Fell v. Zenk , 139 F. App'x 391 ( 2005 )

Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
7-13-2005
Fell v. Zenk
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 04-3002
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"Fell v. Zenk" (2005). 2005 Decisions. Paper 853.
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NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
NO. 04-3002
________________
THOMAS E. FELL,
Appellant
v.
MICHAEL ZENK
____________________________________
On Appeal From the United States District Court
For the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civ. No. 01-cv-00266)
District Judge: Honorable James M. Munley
__________________________
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
JULY 1, 2005
Before: RENDELL, AMBRO AND FUENTES, CIRCUIT JUDGES
(Filed : July 13, 2005)
_________________
OPINION
_________________
PER CURIAM
This is an appeal by Thomas E. Fell from an order dismissing his petition for a writ
of habeas corpus. Fell was convicted in 1989 of felony murder, robbery, and sodomy
following a general court martial, and he is serving a sentence of imprisonment of 25
years. His conviction was affirmed by the Army Court of Military Review, see United
States v. Fell, 33 M.J. 628 (A.C.M.R. 1991),1 and review was denied by the Court of
Military Appeals, see United States v. Fell, 36 M.J. 40 (C.M.A. 1992). Fell, who was at
the time imprisoned at the Federal Correctional Institution at Allenwood in White Deer,
Pennsylvania, filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in
United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. The District Court
denied his petition and motion for reconsideration, and this appeal followed.
We will affirm.2 The United States District Courts have jurisdiction under 28
The Army Court of Military Review is now known as the Army Court of Criminal
Appeals.
We conclude that we have jurisdiction. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure
4(a)(1)(B) provides that a notice of appeal be filed within 60 days after entry of judgment
where the United States is a party. Judgment was entered in this case on January 27,
2004. Fell’s notice of appeal filed on July 15, 2004 was filed several months too late. A
timely filed Rule 59(e) motion for reconsideration will toll the time for taking an appeal,
Fed. R. App. Pro. 4(a)(4)(A)(iv), but Fell’s motion for reconsideration was not filed until
February 23, 2004. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) provides that such a motion be
filed no later than 10 days after entry of the judgment, or in this case by February 10,
2004. The District Court granted Fell an extension of time to file his motion for
reconsideration, but a district court may not waive or extend the time period in which to
file a Rule 59(e) motion. de la Fuente v. Central Electric Co-op, Inc., 703 F.2d 63, 65 (3d
Cir. 1983). See also Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 6(b). The Court’s order doing so thus is a nullity.
However, a prisoner’s motion for reconsideration will be deemed filed at the time it is
delivered to prison authorities for mailing. Smith v. Evans, 853 F.2d 155, 161 (3d Cir.
1988). We find that Fell delivered his motion for reconsideration to prison authorities for
mailing on February 8, 2004. We base our conclusion on the fact that his affidavit in
support of his motion for reconsideration is dated February 7. The motion for
reconsideration includes a certificate of service indicating a mailing date of “January 8, ”
which we do not believe was the correct mailing date; however, Fell could have merely
misstated the month. Because we find that the motion was mailed on February 8, it was
timely under Smith v. Evans, and tolled the time for taking an appeal. The order denying
2
U.S.C. § 2241 over habeas corpus petitions filed by persons confined pursuant to a
sentence received from a military court. However, absent a challenge to the
constitutionality of the statute under which the petitioner was convicted, a court’s inquiry
in a military habeas case may not go further than its inquiry in a state habeas case.
Brosius v. Warden, U.S. Penitentiary, Lewisburg, PA, 278 F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir. 2002)
(citing Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137, 142 (1953) ("In military habeas corpus cases, even
more than in state habeas corpus cases, it would be in disregard of the statutory scheme if
the federal civil courts failed to take account of the prior proceedings.”)).
We thus have assumed, for the sake of argument, that 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) applies,
see Brosius v. Warden, U.S. Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pa., 278 F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir.
2002) and we may not grant relief unless the Army Court’s determination on the merits
resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established federal law. Id. Such a rule makes sense because the Army Court’s
review is by no means a perfunctory one. See 10 U.S.C. § 866(c).3
the motion for reconsideration was entered on the docket on May 26, 2004. The notice of
appeal filed on July 15, 2004 was filed within 60 days of that order.
Section 866(c) provides:
In a case referred to it, the Court of Criminal Appeals may ... affirm only
such findings of guilty, and the sentence or such part or amount of the
sentence, as it finds correct in law and fact and determines, on the basis of
the entire record, should be approved. In considering the record, it may
weigh the evidence, judge the credibility of witnesses, and determine
controverted questions of fact, recognizing that the trial court saw and heard
the witnesses.
3
On direct appeal to the Army Court of Military Review, Fell argued that the
military judge erred by not giving panel members the felony murder instruction he
requested, specifically, that he must have had the intent to commit the underlying felony
at the time of the actions that caused the victim’s death, and by giving a mistake in fact
instruction that was defective. He also argued that the military judge erred in not properly
accounting for the panel members as required by Rule for Courts-Martial § 813(a), and in
denying his motion for a finding of not guilty of felony murder. Last, he argued that the
evidence was insufficient to support the felony murder, robbery, and sodomy convictions.
Additionally, Fell raised two issues personally, see United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J.
431, 436-37 (C.M.A. 1982) (providing for means to raise issues appellate counsel deems
unworthy), that he was denied a fair trial because the military judge referred to his
statement as a confession, and his sentence was excessive.
In a thorough opinion affirming, the Army Court found that the military judge did
err with respect to the mistake of fact instruction; however, the court ruled that Fell
suffered no prejudice as a result of the error. Fell, 33 M.J. at 632. The Army Court found
no error with respect to the military judge’s refusal to give the felony murder instruction
requested by the defense, because the intent to steal required in robbery may be formed
after the commission of an assault which renders the victim helpless. Id. (citing United
States v. Washington, 12 M.J. 1036 (A.C.M.R. 1982)). The Army Court did conclude
10 U.S.C. § 866(c) (West 1998).
4
that the military judge erred by failing to account for all panel members as required by
R.C.M. 813(a)(4); however, the error was not jurisdictional in nature and Fell suffered no
prejudice as a result. Id. at 633-34. The Army Court rejected the remaining claims,
including those Fell raised personally.
A concise list of Fell’s numerous federal civil habeas claims, including several that
were not raised on direct appeal, appears in the appellee’s brief at pp. 11-13. The
Magistrate Judge, in a Report and Recommendation, which the District Court adopted,
concluded that Fell had received “full and fair consideration” of all issues raised in the
military courts, and he thus was not entitled to habeas relief in a civil court. Claims not
raised in the military courts were waived.4
Fell moved for reconsideration, contending, among other things, that the District
Court incorrectly concluded that he had not raised four of his habeas claims in the
military courts. Those claims were that the Staff Judge Advocate provided the convening
authority with advice that was materially inaccurate in violation of his duty under Article
In addition, Fell amended his habeas petition to challenge the United States Parole
Commission’s failure to give him meaningful and annual reviews, and the Bureau of
Prisons’ failure to re-credit him with certain forfeited good time credits. The Magistrate
Judge concluded, and the District Court agreed, that the United States District Court for
the District of New Jersey previously had addressed the parole claim in a separate action
and properly rejected it. The sentence computation claim could not be pressed against the
Bureau of Prisons, because only the Commandant, pursuant to regulation, can restore lost
good time for military prisoners in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons. Fell’s remedy, if
any, would lie with the Department of the Army. Fell has not pursued these issues
concerning parole matters and sentence calculation on appeal, and we thus will not
address them further.
5
34, 10 U.S.C. § 834, he received ineffective assistance of counsel, the military judge
presiding at his court martial was biased, and the prosecutor committed misconduct in
making an inflammatory argument.
In its original order the District Court determined that it could not address these
issues because Fell did not raise them on direct appeal to the Army Court of Military
Review. On reconsideration, the District Court noted that Fell raised these issues in
subsequent military habeas petitions to the Army Court of Criminal Appeals and the
Court of Appeals to the Armed Forces. Although the District Court still believed that the
issues were waived, it held in the alternative that Fell had failed to show that the claims
were not fully and fairly considered by the military courts, as required by Burns v.
Wilson, 346 U.S. 137, 142 (1953). Because he failed to make the required showing,
relief in a civil court was unavailable to him.
On appeal, Fell appears to raise the same arguments he raised in his motion for
reconsideration. Turning to those arguments, the record shows that Fell raised all but the
first of them in a pro se Petition for Extraordinary Relief in the Nature of a Writ of
Habeas Corpus with the Army Court of Criminal Appeals. He raised the first argument in
a petition to the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. He also unsuccessfully appealed
these decisions. Although we might agree as a general matter that, if an issue was not
raised at any time in the military courts, we may not review it, Watson v. McCotter, 782
F.2d 143, 154 (10 th Cir. 1986), the issue presented by this appeal, whether Fell properly
6
resorted to military habeas petitions to raise claims that were not raised on direct appeal,
is not that issue.
Fell adequately established that his four arguments were raised in petitions for
extraordinary relief filed in the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals and the
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. We are not persuaded that these
arguments would not have been given due consideration such that we would hold them
waived. See, e.g., Diaz v. Navy Judge Advocate General, 59 M.J. 34, 37 (C.A.A.F. 2003)
(granting petition for extraordinary relief, and remanding to Navy-Marine Corps Court of
Criminal Appeals, where delay in direct appeal jeopardized due process guarantee);
United States v. Murphy, 50 M.J. 4, 5 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (discussing openness to collateral
challenges based on ineffective assistance of counsel notwithstanding absence of § 2255
procedure).
However, even assuming that these arguments are not waived, we agree with the
District Court that they do not provide a basis for habeas relief in a civil court. We have
carefully reviewed the record, and we conclude that Fell’s constitutional rights were not
violated. See Brosius, 278 F.3d at 244 (in Burns “a majority of the Court ... applied a
deferential standard of review to the claims that, on the undisputed facts, the habeas
petitioners’ constitutional rights were violated”). The essential facts here are not in
dispute.5 Fell had consensual sex with an individual he believed to be a woman, and upon
The legal significance of the facts was, of course, disputed.
7
discovering that the individual was a man, beat him, broke his neck, robbed him after
rendering him helpless, and left him alone and without assistance. The man later died of
his injuries.
Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and prosecutorial misconduct
ultimately turn on actual prejudice and the reliability of the verdict. See United States v.
Quick, 59 M.J. 383, 387 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (addressing ineffective assistance of counsel
claims); United States v. Meek, 44 M.J. 1, 5 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (addressing claims of
prosecutorial misconduct). The finding of guilty in Fell’s case was reliable. In addition,
there is no evidence on this record to indicate that the military judge was biased, that the
Staff Judge Advocate misrepresented to the convening officer the Article 32 investigating
officer’s conclusion that the evidence pointed to voluntary manslaughter rather than
felony murder, or that the defense was willing to plead guilty to felony murder. The
decision of the military courts to deny relief on these claims is thus not contrary to federal
law nor an unreasonable application of it. It is entitled to deference, cf. 28 U.S.C. §
2254(d)(1), and there is no basis for granting habeas relief here.
To the extent that Fell also challenges on appeal the District Court’s determination
that he received “full and fair consideration” of all issues raised on direct appeal, we
agree with the District Court, for the reasons given by the District Court, that the Army
Court’s written opinion establishes that it undertook an analysis of the relevant law and
decided the issues in accordance with military precedent. See District Court Opinion, at
8
7-10; Order Denying Motion for Reconsideration, at 4-5 n.2. That decision is entitled to
deference, cf. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), and does not provide a basis for a civil court to
grant habeas relief.
We will affirm the order of the District Court denying the habeas petition and
motion for reconsideration.
9