Edwin Munoz Perez v. Attorney General United States ( 2022 )

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 21-2714
___________
EDWIN MUNOZ PEREZ,
Petitioner
v.
ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
____________________________________
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
(Agency No. A 216-652-305)
Immigration Judge: Mirlande Tadal
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
March 15, 2022
Before: MCKEE, SHWARTZ and MATEY, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: April 22, 2022)
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OPINION*
___________
PER CURIAM
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Edwin Munoz Perez petitions for review of a final order of removal issued by the
Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). For the reasons detailed below, we will deny his
petition for review.
I.
Munoz Perez is a 24-year-old native of El Salvador. In 2012, at age 15, he left El
Salvador and entered the United States without authorization or inspection. He was
arrested on an assault charge in 2020, and thereafter the Department of Homeland
Security charged him with being removable for being present without having been
admitted or paroled.1 See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Munoz Perez, acting pro se,
conceded the charge of removability and applied for statutory withholding of removal
and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).2
At his hearing, Munoz Perez appeared pro se and was questioned by the
Immigration Judge (IJ) and the Government’s counsel. Munoz Perez testified that
beginning around the time he was eight years old, he was beaten by members of MS-13
at his school. He explained that “there are two different gangs in El Salvador, and when
you come from one town to the other, each gang thinks that you belong to the other
gang,” and that he lived “in a neighborhood that belonged to different gang. So when [he]
1
He was not charged as removable for having been convicted of a criminal offense.
2
He also sought asylum, but his application was deemed untimely. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(2)(B). He did not challenge that determination on appeal to the BIA. Any
asylum claim included in the petition for review is thus unexhausted and we lack
jurisdiction to consider it. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Nkomo v. Att’y Gen., 986 F.3d
268, 272 (3d Cir. 2021).
2
went to school in [MS-13] territory, . . . they assaulted [him].” A.R. 129–30. At some
point, his mother filed a complaint with the school, and there was briefly a police
presence on site; once the police left, the beatings resumed. See A.R. 132. On another
occasion, he was assaulted by what he believes were members of rival gang Mara 18 after
he participated in a soccer match with a result they disliked. See A.R. 135–37 (“[I]f they
lose, they assault you because they feel less superior to you.”).
Munoz Perez then explained that around the same time, in the year or so leading
up to his fleeing El Salvador, MS-13 members attempted to recruit him into the gang. He
testified that when he was approached for recruitment, he would “laugh and . . . say okay,
that’s fine because . . . [he] didn’t want to get them angry at [him].” A.R. 140. He
testified that he left El Salvador because he “want[ed] to have a different culture,” did not
want to become a gang member, and “didn’t want to keep having the same thing . . .
continue to happen.” A.R. 139. He said he fears returning to El Salvador because either
gang might try again to recruit him or, alternatively, torture and kill him. When asked
why they would want to do that, he responded, “because being a young man, to them
that’s like . . . a sin. And also for coming to the United States. . . . [W]hen you go back,
they think you have money[.]” A.R. 142.
The IJ found the testimony to be credible and corroborated but denied all relief.
Munoz Perez appealed, and the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision. Munoz Perez timely
petitioned this Court to review the BIA’s decision.
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II.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Our review is of the BIA’s
decision, although we also review the IJ’s decision to the extent that the BIA adopted or
deferred to the IJ’s analysis. See Zhang v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 150, 155 (3d Cir. 2005).
We must uphold the agency’s factual findings if they are “supported by reasonable,
substantial and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Kayembe v.
Ashcroft, 334 F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir. 2003). We will reverse a finding of fact only if “any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” § 1252(b)(4)(B).
III.
A. Withholding of Removal
Munoz Perez first claims that the BIA erred in finding that he was not entitled to
statutory withholding of removal. To succeed on his claim, Munoz Perez must show that
he was persecuted, or that it is more likely than not that he will be persecuted in the
future, “because of” a statutorily protected ground, including “race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A);
see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16. To be cognizable, a particular social group must be “(1)
composed of members who share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with
particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the society in question.” S.E.R.L. v. Att’y
Gen., 894 F.3d 535, 540 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting In re M-E-V-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 227,
237 (BIA 2014)). The “because of” or “nexus” element places the burden on the
applicant to show that the wrongdoer knew or believed that the applicant had the
protected characteristic and that knowledge or belief motivated or will motivate the
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wrongdoer to commit harmful acts. See Gomez-Zuluaga v. Att’y Gen., 527 F.3d 330,
343, 345–46 (3d Cir. 2008); cf. Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 582, 609
(3d Cir. 2011) (holding that an applicant for asylum must present “evidence that the gang
knew of his political opinion and targeted him because of it”).
The IJ here determined that Munoz Perez’s proposed particular social groups of
“victims or potential victim[s] of gangs in El Salvador” or “young men who resist gang
recruitment/violence in El Salvador” were not cognizable. A.R. 58. Even assuming they
were, the IJ found that any persecution Munoz Perez had experienced was not because of
his membership in those groups. See A.R. 59–60. Moreover, the IJ held that Munoz
Perez’s purported refusal to join a gang is not a “political opinion,” and, in any case, he
had not been targeted based on holding that opinion. See A.R. 60.
On appeal to the BIA, Munoz Perez clarified that his proposed particular social
group was “individuals who have been recruited by a major Salvadoran gang but publicly
refuse to join.” A.R. 18. The BIA did not reach the question of whether this proposed
social group was cognizable, instead affirming because he had not established a nexus
between any mistreatment and his purported membership in that group or an anti-gang
political opinion. See A.R. 3–4. The BIA explained that, although he “did experience
harm that would be considered persecution,” his “testimony indicate[d] that he was
harmed during his childhood in El Salvador as a result of personal issues with gang
members, such as perceived affiliation with an opposing gang or defeating them at soccer
match,” rather than because of his alleged resistance to recruitment. A.R. 3–4. Moreover,
he had not testified that he ever publicly expressed his resistance to the gang or an anti-
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gang political opinion, and any persecution he did suffer predated the express recruitment
attempts. See A.R. 4.
We conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination. Munoz
Perez’s own timeline places the assaults perpetrated by gang members before any active
recruitment, and he seemingly attempted to placate the gangs in the face of active
recruitment, rather than resist.3 The record thus does not compel the conclusion that he
suffered or will suffer persecution on a statutorily protected ground.
B. Convention Against Torture
Munoz Perez’s second claim is that the BIA erred in denying his application for
relief under CAT. To succeed on this claim, Munoz Perez must establish (1) that he is
“more likely than not” to be tortured if removed to El Salvador; and (2) that this torture
would occur “by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of” a
Salvadoran public official. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2); § 1208.18(a)(1); Myrie v. Att’y
Gen., 855 F.3d 509, 515 (3d Cir. 2017). The BIA’s conclusion about what would likely
happen to Munoz Perez is factual, see Myrie, 855 F.3d at 516, and reviewed for
substantial evidence, see Galeas Figueroa v. Att’y Gen., 998 F.3d 77, 92 (3d Cir. 2021).
3
Moreover, violence used indiscriminately by a lawless group as a recruitment tactic to
“fill their ranks” does not constitute persecution on a protected ground. See INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482–83 (1992); Gomez-Zuluaga, 527 F.3d at 345. And to the
extent that Munoz Perez relies on the fact that he was stabbed in 2017 by an unknown
group of people in New Jersey as evidence of past persecution, see Pet’r’s Br. 5, as the
BIA explained, “the claimed past persecution must occur ‘in the proposed country of
removal,’” A.R. 4 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1)); see also Gonzalez-Medina v.
Holder, 641 F.3d 333, 337 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[T]here is no logical nexus between
persecution in the United States . . . and risk of persecution in the country of removal.”).
6
The BIA here concluded that, although Munoz Perez “was physically assaulted by
gang members during his childhood in El Salvador and . . . claims that several of his
cousins [living in El Salvador] are gang members, he has presented an overall speculative
fear that now, several years later, he remains at risk of being tortured.” A.R. 4. The BIA
further determined that, considering the country conditions indicating the Salvadoran
government actively opposes the gangs, Munoz Perez had not shown that, “even if he is
harmed upon his removal, such harm would be inflicted with the requisite degree of state
action,” such as official acquiescence or willful blindness. A.R. 4–5 (citations omitted).
Upon review of the record, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s predictive
decisions. Munoz Perez has been absent from El Salvador for a decade. He presented no
testimony or evidence that anyone specifically is looking for him or wishes to harm him.
The past gang assaults in El Salvador occurred at school when he was a child and, at least
in one instance, the police were able to offer protection from gang violence upon request.
The country conditions evidence indicates that the Salvadoran government is taking steps
to oppose the gangs, see Resp’t’s Br. 31–32 (citing A.R. 304–08, 310; A.R. 309; A.R.
314; A.R. 326), and Munoz Perez has provided neither contrary evidence nor evidence
showing that these efforts have been ineffectual, see Quinteros v. Att’y Gen., 945 F.3d
772, 788 (3d Cir. 2019). The remoteness of the past incidents of violence that Munoz
Perez suffered, the lack of connection to any active threats against him,4 and the absence
4
Munoz Perez asserts that the BIA should have considered his 2017 stabbing in New
Jersey as evidence that he would be tortured in El Salvador. However, he has not
explained how this act of violence committed within the United States by a group of
people he “had never seen before” and cannot identify, though he “believe[s] they were
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of evidence that officials would participate in or acquiesce to violence against him lead us
to conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s decisions. See generally Romero
v. Att’y Gen., 972 F.3d 334, 343 (3d Cir. 2020). Therefore, the BIA did not err in
denying the CAT claim.
Accordingly, we will deny Munoz Perez’s petition for review.
MS-13,” Pet’r’s Br. 3, is relevant to the possibility of future torture in El Salvador. Thus,
we cannot say that the BIA ignored evidence that was relevant to the analysis. See
Huang v. Att’y Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 388 (3d Cir. 2010) (noting that the BIA may not
ignore evidence favorable to an applicant but need not “discuss every piece of evidence
mentioned”).
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