know much about the Juror. Id. at 136. What he did know – that Juror
No. 12 was unemployed and that his wife “was on disability” – suggested to the
prosecutor that the Juror might struggle to “interact with the other jurors,” as both
he and his wife were “a little outside the normal functioning of a society.” Id. As
to Juror No. 77, the prosecutor stated that the Juror’s cousin had been convicted of
murder, she had a degree in child psychology, and she worked for the New York
State Division of Parole. The prosecutor specifically explained that the Juror’s
employment gave him “concern . . . that [she was] going to base [her] decision on
something having to do with [her] job,” which was “outside the knowledge or
control of the prosecution.” Id. at 140. And with respect to Juror No. 222, the
prosecutor was concerned about potential bias because the Juror was employed at
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a juvenile facility, and “the evidence in this case” included “numerous violent acts
by a number of very young individuals[,] . . . many of whom may or may not have
spent time in a juvenile facility and . . . interact[ed] with . . . people” like the Juror.
Id. at 138. The prosecutor also explained that Juror No. 222 had been a victim of
domestic violence, which he feared would cause her to discount the testimony of
one of the government’s potential trial witnesses who had previously engaged in
domestic violence. Because Suarez has not shown that any of these explanations
were pretextual – such as through evidence of the government’s “shifting
explanations, . . . misrepresentations of the record, and [a] persistent focus on
race” – we cannot conclude that the district court erred in denying Suarez’s Batson
challenges. Foster v. Chatman, 578 U.S. 488, 512 (2016); see also Purkett v. Elem, 514
U.S. 765, 768–69 (1995) (noting that Batson requires “not a reason that makes sense,
but a reason that does not deny equal protection,” even if the reason is “silly or
superstitious”).
III. Motion to Withdraw as Counsel
Suarez next argues that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment
right to counsel by failing, post-verdict, to grant the motion of his lawyer, John
Carman, to withdraw and appoint a fourth attorney to represent him. While the
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Sixth Amendment “guarantees defendants in criminal cases the right to adequate
representation,” it does not give “impecunious defendants . . . a Sixth Amendment
right to choose their counsel.” Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491
U.S. 617, 624 (1989). Because Suarez does not argue that the district court’s denial
of the motion to withdraw resulted in the “actual or constructive denial of the
assistance of counsel altogether,” Lainfiesta v. Artuz, 253 F.3d 151, 157 (2d Cir. 2001)
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted), we review that decision only
for abuse of discretion, see United States v. Oberoi, 331 F.3d 44, 47 (2d Cir. 2003).
Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Carman’s
motion to withdraw from the case. Prior to sentencing, Carman moved to
withdraw at Suarez’s request after he advised Suarez that “there were no
non-frivolous [post-trial] motions to be filed” and no “promising issue[s] to be
raised on appeal.” App’x at 105. But Suarez is unable to point to any prejudice
that resulted from the district court’s decision to deny that request. See United
States v. Griffiths, 750 F.3d 237, 239, 242 (2d Cir. 2014) (holding “that there is no per
se violation of the Sixth Amendment right to be represented by one’s counsel of
choice,” and that the defendant must show “particularized prejudice” as a result
of the alleged denial of that right). He contends only that it is “difficult to
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contemplate a federal murder case” in which the defendant did not file a motion
for judgment of acquittal, a motion for a new trial, or a sentencing submission.
Suarez Br. at 52. But Suarez fails to identify any potentially meritorious arguments
that counsel should have raised before the district court. While Suarez
hypothesizes that trial counsel might have raised below the very arguments he
now presses on appeal, those arguments, for the reasons explained in this order,
are not meritorious and would not have changed the outcome of the district-court
proceedings.
Moreover, the district court denied the motion only after holding a
conference with Suarez and Carman at which the court concluded that Carman
had “diligently done what he’s supposed to do.” Gov’t App’x at 29. The district
court observed that nearly a year and a half had passed since the trial and
determined that it was not in Suarez’s interest “to just continue adjourning the
sentencing,” id., a tactic that would only further delay his ability to file an appeal.
See Brumer, 528 F.3d at 160 (“Judges must be vigilant that requests for appointment
of a new attorney . . . should not become a vehicle for achieving delay.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). While the court denied the motion, it ruled that
Suarez would be permitted to obtain new counsel on appeal, offering Suarez yet
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another attorney’s perspective on his case. On this record, that decision was not
an abuse of discretion. 3
IV. Sentencing
Suarez contends that his mandatory life sentence for murder in aid of
racketeering when he was twenty-two violates the Eighth Amendment’s
prohibition against “cruel and unusual” punishment because he was merely an
accessory to the murder and did not actually kill anyone himself. 4 But we have
already rejected this argument in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v.
Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), which held that juvenile offenders (i.e., individuals
under eighteen years old), but not adult offenders (i.e., individuals over eighteen
years old), are protected from mandatory life-without-parole sentences. See
3 Nor are we persuaded that the district court erred in not sua sponte directing Carman to file a
brief pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). In Anders, the Supreme Court held that
appointed counsel may seek to withdraw from a wholly frivolous criminal appeal only if the
motion to withdraw is accompanied by “a brief referring to anything in the record that might
arguably support the appeal.” 386 U.S. at 744. But there is no requirement that such a brief
must be filed every time counsel, at the request of his client, files a motion to withdraw in the district
court. See Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 554–55 (1987) (“Anders did not set down an
independent constitutional command that all lawyers, in all proceedings, must follow these
particular procedures.”). We therefore cannot conclude that the district court abused its
discretion by denying Carman’s motion to withdraw without requiring him to first file an Anders
brief.
4 While Suarez also argues that his sentence violates the principle of separation of powers, this
aspect of his challenge is unaccompanied by any explanation or argument and is therefore
forfeited. See United States v. Graham, 51 F.4th 67, 79–80 (2d Cir. 2022); Tolbert v. Queens Coll., 242
F.3d 58, 75 (2d Cir. 2001).
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United States v. Sierra, 933 F.3d 95, 97–99 (2d Cir. 2019). Suarez concedes Sierra’s
controlling force but has nevertheless raised this issue on appeal to preserve it “for
some future day.” Suarez Br. at 57. Whatever the future may hold, the law
today is clear that Suarez’s life sentence does not violate the Eighth Amendment’s
ban on “cruel and unusual” punishment.
* * *
We have considered Suarez’s remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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