Kirpal Singh v. Attorney General United States of America ( 2023 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 22-2167
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KIRPAL SINGH,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A077-911-909)
Immigration Judge: Eugene Pugliese
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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
January 26, 2023
Before: HARDIMAN, KRAUSE, and MATEY, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: March 10, 2023)
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OPINION ∗
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∗
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, does not
constitute binding precedent.
MATEY, Circuit Judge.
Kirpal Singh petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”)
order denying as untimely his motion to reopen proceedings and declining to exercise its
sua sponte authority to reopen. Seeing no error, we will dismiss the petition in part and
deny the petition in part.
I.
Singh, a citizen of India, was charged with removability when he entered the United
States in 1999. During removal proceedings in 2005, Singh admitted the allegations against
him and conceded his removability but asked for asylum under the Convention Against
Torture. Singh’s counsel (“Getachew”) told the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) that Singh was
not fluent in English, but Getachew waived the help of an interpreter. The IJ then provided
the forms necessary for Singh’s asylum request and ordered him to be fingerprinted. At
another hearing the next year, Getachew again waived an interpreter and was reminded by
the IJ of the importance of getting Singh’s fingerprints processed.
Singh’s merits hearing was held in 2007. Because Singh still had not had his
fingerprints processed per the IJ’s instructions, Singh’s applications for asylum and
withholding of removal were denied. The BIA upheld these denials and we dismissed
Singh’s appeal for failure to file a brief and appendix.
In 2020, Singh moved to reopen his case, claiming Getachew provided ineffective
representation. The BIA agreed that Getachew’s counsel was deficient but declined to
reopen the proceedings since Singh had not exercised the necessary due diligence after his
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discovery of Getachew’s ineffective representation. The BIA also declined to exercise its
sua sponte authority to reopen. Singh now brings this timely appeal. 1
II.
A motion to reopen proceedings must be filed within ninety days after the
disposition. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2). A petitioner who does
not file in this window, as here, must demonstrate due diligence and extraordinary
circumstances to qualify for equitable tolling. Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez, 572 U.S. 1, 10
(2014); Alzaarir v. Att’y Gen., 639 F.3d 86, 90 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (“Ineffective
assistance of counsel can serve as a basis for equitable tolling if substantiated and
accompanied by a showing of due diligence.”). If the BIA does not apply equitable tolling
and refuses to sua sponte reopen proceedings, a petitioner must show that the BIA’s refusal
to do so resulted from its reliance “on an incorrect legal premise.” Park v. Att’y Gen., 846
F.3d 645, 651, 656 (3d Cir. 2017). Because Singh has not made either showing, we will
dismiss his petition insofar as he challenges the BIA’s decision not to exercise its sua
1
The BIA had jurisdiction under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(a). We have jurisdiction under
8 U.S.C. § 1252. Denial of a motion to reopen is reviewed “under a highly deferential abuse
of discretion standard.” Nkomo v. Att’y Gen., 986 F.3d 268, 271 (3d Cir. 2021) (citation
omitted). “Application of the equitable tolling standard ‘to undisputed or established facts’
is a question of law reviewed de novo.” Id. at 272 (citation omitted).
Courts lack jurisdiction to review any decision by the Attorney General that is
specified “to be in the discretion of the Attorney General.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii).
The Attorney General has such discretion here. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(a). As such, our
jurisdiction is limited to colorable “constitutional claims or questions of law” raised in the
petition. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii); Pareja v. Att’y Gen., 615 F.3d 180, 186–87 (3d Cir.
2010).
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sponte authority to reopen and deny his petition in remaining part.
To apply equitable tolling to claims of ineffective assistance, “[d]ue diligence must
be exercised over the entire period for which tolling is desired,” Alzaarir, 639 F.3d at 90,
which includes “both the period of time before the ineffective assistance of counsel was or
should have been discovered and the period from that point until the motion to reopen is
filed,” id. (citation omitted). The diligence required for equitable tolling purposes is due
diligence. Id.The BIA concluded that Singh did not exercise due diligence and “should have
discovered the ineffective assistance long before he filed his motion to reopen.” AR 4. The
Board found that 1) the IJ had repeatedly advised Getachew that fingerprints were essential;
2) the IJ explained to Singh, with help from an interpreter, that the failure to obtain
fingerprints required his asylum application to be denied; and 3) these facts together put
Singh on notice, in 2007, of Getachew’s ineffective assistance. Singh kept working with
Getachew, not inquiring with another lawyer on the status of his case until 2010. And even
when Singh’s new counsel advised him to seek reopening based on Getachew’s ineffective
assistance, Singh still waited another two years to file the motion to reopen.
The BIA’s findings of fact, reviewed under an “extraordinarily deferential”
standard, Romero v. Att’y Gen., 972 F.3d 334, 342 (3d Cir. 2020), are determinative. Given
Singh’s claims of past persecution, reasonable diligence required timely efforts to reopen
his case. Instead, Singh delayed asking to reopen this matter even when advised by his new
counsel. That decision makes equitable tolling inapplicable.
Nor is there any legal error. “Typically, the BIA’s decision to deny a motion to
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reopen sua sponte is ‘functionally unreviewable’ because we lack a ‘meaningful standard’
for review of the BIA’s ‘essentially unlimited’ discretion.” Nkomo, 986 F.3d at 271–72
(quoting Park, 846 F.3d at 651); see also Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821, 830 (1985)
(Courts lack jurisdiction when they “would have no meaningful standard of review against
which to judge [an] agency’s exercise of discretion.”). This “unfettered discretion to
decline to sua sponte reopen,” Chehazeh v. Att’y Gen., 666 F.3d 118, 129 (3d Cir. 2012)
(citation omitted), deprives us of jurisdiction unless we determine that the Board relied “on
an incorrect legal premise,” Nkomo, 986 F.3d at 272. Here, because the BIA’s decision
appropriately considered the correct legal standards, we lack jurisdiction to entertain
Singh’s challenge. See Pllumi v. Att’y Gen., 642 F.3d 155, 159 (3d Cir. 2011); Park, 846
F.3d at 650–52. We will therefore dismiss the petition as to this argument.
III.
For these reasons, we will dismiss the petition as to the BIA’s decision not to
exercise its sua sponte authority to reopen and will deny the petition in remaining part.
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