Steven Hutchinson v. Superintendent Greene SCI ( 2021 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 19-3311
___________
STEVEN HUTCHINSON,
Appellant
v.
SUPERINTENDENT GREENE SCI;
THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA;
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil Action No. 2:13-cv-03931)
District Judge: Honorable John R. Padova
________________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
June 3, 2021
Before: AMBRO, HARDIMAN, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: June 23, 2021)
OPINION*
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
AMBRO, Circuit Judge
Steven Hutchinson appeals from the District Court’s denial of his petition for writ
of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We granted a certificate of appealability as to
one of his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims—based on his trial and appellate
counsel’s failure to challenge the prosecution’s use of peremptory strikes in a racially
discriminatory manner. Because Hutchinson failed to show he suffered any prejudice
from the alleged error, we affirm the District Court’s decision.
I.
In 1999, a Pennsylvania jury found Hutchinson guilty of first-degree murder and
other offenses in connection with the death of his girlfriend, Stephanie Epps. See
Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 811 A.2d 556, 558 (Pa. 2002) (“Hutchinson I”). Epps’
two young children identified Hutchinson as the person who shot and killed their mother
in the lobby of her apartment. Id. A neighbor corroborated the children’s testimony and
saw Hutchinson’s car leaving the crime scene. Id. at 559. The prosecution presented
additional circumstantial evidence, including that Hutchinson was physically abusive to
Epps, she sought a protective order against him, and he fled the area before his arrest in
Las Vegas, Nevada. Id. at 558–59. The jury sentenced Hutchinson to death, and on
direct appeal the Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed his conviction and sentence. Id.
at 558.
Hutchinson then filed a petition under Pennsylvania’s Post Conviction Relief Act
(“PCRA”) asserting several claims, including ineffective assistance of his trial and direct
appeal counsel. See Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 25 A.3d 277 (Pa. 2011) (“Hutchinson
2
II”). The PCRA Court denied Hutchinson’s guilt phase claims but set aside his death
sentence. Id. at 284. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the PCRA Court’s
decision. Id. at 322. In 2013, Hutchinson was resentenced to life imprisonment without
the possibility of parole.
At the end of the line in the state court proceedings, Hutchinson filed a petition for
a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the federal District Court, once again
raising a host of claims. In a thorough 113-page report and recommendation, Magistrate
Judge Richard A. Lloret recommended that the District Court deny all of Hutchinson’s
claims. It adopted the report and recommendation in its entirety.
We granted Hutchinson’s request for a certificate of appealability on a single
issue—“whether the District Court erred in denying [his] claim that his trial and appellate
counsel were ineffective for failing to assert a claim that the prosecution had used
peremptory strikes in a racially discriminatory manner in violation of Batson v. Kentucky,
476 U.S. 79 (1986).” JA 147.
II.
The Supreme Court held in Batson that “[p]urposeful racial discrimination in
selection of the venire violates a defendant’s right to equal protection.” 476 U.S. at 86.
A trial court must engage in a three-step process to determine if there was a Batson
violation. See United States v. Savage, 970 F.3d 217, 266 (3d Cir. 2020) (citation
omitted). At step one, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the
prosecution exercised a peremptory challenge on the basis of race. Id. If the showing has
been made, the prosecution must offer a race-neutral basis for the strike. Id. Finally at
3
step three, the trial court must consider the parties’ submissions and determine whether
the defendant proved purposeful discrimination. Id.Here, Hutchinson did not raise a Batson objection at trial or on direct appeal.
Instead, he argued in the PCRA proceeding that his trial and direct appeal counsel were
ineffective for failing to challenge the prosecution’s peremptory strikes based on Batson.
Hutchinson II, 25 A.3d at 286. As support, he points out that the prosecutor struck black
members of the venire at approximately twice the rate of non-black members. Id. at 286–
87.1 Further, he alleged a policy of racial discrimination within the Philadelphia District
Attorney’s Office based on two training lectures. Id. at 288.
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected Hutchinson’s argument. As the lack of
a contemporaneous objection during voir dire makes it difficult to apply the Batson three-
step framework on post-conviction review, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court applied its
approach in Commonwealth v. Uderra, 862 A.2d 74, 87 (2004), which essentially
dispenses with Batson’s first two steps and requires Hutchinson to “bear[] the burden in
the first instance and throughout of establishing actual, purposeful discrimination by a
preponderance of the evidence.” Hutchinson II, 25 A.3d at 287 (internal citation
1
According to Hutchinson, the prosecutor struck 10 of 16 black members of the venire it
had the opportunity to strike (62.5%) and only struck 8 of 27 white members it had the
opportunity to strike (29.6%). Hutchinson’s Br. at 19. Hutchinson thus believes the
prosecutor used 10 of 18 total peremptory challenges against black members of the venire
(55.6%) and the resulting jury had 1 black person, 10 white persons, and 1 person of
unknown race. Id. at 6–7. As the District Court explained, it deferred to the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court and the PCRA Court, which disagreed with several of
Hutchinson’s calculations. See Hutchinson II, 25 A.3d at 287–88; Dist. Ct. Op. at 12.
We do not need to resolve this factual dispute, as we reject Hutchinson’s argument even
if his calculations were correct.
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omitted). It then concluded that Hutchinson’s “proffered evidence does not establish
actual, purposeful discrimination in jury selection.” Id. at 289.
In his federal habeas petition, Hutchinson continues to press the same argument.
However, the District Court took a different approach to reject his request for relief.
First, it accepted the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court’s reliance on Uderra was unreasonable, and then proceeded to review the
ineffective assistance claim de novo. Based on its fresh review of the parties’ arguments
and evidence, it concluded that “Hutchinson has failed to establish a prima facie case of
discriminatory jury selection in violation of Batson.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 16.
III.
We agree with the District Court that Hutchinson’s ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim cannot prevail.2 Assuming without deciding that the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court’s reliance on the Uderra rule was an unreasonable application of Batson,
Hutchinson’s claim still does not pass muster under de novo review. See Panetti v.
Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930, 953 (2007) (explaining that if a state court’s adjudication of a
habeas claim is an unreasonable application of federal law, then a federal court “must
then resolve the claim without the deference AEDPA [28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)] otherwise
requires”). To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim under the Supreme
Court’s landmark decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), Hutchinson
2
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241 and 2254. We issued a
certificate of appealability and have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253.
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“had to show both that his counsel provided deficient assistance and that there was
prejudice as a result.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 104 (2011).
We first conclude that Hutchinson failed to demonstrate prejudice as a result of his
counsel’s alleged deficient performance. To establish prejudice, “a challenger must
demonstrate ‘a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694). While Hutchinson does not dispute that he must demonstrate prejudice to prevail
on his claim, he argues that because a successful Batson challenge means the jury
composition is unconstitutional, “prejudice necessarily attaches to his ineffectiveness
claim.” Hutchinson’s Br. at 38.
Hutchinson’s position does not accurately describe the current state of the law. It
is true that the Supreme Court has acknowledged that a claim of race discrimination in
jury selection is a structural error, meaning an error that “affect[s] the framework within
which the trial proceeds, rather than being simply an error in the trial process itself.”
Weaver v. Massachusetts, 137 S. Ct. 1899, 1904, 1907–08 (2017) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). But Hutchinson is not raising a Batson claim, he is raising
an ineffective-assistance claim based on his counsel’s failure to raise a Batson claim.
While a successful Batson challenge preserved and then raised on direct appeal
“necessitate[s] automatic reversal,” the Supreme Court has not taken a position on
whether the “result should be any different if the error[] [was] raised instead in an
ineffective-assistance claim on collateral review.” Id. at 1911–12; see also Baxter v.
Superintendent Coal Twp. SCI, --- F.3d ----, 2021 WL 1310343, at *4 (3d Cir. Apr. 8,
6
2021) (“A showing of structural error, however, does not always trigger a presumption of
prejudice.”). Further, the Supreme Court has not identified the failure to raise a Batson
objection as one of the limited circumstances where prejudice may be presumed. See
Weaver, 137 S. Ct. at 1915 (Alito, J., concurring in judgment) (“The Court has relieved
defendants of the obligation to make this affirmative showing [of prejudice under
Strickland] in only a very narrow set of cases in which the accused has effectively been
denied counsel altogether.”).
In this context, we see no reason to relieve Hutchinson of the obligation to
demonstrate prejudice. And given the overwhelming evidence against him, we do not
believe the alleged deficient performance of his counsel had a reasonable probability of
affecting the outcome. See Buehl v. Vaughn, 166 F.3d 163, 172 (3d Cir. 1999) (“It is
firmly established that a court must consider the strength of the evidence in deciding
whether the Strickland prejudice prong has been satisfied.”). As noted above, ample
eyewitness testimony, from the victim’s two children and a neighbor, supported
Hutchinson’s conviction. Hutchinson I, 811 A.2d at 558–59. The prosecution also
presented substantial evidence that Hutchinson had a history of being physically abusive
and his victim feared for her life. Id. at 559. “In light of this evidence, [Hutchinson]
cannot show he was prejudiced” by his counsel’s alleged deficient performance. See
Baxter, --- F.3d at ----, 2021 WL 1310343, at *5.
Because we conclude Hutchinson’s ineffectiveness claim fails on the prejudice
prong of Strickland, we do not need to reach whether his counsel’s performance was
indeed deficient—that is, whether counsel should have raised a valid Batson claim but
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failed to do so. For completeness, we note that even if the statistics presented by
Hutchinson were enough to establish a prima facie Batson claim, they are often
insufficient to carry the day. See Riley v. Taylor, 277 F.3d 261, 293 (3d Cir. 2001)
(“[T]he statistical evidence . . . is relevant but not dispositive.”); cf. Miller-El v. Dretke,
545 U.S. 231, 241 (2005) (“More powerful than these bare statistics, however, are side-
by-side comparisons of some black venire panelists who were struck and white panelists
allowed to serve.”). However, Hutchinson “cited no occurrence at trial, no words of the
prosecutor or defense counsel or trial judge, and no action by the court that could lead to
an inference of racial discrimination in jury selection.” Hutchinson II, 25 A.3d at 289.
Instead, he relies only on bare statistics and two lectures delivered twelve and nine years
before his trial. Id.; see Williams v. Beard, 637 F.3d 195, 219 n.19 (3d Cir. 2011)
(explaining that the “infamous Jack McMahon training videotape” referenced by
Hutchinson is “of little significance where the petitioner was unable to show that the
district attorney responsible for his prosecution had seen the tape or followed its
recommendations”) (internal citation omitted). And the fact Hutchinson’s own trial
counsel struck eight black members of the venire could further undercut any claim of
racially discriminatory behavior by the prosecution. Hutchinson II, 25 A.3d at 288.
Without more evidence, a Batson challenge likely would not have been successful if
raised.
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* * * * *
For the reasons explained above, we disagree with Hutchinson’s argument that his
trial and appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to raise a Batson
objection. We thus affirm the District Court’s denial of his federal habeas petition.
9