Luis Castillo-Mejia v. Attorney General United States ( 2019 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
______________
No. 18-3019
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LUIS EDGARDO CASTILLO-MEJIA,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent
______________
On Petition for Review of an Order of
the Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A208-286-331)
Immigration Judge: Dinesh C. Verma
______________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
July 8, 2019
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Before: SHWARTZ, KRAUSE, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: July 19, 2019)
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OPINION*
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SHWARTZ, Circuit Judge.
Luis Edgardo Castillo-Mejia petitions for review of the order of the Board of
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal of the denial of his asylum
application. For the reasons that follow, we will deny the petition.
I
Castillo-Mejia, a native and citizen of Honduras, is a practicing evangelical
Christian. From a young age, he was involved in youth and worship ministries, attended
regular congregational activities, and invited people into the church.
When Castillo-Mejia was fourteen years old, gang members began insulting him
and his religion. He stopped going to school after gang members looked for him there.
The next year, the gang threatened to kill him and his family if he did not join the gang.
On one occasion, four or five gang members approached him as he was leaving his house
and threatened that if he did not join the gang, they would kill him. They said he “should
not follow God because the gang is god.” A.R. 207. Another evening, eight gang
members surrounded Castillo-Mejia on his way home, made their guns visible to him,
told him that he had to join the gang or he and his family would pay, and yelled “God
can’t protect you,” “where is your god now,” and “We are God.” A.R. 207.
Within a few months of the final incident, Castillo-Mejia entered the United States
without permission. He was issued a notice to appear, which stated that the time and date
of his hearing were “to be set.” A.R. 235-36. He was then served with a notice
indicating the date and time of a hearing, and appeared before an Immigration Judge
(“IJ”). He failed to appear at a subsequent hearing and was ordered removed in absentia.
At his request, the IJ vacated the removal order and reopened his case. Castillo-Mejia
then applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention
2
Against Torture (“CAT”).
Castillo-Mejia conceded removability.1 He then appeared before a different IJ for
a merits hearing on his applications for relief. The IJ found Castillo-Mejia credible but
determined that he was ineligible for asylum2 because: (1) “the[] verbal threats that
respondent endured do not rise to the level of past persecution,” A.R. 75; and (2) he has
not demonstrated likelihood of future persecution due to a protected ground because:
(a) he has not shown “that his religion is the essential or principle [sic] reason that he will
be targeted if he is returned to the country of Honduras,” A.R. 77; and (b) his proposed
particular social group—“young Honduran Evangelical Christian males who have
actively refused to join a gang based on their faith,” A.R. 77—“lacks particularity as it
constitutes a potentially large and diffuse segment of society,” and “the characteristic of
having an opposition to the gangs, even if it’s based upon religious opposition, does not
meet the particularity requirement, as it is too broad and diverse,” A.R. 78.
Castillo-Mejia appealed the denial of his asylum application to the BIA. The BIA
dismissed the appeal, concluding that: (1) the gang’s insults and threats did not amount to
1
Castillo-Mejia claims the BIA violated his due process rights because he was not
allowed to designate a country of removal. Since he did not raise this issue before the
BIA, we lack jurisdiction to review it. Lin v. Att’y Gen., 543 F.3d 114, 121-22 (3d Cir.
2008).
Even if he had not waived this argument, it would fail because Castillo-Mejia has
not shown “substantial prejudice resulted from the alleged procedural error[].” Delgado-
Sobalvarro v. Att’y Gen., 625 F.3d 782, 787 (3d Cir. 2010). Castillo-Mejia was born in
and is a citizen of Honduras, so Honduras is undoubtedly a proper country of removal.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(1)(B)-(C). Moreover, Castillo-Mejia has not suggested that any
country other than Honduras should or could be designated the country of removal.
2
The IJ also determined that Castillo-Mejia was ineligible for withholding of
removal and CAT protection.
3
past persecution; (2) Castillo-Mejia failed to demonstrate a likelihood of future
persecution because his proposed particular social group lacked particularity; and (3) the
IJ correctly applied the “central reason” standard, A.R. 4 n.2 (internal quotation marks
omitted), in its determination that Castillo-Mejia’s “evangelical Christian faith was not a
‘central reason’ the gang members threatened him and therefore is not likely to be in the
future,” A.R. 4 (footnote omitted). Castillo-Mejia petitions for review of the denial of his
asylum request.
II3
A
3
Castillo-Mejia asserts that the IJ and BIA lacked jurisdiction over his removal
proceedings because the notice to appear did not specify the time and place of the
removal hearing. Castillo-Mejia did not raise this argument before the agency and, since
this is not a jurisdictional issue, see Nkomo v. Att’y Gen., No. 18-3109, --- F.3d. ---,
2019 WL 3048577, at *1-3 (July 12, 2019), he has waived this argument, Lin, 543 F.3d at
121-22. Even if he had preserved the issue, however, it would fail because he
subsequently received a notice of hearing and appeared at the scheduled hearing. See
Nkomo, 2019 WL 3048577, at *1-3.
The IJ had jurisdiction over Castillo-Mejia’s immigration proceedings under 8
C.F.R. § 1208.2, and the BIA had jurisdiction over the appeal pursuant to 8 C.F.R.
§§ 1003.1(b) and 1240.15. We have jurisdiction over final orders of the BIA under 8
U.S.C. § 1252.
When the BIA issues its own opinion on the merits, we review its decision, not
that of the IJ. Mahn v. Att’y Gen., 767 F.3d 170, 173 (3d Cir. 2014). However, where,
as here, the BIA expressly adopts portions of the IJ opinion, we review both the IJ and
BIA decisions. See S.E.R.L. v. Att’y Gen., 894 F.3d 535, 543-44 (3d Cir. 2018); Sandie
v. Att’y Gen., 562 F.3d 246, 250 (3d Cir. 2009). We review legal determinations de novo
and “accept factual findings if supported by substantial evidence,” meaning we must
“uphold the agency’s determination unless the evidence would compel any reasonable
fact finder to reach a contrary result.” Sesay v. Att’y Gen., 787 F.3d 215, 220 (3d Cir.
2015) (citation omitted).
4
Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, an alien who enters the United States
without permission is removable. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), 1227(a)(1)(A). A
removable alien may be eligible for asylum if he demonstrates that he is “unable or
unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself . . . of the protection of,
[the country to which he would be removed] because of persecution or a well-founded
fear of persecution on account of . . . religion, . . . [or] membership in a particular social
group.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); see id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); see also Garcia v. Att’y
Gen., 665 F.3d 496, 503 (3d Cir. 2011). The BIA concluded that Castillo-Mejia failed to
show that he suffered past persecution or that he will likely suffer future persecution
based upon his religion and refusal to join a gang.
B
1
Castillo-Mejia argues that the BIA’s determination that he did not suffer past
persecution is not supported by substantial evidence. To prevail, Castillo-Mejia must
establish “that the evidence he presented was so compelling that no reasonable factfinder
could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S.
478, 483-84 (1992). He has not done so.
“Persecution” encompasses “threats to life, confinement, torture, and economic
restrictions so severe that they constitute a threat to life or freedom.” Fatin v. INS, 12
F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993). The BIA’s determination that the gang’s threats “did not
rise to the level of persecution,” A.R. 3, is supported by substantial evidence. Castillo-
Mejia testified that after insulting him and his religion for about a year, on two or three
5
occasions groups of gang members threatened that they would kill him if he did not join
the gang. The gang never physically harmed him and he was able to escape when the
gang members pursued him. The fact that the gang members were armed during the final
incident does not compel a contrary conclusion, see Gomez-Zuluaga v. Att’y Gen., 527
F.3d 330, 342 (3d Cir. 2008) (explaining that the fact that guerillas who briefly detained
petitioner were armed “does not suggest the guns were brandished or used in [a]
threatening manner”), and “[a]busive treatment and harassment, while always
deplorable,” do not necessarily amount to persecution, Jarbough v. Att’y Gen., 483 F.3d
184, 191 (3d Cir. 2007). “[P]ersecution does not encompass all treatment that our society
regards as unfair, unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional,” and Castillo-Mejia has
not demonstrated that the record compels a determination that he suffered “severe”
conduct amounting to persecution. Fatin, 12 F.3d at 1240.
2
Castillo-Mejia also claims that the BIA erred in its determination that he did not
establish a likelihood of future persecution on a protected ground. An applicant has a
well-founded fear of future persecution if there is a “reasonable possibility” that he will
suffer it. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2)(iii). In addition, an alien must provide evidence that
the persecutor’s motive arises from the alien’s protected trait. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at
483; Matter of N-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 526, 531 (BIA 2011) (“[A]n alien must
demonstrate that the persecutor would not have harmed the applicant if the protected trait
did not exist.”). “[A]sylum may not be granted if a protected ground is only an
incidental, tangential, or superficial reason for persecution of an asylum applicant.”
6
Ndayshimiye v. Att’y Gen., 557 F.3d 124, 130 (3d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that because Castillo-
Mejia’s evangelical Christian faith was not a “central reason” for the gang’s past threats,
it is not likely to be a central reason for any future threats. See, e.g., Bueso-Avila v.
Holder, 663 F.3d 934, 936, 938 (7th Cir. 2011) (holding religion was not a central reason
where applicant claimed gang members knew about his religion and church group
membership but record lacked evidence of gang members’ motivations). Castillo-
Mejia’s description of the gang’s threats show that the gang sought his membership and
attempted to use threats to get him to join. The comments about his religion were aimed
at expressing their view that his religion will not shield him from the gang but his religion
was not the reason for the threats.
The BIA also did not err in its determination that Castillo-Mejia’s proposed
particular social group—“young Honduran evangelical Christian males who have
actively refused to join a gang based on their faith”—is not cognizable. As the BIA
noted, those targeted for resisting gang recruitment are not generally recognized as
members of a cognizable particular social group.4 See, e.g., Paiz-Morales v. Lynch, 795
F.3d 238, 244 (1st Cir. 2015) (concluding that proposed group of individuals opposed to
gang membership lacked particularity because “[a] group consisting of all Guatemalan
4
A particular social group must be: “(1) composed of members who share a
common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially distinct
within the society in question.’” S.E.R.L., 894 F.3d at 540 (quoting Matter of M-E-V-G-,
26 I. & N. Dec. 227, 237 (BIA 2014)).
7
citizens who do not sport gang colors and tattoos is by definition too amorphous and
overbroad to be particular”); Rodas-Orellana v. Holder, 780 F.3d 982, 991-93 (10th Cir.
2015) (holding that proposed group of “El Salvadoran males threatened and actively
recruited by gangs, who resist joining because they oppose the gangs” lacked social
distinction). Despite Castillo-Mejia’s qualifier of “youth,” his proposed group still lacks
particularity and social distinction. See, e.g., Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 812 F.3d 491,
498-99 (6th Cir. 2015) (“‘El Salvadoran male youth, who were forced to actively
participate in violent gang activities for the majority of their youth and who refused to
comply with demands to show their loyalty through increasing violence’ . . . lacked social
distinction.” (citation omitted)); Mayorga-Vidal v. Holder, 675 F.3d 9, 15 (1st Cir. 2012)
(“We have repeatedly deferred to the BIA’s reasonable determination that the features
encompassing ‘youths who resist gang recruitment’ are simply too subjective and open-
ended to describe a sufficiently particular, legally cognizable social group.”); Mendez-
Barrera v. Holder, 602 F.3d 21, 25, 27 (1st Cir. 2010) (determining that “young [El
Salvadoran] women recruited by gang members who resist such recruitment” lacked
particularity because “[t]here are, for example, questions about who may be considered
‘young,’ the type of conduct that may be considered ‘recruit[ment],’ and the degree to
which a person must display ‘resist[ance]’” (first, third, and fourth alterations in original).
Thus, the BIA did not err in concluding that Castillo-Mejia did not demonstrate a
reasonable possibility of future persecution based on his religion or by holding that he
was not a member of a particular social group.
III
8
For the foregoing reasons, we will deny Castillo-Mejia’s petition for review.
9