Charles A. Harrell, Sr. v. Citizens Bank & Trust Company of Vivian, Louisiana ( 2009 )


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  •                     In The
    Court of Appeals
    Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
    ______________________________
    No. 06-09-00056-CV
    ______________________________
    CHARLES A. HARRELL, SR., Appellant
    V.
    CITIZENS BANK & TRUST COMPANY
    OF VIVIAN, LOUISIANA, Appellee
    On Appeal from the 276th Judicial District Court
    Marion County, Texas
    Trial Court No. 0800147
    Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
    Opinion by Justice Carter
    OPINION
    Charles A. Harrell, Sr. (Harrell) appeals a forcible detainer suit brought by Citizens Bank
    (Bank) alleging that his son and stepson own an interest in the property thereby creating a title issue
    which divested the trial court of jurisdiction to issue a writ of possession. Secondarily, Harrell urges
    that the Bank only owns an undivided interest in the property, that he occupies the property with the
    consent of the other owners and cannot be evicted. The Bank denies each of Harrell's contentions
    and asserts that Harrell's notice of appeal was untimely filed. We affirm the judgment of the trial
    court.
    I.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    On November 1, 1996, Harrell executed a deed of trust in favor of the Bank securing a note
    issued to the Bank on that same day and granting a first lien on certain real property located in
    Marion County, Texas. The deed of trust provides, in pertinent part, that
    5.       If Grantor defaults on the note or fails to perform any of Grantor's
    obligations . . . , then Beneficiary may:
    A.      Declare the unpaid principal balance and earned interest on the note
    immediately due;
    B.      Request trustee to foreclose this lien, in which case Beneficiary or
    Beneficiary's agent shall give notice of the foreclosure sale as
    provided by the Texas Property Code as then amended; and
    C.      Purchase the property at any foreclosure sale by offering the highest
    bid and then have the bid credited on the note.
    ....
    2
    1.     If any of the property is sold under this Deed of Trust, Grantor shall
    immediately surrender possession to the purchaser. If Grantor fails to do so, Grantor
    shall become a tenant at sufferance of the purchaser, subject to an action for forcible
    detainer.
    Harrell defaulted on the note, and the property was sold to the Bank at a nonjudicial
    foreclosure sale August 7, 2007. A substitute trustee's deed was issued to the Bank that same day.
    The Bank demanded Harrell vacate the premises. When Harrell refused, the Bank filed a forcible
    detainer action in the justice court; the justice court granted the Bank a writ of possession.
    Harrell appealed the judgment of the justice court to the district court of Marion County.1
    In that proceeding and on appeal to this Court, Harrell contends that Charles A. Harrell, Jr., owned
    an undivided one-fourth interest in the real property described in plaintiff's sworn complaint for
    forcible detainer and that Harrell remains on the property with the consent of Harrell, Jr. It is alleged
    that Harrell, Jr. inherited this interest from his mother, Diane Harrell, before the execution of the
    deed of trust. We neither have the last will and testament of Diane (assuming there is one) before
    1
    Jurisdiction of a forcible detainer suit is in the justice court in the precinct where the
    property in question is located. TEX . GOV 'T CODE ANN . § 27.031(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2008); TEX .
    PROP . CODE ANN . § 24.004 (Vernon 2000). Appeal from a forcible detainer suit is to the county
    court of the county in which the judgment is rendered. TEX . R. CIV . P. 749. In this case, appeal to
    the 276th Judicial District Court of Marion County was appropriate. Section 24.453(c) of the Texas
    Government Code provides that "[t]he jurisdiction of the 276th District Court is concurrent with the
    jurisdiction of the 115th District Court in Marion County . . . ." Section 24.217(b) of the Texas
    Government Code provides that "in addition to other jurisdiction provided by law, the 115th District
    Court has the civil and criminal jurisdiction of a county court in Marion County." We note these
    provisions because they bestow upon the 276th Judicial District Court the civil jurisdiction of a
    county court. TEX . GOV 'T CODE ANN . § 24.453(c) (Vernon 2004), § 24.217(b) (Vernon 2004).
    3
    us, nor is there any other documentary evidence to support the bare allegation of Harrell, Jr.'s
    ownership interest in the subject property.
    Harrell contends that at the time he executed the deed of trust in favor of the Bank, Harrell,
    Jr. was a minor. Harrell testified that he was appointed guardian of Harrell, Jr. and that he failed to
    gain the approval of the county court in which Harrell, Jr.'s guardianship was pending before signing
    the deed of trust as guardian for his son.2 As a result of this omission, Harrell contends the trial court
    lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because these ownership issues are beyond the jurisdiction of the
    court sitting in a forcible detainer hearing. No documentation of the guardianship was offered.
    Harrell further testified that he conveyed five acres of the subject property to John Anthony
    Jones, his stepson, before the execution of the deed of trust. There is no deed in the record
    evidencing this claimed interest on the part of Jones by Harrell. This issue, taken together with the
    issue of Harrell, Jr.'s, alleged ownership interest in the subject property, Harrell contends, deprived
    the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction.
    II.     ISSUES PRESENTED
    (1)     Whether the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over the cause of action for
    forcible detainer;
    2
    Harrell testified that he signed the deed of trust as guardian for his son, Harrell, Jr.
    However, the grantor in the deed of trust is listed as Charles A. Harrell, Inc., a Texas Corporation,
    d/b/a Charlie's Country Corner, Inc. We have no documentary evidence before us regarding the
    guardianship testified to by Harrell; the deed of trust does not evidence, on its face, that Harrell
    signed as grantor in the capacity of guardian on behalf of Harrell, Jr.
    4
    (2)     Whether the Bank proved a superior right to immediate possession of the property
    in question sufficient to sustain its forcible detainer claim; and
    (3)     Whether Harrell's notice of appeal was timely filed.
    III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
    A.      Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
    The question of whether the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law
    that we review de novo. Gibson v. Dynegy Midstream Servs., L.P., 
    138 S.W.3d 518
    , 522 (Tex.
    App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (citing Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm'n v. IT-Davy, 
    74 S.W.3d 849
    , 855 (Tex. 2002)). When conducting a de novo review, the reviewing tribunal exercises
    its own judgment and "accords the original tribunal's decision absolutely no deference." Quick v.
    City of Austin, 
    7 S.W.3d 109
    , 116 (Tex. 1998). In this case, the defensive pleading and proof raise
    the issue of subject-matter jurisdiction based on the assertion that the question of possession of the
    subject property cannot be determined apart from determining title. We therefore must determine
    whether Harrell is correct in asserting that questions of title and possession are so integrally linked
    that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the case. See Mitchell v. Armstrong
    Capital Corp., 
    911 S.W.2d 169
    , 171 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied) (holding
    genuine issue regarding title existed and trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, where
    defendant to forcible detainer action pled that deed under which plaintiff claimed title was void).
    5
    B.      Legal Sufficiency
    The test for legal sufficiency is "whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and
    fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review." City of Keller v. Wilson, 
    168 S.W.3d 802
    ,
    827 (Tex. 2005). In making this determination, we credit favorable evidence if a reasonable
    fact-finder could, and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. 
    Id. at 823.
    So long as the evidence falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement, we may not substitute
    our judgment for that of the fact-finder. 
    Id. at 822.
    The trier of fact is the sole judge of the
    credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. 
    Id. at 819.
    Although we consider
    the evidence in a light most favorable to the challenged findings, indulging every reasonable
    inference that supports them, we may not disregard evidence that allows only one inference. 
    Id. at 822.
    C.      Factual Sufficiency
    The trial court found the Bank had met its burden to prove it had a superior right of
    possession to the property. In reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge in this posture, we must first
    consider, weigh, and examine all of the evidence contrary to the jury determination. The finding
    should be set aside only if the evidence supporting the jury finding is so weak as to be clearly wrong
    and manifestly unjust. In re Estate of Steed, 
    152 S.W.3d 797
    , 806 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004,
    pet. denied) (citing Cain v. Bain, 
    709 S.W.2d 175
    , 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam); Wilson v. Goodyear
    Tire & Rubber Co., 
    753 S.W.2d 442
    , 448 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1988, writ denied)).
    6
    IV.      ANALYSIS
    A.        Subject-Matter Jurisdiction of the Trial Court
    The facts on which Harrell bases his claim that the trial court lacked subject-matter
    jurisdiction are set forth at length above. Harrell contends that these facts cause the question of title
    to the property to be "so integrally linked to the issue of possession that the right to possession
    cannot be determined without first determining title." 
    Gibson, 138 S.W.3d at 522
    .
    The procedure to determine the right to immediate possession of real property, if there was
    no unlawful entry, is the action of forcible detainer. Rice v. Pinney, 
    51 S.W.3d 705
    , 709 (Tex.
    App.—Dallas 2001, no pet.). A forcible detainer action is a special proceeding governed by
    particular statutes and rules. 
    Id. The cause
    of action for forcible detainer is set out in the Texas
    Property Code, which permits forcible detainer actions against persons who refuse to surrender
    possession of real property when demanded to do so by one entitled to possession.3 Such an action
    is intended to be a speedy and inexpensive means for resolving the question of who is entitled to
    immediate possession of property without resorting to an action upon title. Falcon v. Ensignia, 
    976 S.W.2d 336
    , 338 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) (citing Cuellar v. Martinez, 
    625 S.W.2d 3
    , 5 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1981, no writ)). Rule 746 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure
    highlights the limited purpose of a forcible detainer action, in stating that the "only issue" in a
    forcible detainer action is "the right to actual possession; and the merits of the title shall not be
    3
    See TEX . PROP . CODE ANN . §§ 24.002, 24.0061 (Vernon 2000), § 24.0051 (Vernon Supp.
    2008).
    7
    adjudicated."4 The sole issue to be addressed by the trial court is who has the right of immediate
    possession. Villalon v. Bank One, 
    176 S.W.3d 66
    , 70 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet.
    denied).
    While Harrell claims title and possession are necessarily intertwined, the facts here are far
    different than those in cases he cites in support of this argument. See, e.g., Guyer v. Rose, 
    601 S.W.2d 205
    , 205–06 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.). In that case, the court upheld
    enjoinder of a forcible detainer suit where possession depended on compliance with a contract for
    sale between the same two parties.
    Harrell also relies on Gibson, 
    138 S.W.3d 518
    , in support of his position that the trial court
    lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. Gibson can be distinguished because in that case, the alleged
    unlawful occupant of the property claimed to have acquired title to the property by adverse
    possession. 
    Id. at 523.
    The issue of possession could therefore not be determined without first
    determining the issue of title. Further, and unlike this case, Gibson involved the same two parties
    claiming possession and title. In this case, Harrell does not claim title to the property in question.
    Here, the issue of possession involves Harrell and the Bank; Harrell's only allegation is that
    the title issue involves Harrell, Jr., Jones, and the Bank. Harrell is not claiming any title in his own
    right. In fact, his attorney conceded as much at the hearing.5 Harrell's claimed right of possession
    4
    TEX . R. CIV . P. 746.
    5
    Counsel for Harrell conceded that "Mr. Harrell's interest in the title is not an issue."
    8
    is merely made through one he claims to have title to the property—Harrell, Jr. Harrell does not
    claim that his ownership interest in the property did not validly pass to the Bank via the deed of trust
    and substitute trustee's deed. As between Harrell and the Bank, there is no title dispute; the
    allegation involves a dispute in title between nonparties (Harrell, Jr. and Jones) and the Bank.
    Harrell's claim of a title dispute based on the alleged property interests of nonparties with no
    supporting documentation is far too tenuous to permit us to conclude that the issue of possession
    cannot be determined. Specific evidence of a title dispute is required to raise an issue of jurisdiction.
    
    Falcon, 976 S.W.2d at 338
    .
    Additionally, the right to immediate possession can be determined separately from the right
    to title in most cases. See 
    Rice, 51 S.W.3d at 710
    . This is true, in part, because a forcible detainer
    action is not exclusive, but cumulative, of any other remedy that a party may have in the courts of
    this State. Scott v. Hewitt, 
    127 Tex. 31
    , 
    90 S.W.2d 816
    , 818–19 (1936); 
    Rice, 51 S.W.3d at 710
    (Legislature contemplated concurrent actions in district and justice courts to resolve issues of title
    and immediate possession, respectively).
    For example, the case of Dormady v. Dinero Land & Cattle Co., 
    61 S.W.3d 555
    (Tex.
    App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. dism'd w.o.j.), involved alleged irregularities in a foreclosure sale.
    It was alleged that the county court lacked jurisdiction because the issue of possession could not be
    determined independent of the title issue. 
    Id. at 557.
    Even though Dormady involved an alleged title
    dispute between the same parties, the court determined that the title action could proceed in district
    9
    court. The right to immediate possession could be determined under the forcible detainer statute
    without deciding what irregularities might have occurred in the foreclosure action. 
    Id. at 558.
    Here, any issues involving title to the property can be resolved in a quiet title action between
    those parties claiming a title interest—Harrell, Jr., Jones, and the Bank. The determination of the
    right of immediate possession as between Harrell and the Bank can be made independent of title
    issues involving the Bank and nonparties.
    Harrell further contends that the deed of trust executed by a guardian (Harrell) without order
    of the probate court should be void, particularly where it results in the sale of the ward's interest at
    a contractual foreclosure sale. Even assuming the deed of trust conveyed Harrell, Jr.'s interest in the
    property,6 the issue of whether the sale was void as to Harrell, Jr.'s interest can be resolved in a quiet
    title action between Harrell, Jr. and the Bank. See 
    id. Finally, Harrell
    relies on the case of Mitchell v. Armstrong Capital Corp., 
    911 S.W.2d 169
    (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied). In Mitchell, the homeowner signed a
    promissory note for home improvements secured by a builder's and mechanic's lien contract. The
    lien contract was foreclosed, and a forcible detainer action was filed. The justice court awarded
    possession to the note holder, and the county court affirmed. 
    Id. at 171.
    On appeal, it was
    6
    This allegation is not clear based on the record before the Court. As previously discussed,
    there is no documentary evidence of a guardianship, and the deed of trust does not indicate that it
    was executed by Harrell in a representative capacity.
    10
    determined that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because the issue of immediate
    possession depended solely on title to the house under the terms of the contract. 
    Id. In this
    case, as in Dormady, the landlord-tenant relationship is established in the original deed
    of trust. That relationship provides a basis under the statute7 for determining the right to immediate
    possession without resolving the allegations by Harrell that nonparties have an ownership interest
    in the property.
    Because we do not find that the issues involving title to the subject property are so
    intertwined with the issue of who is entitled to immediate possession, we find that the trial court had
    subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the forcible detainer action and to issue the writ of possession.
    B.        Sufficiency of the Evidence to Sustain the Forcible Detainer Claim
    In his second point of error, Harrell contends that the Bank did not present sufficient evidence
    that it had a superior right of possession against him, due to Harrell's allegation that he was on the
    property with the consent of an undivided interest owner. He contends that because the Bank only
    acquired an undivided interest in the land, one undivided interest owner has no right to evict another
    undivided interest owner. Stephens v. Taylor, 
    36 S.W. 1083
    (Tex. Civ. App. 1896). Harrell alleges
    the other undivided interest owner is Harrell, Jr. There was no effort on the part of the Bank to evict
    Harrell, Jr., and whatever interest Harrell had in the property was transferred to the Bank.
    7
    TEX . PROP. CODE ANN . § 24.002.
    11
    To prevail in a forcible detainer action, a plaintiff is not required to prove title, but is only
    required to show sufficient evidence of ownership to demonstrate a superior right to immediate
    possession. Goggins v. Leo, 
    849 S.W.2d 373
    , 377 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no writ).
    Here, the Bank was required to show: (1) the substitute trustee conveyed the property by
    deed to the Bank after the foreclosure sale; (2) the deed of trust signed by Harrell established a
    landlord-tenant relationship between Harrell and the Bank; (3) the Bank gave proper notice to Harrell
    that it required him to vacate the premises; and (4) Harrell refused to vacate the premises.8 To satisfy
    those requirements, the Bank relied on its deed of trust, appointment of substitute trustee, the
    substitute trustee's deed, and the written demand to vacate premises, all entered into evidence
    without objection.
    The trustee's deed establishes that the substitute trustee conveyed the property in question to
    the Bank and that the Bank was entitled to possession of the property. The deed of trust required
    Harrell to surrender possession of the property to the Bank as the purchaser at the sale and further
    provided that failure to do so would cause Harrell to become a "tenant at sufferance." The
    foreclosure pursuant to the deed of trust established a landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship
    between the Bank and Harrell, which provided a basis for determining the right of possession. See
    
    Villalon, 176 S.W.3d at 71
    .
    8
    TEX . PROP. CODE ANN . §§ 24.002(a)(2), (b), 24.005 (Vernon 2000).
    12
    We find the evidence supports the judgment of the trial court on this issue. Harrell's
    challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence fails. See Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio
    Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 
    960 S.W.2d 41
    , 48 (Tex. 1998).
    C.      The Timeliness of Harrell's Notice of Appeal
    The Bank contends Harrell's notice of appeal was not properly perfected because it did not
    correctly identify the style of the case as required by Rule 25.1(d)(1) of the Texas Rules of Appellate
    Procedure. See TEX . R. APP . P. 25.1(d)(1). We do not find this argument to be persuasive. Rule
    25.1(f) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure provides:
    An amended notice of appeal correcting a defect or omission in an earlier filed notice
    may be filed in the appellate court at any time before appellant's brief is filed. The
    amended notice is subject to being struck for cause on the motion of any party
    affected by the amended notice. After the appellant's brief is filed, the notice may be
    amended only on leave of the appellate court and on such terms as the court may
    prescribe.
    TEX . R. APP . P. 25.1(f).
    Harrell filed an amended notice of appeal May 5, 2009. The judgment was entered
    February 17, 2009, and Harrell filed a motion for new trial March 5, 2009, in a timely manner.
    Because the amended notice of appeal was filed within ninety days after the judgment was signed,
    it was timely filed. TEX . R. APP . P. 26.1(a). Further, the amended notice was filed before Harrell
    filed his brief, and no objection was made.
    13
    V.      CONCLUSION
    Because we hold that the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction and that the Bank proved
    a superior right to immediate possession sufficient to sustain its claim for forcible detainer, we affirm
    the judgment of the trial court.
    Jack Carter
    Justice
    Date Submitted:         September 8, 2009
    Date Decided:           September 16, 2009
    14