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 2003-04

Jose Manuel Montanez v. State ( 2003 )


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    In The

    Court of Appeals

    Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana



    ______________________________



    No. 06-01-00225-CR

    ______________________________





    JOSE MANUEL MONTANEZ, Appellant



    V.



    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee





    On Appeal from the 6th Judicial District Court

    Lamar County, Texas

    Trial Court No. 18527









    Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ.

    Opinion by Justice Carter



    O P I N I O N



    A jury convicted Jose Manuel Montanez of indecency with a child in violation of Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 21.11 (Vernon 2003). The trial court imposed a sentence of six years' confinement. Montanez now appeals complaining of error in the admission of certain evidence, ineffective assistance of counsel, and factual and legal insufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction.

    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

    Testimony at trial depicted the following sequence of events. Thirteen-year-old P. E. went to her grandmother's house on June 27, 2000. Montanez was married to P. E.'s sister, Maria. Montanez, Maria, and the grandmother lived in the same house. P. E. went to watch television in Maria's room. Montanez came into the room and pushed her onto the bed. Mistaking the action for horseplay, P. E. got up. Montanez pushed her down again, this time harder.

    P. E. then said she became scared and just "froze." Montanez then pulled down her oversized shirt, and played with and licked her breast. After this encounter, Montanez left the house with his friend. P. E. remained still on the bed, afraid Montanez might return. She then got up and went to her grandmother's room and asked to watch television with her. She said she felt too embarrassed to tell her grandmother about the events that had just occurred. P. E. then rocked herself to sleep in a rocking chair in the bedroom and remained there until her grandmother woke her to tell her that her older sister, Claudia, had arrived to pick her up. Claudia testified that P. E. seemed unusually withdrawn on the eight- to ten-minute trip home. It was not until they entered the house and shut the door that P. E. began to cry and stated she never wanted to go back to her grandmother's house.

    At this point in the testimony, an objection was made to Claudia's testimony regarding the statements P. E. made to her. On voir dire, Claudia said P. E. then told Claudia what Montanez had done to her. Claudia described P. E. as hysterical. Claudia then called their mother, Rosie Campos, who worked at the hospital, and both Claudia and P. E. told her about the event. Rosie arrived at the house with a police officer, Officer J. Ackard. They talked with the officer. Then Rosie called her sister, P. E.'s aunt, Sonia, and they all took P. E. to the hospital, where P. E. spoke with Nurse Irma Woodruff. The doctor prescribed sedatives for P. E. because she had remained in a state which witnesses described as hysterical.

    Objections were made to Rosie's testimony regarding P. E.'s statements, to Woodruff's testimony regarding the statements P. E. made to her at the emergency room, and to Officer Ackard's testimony regarding Rosie's statements to him. The trial court admitted the testimony of Claudia, Rosie, Nurse Woodruff, and Officer Ackard.

    ANALYSIS

    Excited Utterance

    The admissibility of an out-of-court statement under a hearsay exception is within the trial court's discretion, subject to review only for abuse of discretion. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 269 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Lawton v. State, 913 S.W.2d 542, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).

    The excited utterance hearsay exception allows admission of hearsay when the statement relates to "a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition." Tex. R. Evid. 803(2). The elements necessary to admit an out-of-court statement as an excited utterance are: 1) the statement must be the product of a startling occurrence; 2) the declarant must be dominated by the emotion, excitement, fear, or pain of the event or condition; and 3) the statement must be related to the circumstances of the startling event or condition. Sellers v. State, 588 S.W.2d 915, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979). Each element need not be neatly drawn out and satisfied. However, the cumulative effect of the three elements needs to indicate that the statement is sufficiently reliable as to warrant exception to the hearsay rule. Id.

    As to the first element of the exception, courts recognize that what might not be startling to an adult might be overwhelming to a child. Couchman v. State, 3 S.W.3d 155, 159 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref'd). Here, Montanez does not challenge P. E.'s statement in these terms. We find that an event such as this qualifies as startling for purposes of Rule 803(2). Likewise, no question appears before this Court as to the third element of the excited utterance exception. The testimony in question consists of statements P. E. made concerning the nature and sequence of the events. Montanez does not question whether these statements are "related to the circumstances of the startling event." Clearly they are.

    Montanez' contention centers around the second element of the excited utterance exception, that the declarant still be dominated by the emotion or stress of the event. The excited utterance is founded on the notion that a statement made in response to a startling event is more reliable and, therefore, falls outside the purpose of the hearsay exclusion. See Glover v. State, No. 06-00-00169-CR, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 7797, at *17 (Tex. App.-Texarkana Oct. 3, 2002, no pet. h.); Couchman, 3 S.W.3d at 159; Hunt v. State, 904 S.W.2d 813 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1995, pet. ref'd). The declarant makes an excited utterance without adequate time to fabricate or reflect on the event. Couchman, 3 S.W.3d at 159; Hunt, 904 S.W.2d at 816. The record must show the declarant was excited or emotionally stimulated or in the grip of a shocking event so as to render the statement a spontaneous utterance. Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 154 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert denied, 534 U.S. 855 (2001); Ward v. State, 657 S.W.2d 133, 136 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1983).

    When a court determines whether the statement meets the requisite spontaneity element, no single, rigid principle governs. Snellen v. State, 923 S.W.2d 238, 243 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1996, pet. ref'd); Jones v. State, 772 S.W.2d 551, 554-55 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1989, pet. ref'd). The court will consider each case on its own particular facts. Jones, 772 S.W.2d at 555.

    The pivotal question becomes whether the declarant was still dominated by emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the event. Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); King, 953 S.W.2d at 269; Adams v. State, 936 S.W.2d 313, 315 (Tex. App.-Tyler 1996, pet. ref'd). The court will consider the amount of time that has elapsed since the event. Salazar, 38 S.W.3d at 154; McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Adams, 936 S.W.2d at 315. It will also consider whether the statement at issue was made in response to questioning by another. Salazar, 38 S.W.3d at 154. Neither factor, however, is dispositive of the issue. Id. If the statement is made in the grip of stress or emotion, it may be admissible even after an appreciable amount of time has elapsed since the event. See Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d 589 (admission of hearsay testimony proper when victim of assault made statement twenty hours later but had not been separated from her aggressor since assault); Snellen, 923 S.W.2d at 243 (admission of hearsay evidence as excited utterance was proper when victim of sexual abuse made statement thirteen or fourteen hours after event had occurred). But see Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (exclusion of testimony was not an abuse of discretion because declarant's activities during the delay indicated he no longer remained under stress of the event).

    In a series of cases in which child victims made statements out of court, courts have recognized the victims' statements as admissible under the excited utterance exception. (1) Common to many of the cases where time has elapsed between the event and the child victim's statement is the victim's return to a safe place after having left the person or the place where the event occurred.

    Reviewing a conviction for indecency with a child, the Tyler Court of Appeals upheld admission of a statement made by the victim when the victim relayed the events to her sister five minutes after arriving at the airport from a visit to the appellant's residence. Adams, 936 S.W.2d at 315. The court reasoned that, since the victim had no opportunity to talk to anyone until she exited the plane, the victim made the statement very soon after having left the appellant's "zone of control." Id. Although a substantial amount of time had elapsed since the event, the court found she was still dominated by the emotions of that event. Id. Also relevant were the facts that the victim began crying and became visibly upset. Id.

    On returning home on a bicycle from a fishing spot, a nine-year-old victim of indecent exposure told her father about a man who had offered her thirty cents, but did not tell him the man had exposed himself to her. Hudgeons v. State, 384 S.W.2d 720, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964). The young girl then turned pale and became very upset as she told her mother the entire story about the man exposing himself to her. Id. The trial court properly admitted the mother's testimony regarding what her daughter said about the event. Id. The fact that the young girl did not tell the entire story to her father, the first relative she encountered on arriving home, did not change the spontaneous nature of the statements made to the mother. The young girl explained she was too embarrassed to tell her father the "bad part" of the event. Id.

    In an unpublished case, (2) the San Antonio Court of Appeals upheld a trial court's admission of a statement by a victim of indecency with a child by sexual contact. Graham v. State, No. 04-00-00722-CR, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 5694, at *15 (Tex. App.-San Antonio Aug. 7, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication). The court considered the fact the victim had made the statement to the testifying witness immediately after the appellant left. Id. at *8. The court also considered the appellant's argument that the statement was in response to the question, "What is wrong?" Id. To that argument, the court pointed to the generality of the question and to the fact that the question itself already indicated the victim remained under the stress of her earlier experience. Id.

    Montanez relies heavily on Porterfield v. State, 64 Tex. Crim. 179, 141 S.W. 968 (1911), to support his argument that P. E. was not dominated by the stress of the event when she made the statement. In Porterfield, Ruby Maynor, the declarant, was the nurse for a disabled man who was bedridden at his home. Id. at 968-69. Porterfield was a visitor to the house and allegedly woke Maynor up kissing her, then slapped her on the hip and made a suggestive comment. Id. at 969. After the incident, Maynor got up, dressed, carried on conversations about proper times for giving medication to her patient, and attempted to wake the son to sit with his father. Id. After that, Maynor entered the bedroom of her patient's wife and threw herself across the bed and began to cry. Id. at 970. The wife asked her several questions concerning the cause of her distress, such as the condition of the patient or if there had been bad news from back home. Id. Finally, Maynor told the wife that Porterfield had awakened her by kissing her. Id. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals determined that admission of the wife's testimony regarding this statement was improper because the statement lacked the requisite spontaneity as indicated by the repeated questions that the wife had to ask to elicit a response from Maynor and by the several activities and conversation that filled the time between the event and the statement. Id.

    Montanez argues that P. E. appeared calm at her grandmother's house and did not appear to be suffering from stress or excitement. Instead, Montanez contends P.E.'s statements were mere narratives of past events. Additionally, Montanez attempts to establish a lack of spontaneity by showing that P. E.'s statements served as responses to questions posed by others. We will consider the statements made to each witness in turn.

    Statements made to sister, Claudia

    Montanez points to the fact that P. E. went to her grandmother's room to watch television after the incident. He emphasizes she made no mention of the event to her grandmother and, instead, she rocked herself to sleep in the rocking chair. Moreover, Montanez stresses that P.E. still made no immediate statement concerning the assault when her sister Claudia picked her up.

    Unlike the victim in Adams, P. E. did have the opportunity to talk to someone else before Claudia picked her up. P. E. testified that she did not feel comfortable talking about the event with her grandmother, that she was scared and embarrassed in much the same way as the victim-declarant in Hudgeons. Similarly, P.E. may not have felt comfortable relaying the information at the location where Montanez was likely to return. Under the zone of control theory, until P. E. left the house where Montanez lived, she may not have felt she was able to speak of the ordeal. The fact that P. E. could have told her grandmother of the experience is not enough to determine she had recovered from the fear or stress of the encounter.

    The Porterfield case is distinguishable. While the declarant in Porterfield made the statement at issue in response to several specific questions, P. E.'s statement to Claudia was not in response to any question at all. Additionally, P. E. did not undertake normal activities or carry on conversations as usual, as the nurse in Porterfield appeared to do. Rather, P. E. was noticeably withdrawn and had only asked her grandmother an unrelated question and then curled up in a rocking chair since the event. The nurse in Porterfield interacted with others and performed some of her job duties in the time that had elapsed since the alleged assault.

    Approximately thirty to forty-five minutes elapsed between the event and P. E.'s statement to Claudia. This time period between the startling event and the statement is not a conclusive factor, nor is the time elapsed in the instant case outside the wide range of time periods allowed in other circumstances. See Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d 589 (twenty hours); Snellen, 923 S.W.2d at 243 (twelve to thirteen hours); Arvay v. State, 646 S.W.2d 320, 321 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1983, pet. ref'd) (less than an hour). It is relevant that time passed between the event and when P. E. talked about it. However, that fact does not necessarily mean P. E. was not still suffering from the emotion and fear of the event. As have many young victims of sexual offenses, P. E. made the statements in question on returning to her home. Based on her testimony that she was scared and on testimony by Claudia, Rosie, Sonia, and the nurse that P. E. was acting peculiar and visibly upset, even becoming hysterical, it is reasonable to conclude P. E. was still under the emotion of the event.

    The trial court was well within the zone of reasonable disagreement when it determined P. E. was still suffering from the stress, anxiety, and excitement of the events. It did not abuse its discretion in admitting the victim's statements to Claudia. (3)

    Statements made to Rosie Campos

    Similarly, Rosie's testimony as to what P. E. told her is admissible as an excited utterance exception to hearsay. The time elapsed and P. E.'s condition warrant a similar application of the elements of the exception. Based on the testimony of all the witnesses, including P. E. herself, P. E. was crying and visibly upset. Such demeanor indicated she was still suffering from the stress and anxiety of the assault at the time she made the statements to Rosie, rendering Rosie's testimony as to those statements admissible under the excited utterance exception. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the testimony as such. (4)

    Statements to Nurse Irma Woodruff

    For the same reasons outlined above, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting P. E.'s out-of-court statements made to Woodruff under the excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay. Additionally, the statements made to Woodruff would be admissible under the medical and diagnosis exception to the hearsay rule. Tex. R. Evid. 803(4); see Mendoza v. State, 69 S.W.3d 628, 633 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2002, pet. ref'd); see also Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (holding if trial court's decision to admit evidence correct under any theory of law applicable in case, then that decision will be sustained).

    Statements to Officer J. Ackard

    Montanez contends certain statements made by P.E.'s mother to Officer J. Ackard were inadmissible hearsay within hearsay. For such a statement to properly come into evidence, each part of hearsay must fall under an exception to the rule of exclusion. Tex. R. Evid. 805.

    The State argues that Rosie's statements, like the ones P. E. made, were within the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule. It argues the statements were made under the same stress and excitement that the mother would experience on learning her daughter had been assaulted. Alternatively, the State urges us to apply the exception made for a police officer to state the basis for his investigation. See Schaffer v. State, 777 S.W.2d 111, 114-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).

    A certain portion of Officer Ackard's testimony regarding what Rosie told him P. E. said fails the double exception test, and its admission was improper. P. E.'s statements to her mother would qualify as an excited utterance exception to hearsay since all the requisite elements are present. Rosie's statements to the officer, however, do not fall plainly within the excited utterance exception and should have been excluded as hearsay.

    Under Rule 803(2), certain hearsay is deemed reliable, and therefore admissible, to the extent it is the spontaneous, involuntary product of an excited state of mind. Glover, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 7797, at *17. The activities the declarant undertakes during the time elapsed between the event and the statement are relevant to the ultimate question of whether the declarant was still within the grip of emotion or stress of the event. See Wood, 18 S.W.3d at 652; Sellers, 588 S.W.2d at 918. Between the time when Rosie learned of the assault and when she made the statement to Officer Ackard, she had at the very least made the call to the police with the intention of filing a report, a voluntary act that indicates a certain level of mental clarity and a readiness for questioning.

    Of course a mother would be upset and distressed to hear her daughter had experienced such an event. The officer testified Rosie was in a hysterical state on his arrival at the hospital. Rule 803(2) contemplates a statement made under circumstances that would lend more indicia of reliability than an excited state of mind. The exception does not apply in all cases where a person is understandably upset.

    We must consider whether the cumulative effect of the three elements indicates the statement is sufficiently reliable as to warrant exception to the hearsay rule. Sellers, 588 S.W.2d at 918. Here, we do not find such an indication. We hold the second portion of Officer Ackard's testimony was hearsay within hearsay and lacked sufficient indicia of reliability to render it admissible as an excited utterance.

    The basis for investigation exception would not apply to this portion of Officer Ackard's testimony because the basis for his investigation had already been established by the earlier question. Furthermore, the limitations on this rule will not allow the State to do indirectly what it cannot do directly. Schaffer, 777 S.W.2d at 114. The State's question called for the officer to state what Rosie had told him in her hysterical state at the hospital, not why he responded to the matter. The State introduced Ackard's testimony to inferentially prove Montanez had committed the offense against P. E. Rosie's out-of-court statement to the officer was offered for its truth and was therefore inadmissible hearsay.

    Even though the officer's testimony was inadmissible, its admission was harmless in light of the fact that much the same testimony came in under the excited utterance exception and through the testimony of P.E. herself. Montanez cannot show that the admission of Officer Ackard's testimony, even if it were double hearsay not falling under exceptions, significantly affected his "substantial rights." Tex. R. Evid. 103(a); Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).

    Improper Bolstering

    An appellant must raise a complaint at the trial court level by making a timely request, objection, or motion giving the specific grounds for the complaint. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. The record does not indicate Montanez objected to any testimony in terms of bolstering. On several occasions, he objected to testimony on the ground of hearsay. Because the Texas Rules of Evidence do not specifically prohibit bolstering evidence, courts recommend that a party seeking to exclude such evidence should object on a ground that precludes admissibility, such as the testimony being irrelevant, needlessly cumulative, or substantially prejudicial. See Turro v. State, 950 S.W.2d 390, 400 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref'd). An objection based on "bolstering" only will be sufficient to preserve error, although the better practice is to object to the testimony on grounds in the Texas Rules of Evidence. Woods v. State, 13 S.W.3d 100, 105 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. ref'd). Here, the record does not indicate Montanez objected to any testimony on the ground that it constituted bolstering or on any other ground that might have preserved error on this issue.

    The Texas Rules of Evidence do not specifically address bolstering. Certain rules are relevant to the issues raised by the common-law term "bolstering." Tex. R. Evid. 402, 403, 608, 613. Bolstering is evidence the sole purpose of which is to lend credibility or weight to earlier testimony. Cohn v. State, 849 S.W.2d 817, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Bolstering evidence lends nothing to the case in terms of relevance. Id. at 819-20. That is, it does not function to make the existence of a fact more or less probable that it would be without the evidence. Id. It speaks only to the credibility of earlier testimony. Id. at 820. We must distinguish between corroborating evidence and bolstering. Id.

    Here, the testimony of each witness holds more evidentiary value than mere bolstering. If certain evidence corroborates other evidence in any given instance, it is not necessarily bolstering. If we were to apply a rule as envisioned by Montanez, then only one witness could testify to a version of the events. This point of error is overruled.

    Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

    By not properly objecting to the testimony above as bolstering, Montanez claims his trial counsel was ineffective. An appellant has the burden of proving ineffective assistance of counsel by a preponderance of the evidence. McFarland, 845 S.W.2d at 843. The reviewing court must examine the trial as a whole and not focus on specific instances throughout trial, and will do so with great deference to counsel. Id.

    The United States Supreme Court has developed a two-part test to determine whether counsel was ineffective. First, the performance of counsel must be shown as deficient. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Then, the appellant must demonstrate to a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different but for the counsel's errors. Id. at 687. The errors must be so egregious as to "undermine confidence in the outcome" of the trial. Id. at 694. When counsel fails to object to admissible evidence, assistance is not ineffective. McFarland, 845 S.W.2d at 846; Lee v. State, 29 S.W.3d 570, 579-80 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2000, no pet.).

    Montanez' complaint that counsel's failure to object to certain testimony as bolstering is untenable. First, courts recognize that an objection based on the common-law ground of bolstering will ordinarily preserve error, but recommend an objection set forth in terms of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Counsel objected to much of the testimony when appropriate and did so on more appropriate grounds. Secondly, the applicability of bolstering to the evidence cited by Montanez fails in that the testimony itself did not qualify as bolstering. Most of the testimony challenged was, in fact, admissible. Failure to object to admissible testimony as being improper bolstering or on any other grounds cannot render counsel's performance at trial deficient.

    Montanez fails to satisfy the two-pronged test of Strickland in that he fails to show that trial counsel's performance was deficient and that the errors, if any, were so egregious as to undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Therefore, Montanez has not overcome the very strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Brown v. State, 881 S.W.2d 582, 589 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no pet.).

    Legal Sufficiency

    Montanez contends the evidence at trial was legally insufficient to support a conviction for indecency with a child. Particularly, he complains that the State failed to prove an essential element of the offense as charged and that he acted with the intent to arouse or gratify his sexual desire. In reviewing legal sufficiency, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979).

    The requisite intent of this offense can be inferred from the surrounding circumstances. McKenzie v. State, 617 S.W.2d 211, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981); Santos v. State, 961 S.W.2d 304, 308 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref'd). The jury has the power to infer the requisite intent based on the accused's conduct. See Couchman, 3 S.W.3d at 163-64. P. E. testified as to what happened. The jury was free to infer from her testimony alone regarding how Montanez touched her and that Montanez acted with the requisite intent to commit indecency with a child. Additional testimony supported the verdict as well. On these facts, a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Montanez acted with the intent to arouse and gratify his own sexual desire. See Carlson v. State, 695 S.W.2d 695, 697-98 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1985, pet. ref'd); McKenzie, 617 S.W.2d at 216. We overrule this point of error.

    Factual Sufficiency

    Montanez also contends the evidence at trial was factually insufficient to support his conviction for indecency with a child. A factual sufficiency review dictates the evidence be viewed in a neutral light, favoring neither party. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). In determining the factual sufficiency of the evidence to establish the elements of the offense, we view all the evidence in a neutral light and set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be manifestly wrong and unjust. Id.

    At trial, evidence against Montanez came in the form of testimony from the victim, the victim's relatives, and a nurse experienced in treating sexual assault cases who saw P. E. at the emergency room. Montanez offered testimony to the contrary. The weight to be given conflicting testimony lies within the sole province of the jury, and the reviewing court must show deference to the jury's determination. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we cannot say the jury's verdict was clearly wrong or manifestly unjust. We overrule Montanez' point of error as to factual sufficiency.

    We affirm the judgment of the trial court.  







    Jack Carter

    Justice



    Date Submitted: December 23, 2002

    Date Decided: April 11, 2003



    Do Not Publish

    1. Hudgeons v. State, 384 S.W.2d 720, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964); Bennett v. State, 382 S.W.2d 930, 931 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964); Graham v. State, No. 04-00-00722-CR, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 5694 (Tex. App.-San Antonio Aug. 7, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication); Carlson v. State, 695 S.W.2d 695, 697 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1985, pet. ref'd); Arvay v. State, 646 S.W.2d 320, 321 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1983, pet. ref'd); D.L.N. v. State, 590 S.W.2d 820, 822 (Tex. Civ. App.-Dallas 1979, no writ).

    Note that some cases make reference to the statement as res gestae of the event. For clarity and in accordance with suggestions from the Texas Supreme Court, this opinion avoids use of the term. See Sanders v. Worthington, 382 S.W.2d 910, 915 (Tex. 1964) (pointing to fact legal writers agree term is "vague and imprecise in its meaning and has been used by the courts so indiscriminately that it should be abandoned entirely").

    2. Effective January 1, 2003, unpublished cases can now be cited in documents to the court. Tex. R. App. P. 47.7. Although an unpublished case still has no precedential value, it can be persuasive to the court. In a case designated to be published, the Amarillo Court of Appeals suggests that a reviewing court take guidance from unpublished cases "as an aid in developing reasoning that may be employed . . . be it similar or different." Carrillo v. State, No. 07-02-0307-CR, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 2003, at *11(Tex. App.-Amarillo March 4, 2003, no pet. h.)

    3. Had the trial court improperly admitted the hearsay evidence, then the error would have been harmless. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). P. E.'s testimony depicted the same sequence of events and came into evidence without objection.

    4. Here, too, any error would have been harmless error because the victim testified to the same facts as established in the challenged testimony.