United States v. Bobby Edwards ( 2021 )

PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4903
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
BOBBY PAUL EDWARDS,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at Florence.
R. Bryan Harwell, Chief District Judge. (4:17-cr-00907-RBH-1)
Submitted: January 29, 2021 Decided: April 21, 2021
Before WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.
Vacated in part and remanded by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Thacker joined.
Eric S. Dreiband, Assistant Attorney General, Alexander V. Maugeri, Deputy Assistant
Attorney General, Tovah R. Calderon, Elizabeth P. Hecker, Civil Rights Division,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
Emily Deck Harrill, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL
PUBLIC DEFENDER, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellee.
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
For over 5 years — from 2009 to 2014 — Bobby Edwards, the manager of J&J
Cafeteria in Conway, South Carolina, effectively enslaved JCS (to whom we refer with the
fictitious name “Jack”), forcing him to work at the restaurant over 100 hours per week
without pay.
After Edwards was reported to the authorities, he pleaded guilty to forced labor, in
violation of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (“TVPA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1589. The
district court sentenced Edwards to 120 months’ imprisonment and ordered him to pay
restitution of roughly $273,000, representing unpaid minimum wages and overtime
compensation computed under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). While the court
did order restitution of the full amount of those wages and overtime compensation, it did
not include, as requested by the government, an “additional equal amount as liquidated
damages,” as provided by the FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 216(b), for when minimum wages and
overtime compensation have not been paid as required. The court concluded that liquidated
damages under the FLSA were “statutory punitive damages” that were available only in
civil cases.
The government appealed, contending that the district court erred in failing to
include liquidated damages in its restitution award. For the reasons given herein, we agree.
We therefore vacate the award of restitution and remand for its recalculation.
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I
In 1990, when Jack was 12 years old, he started working part-time at J&J Cafeteria
as a dishwasher. He has an intellectual disability and an IQ of 70. After a few years of
part-time work, Jack dropped out of high school and started working full-time at the
restaurant. For the first 19 years of his employment, when the restaurant was owned and
managed by different members of the Edwards family, Jack was always paid for his labor.
That, however, changed in September 2009, after Bobby Edwards took over the
management of the restaurant. Edwards moved Jack into an apartment attached to the
restaurant and forced him to work more than 100 hours per week without pay — usually
6:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. for 6 days and 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. on Sundays. Not only did
Jack work long hours without pay, he was never given a day off. Edwards effected this
forced labor by taking advantage of Jack’s intellectual disability and keeping Jack isolated
from his family, threatening to have him arrested, and verbally abusing him. His control
over Jack also involved physical abuse. Once, when Jack failed to deliver fried chicken to
the buffet as quickly as Edwards had demanded, Edwards dipped metal tongs into hot
grease and pressed them to Jack’s neck, resulting in a burn that fellow employees had to
immediately treat. Other times, when Jack made supposed mistakes, Edwards whipped
him with his belt, beat him with kitchen pans, and punched him with his fists. This
treatment left Jack physically and psychologically scarred. Jack later said, “I felt like I was
in prison. Most of the time I felt unsafe, like Bobby could kill me if he wanted. . . . I
wanted to get out of that place so bad but couldn’t think about how I could without being
hurt.”
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Edwards’s reign of terror over Jack ended in October 2014, when a relative of a
restaurant employee alerted the authorities to Edwards’s abuse, and the South Carolina
Department of Social Services removed Jack from J&J Cafeteria.
Edwards thereafter pleaded guilty to one count of forced labor, in violation of the
TVPA, 18 U.S.C. § 1589(a), and the district court sentenced him to 120 months’
imprisonment. In addition, the district court ordered Edwards to pay restitution to Jack in
the amount of $272,952.96. The government had requested an additional $272,952.96 in
the form of liquidated damages, as provided by the FLSA, but the district court rejected
that request, reasoning that FLSA liquidated damages are “statutory punitive damages” that
are not available as restitution under the TVPA.
From the district court’s judgment dated November 6, 2019, the government filed
this appeal, contending that the district court erred in refusing to include liquidated
damages in its order of restitution.
II
The TVPA, which “was passed to implement the Thirteenth Amendment against
slavery or involuntary servitude,” Muchira v. Al-Rawaf, 850 F.3d 605, 617 (4th Cir. 2017)
(cleaned up), provides that a person who obtains forced labor shall be punished by a fine
or imprisonment up to 20 years or both, 18 U.S.C. § 1589(a), (d). Specifically, it punishes
any person who “knowingly provides or obtains the labor or services of a person by,”
among other means, “force, threats of force, physical restraint, or threats of physical
restraint to that person or another person” or “serious harm or threats of serious harm to
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that person or another person.” Id. § 1589(a). In addition, the Act provides that the court
“shall order restitution,” id. § 1593(a) (emphasis added), “direct[ing] the defendant to pay
the victim . . . the full amount of the victim’s losses,” id. § 1593(b)(1) (emphasis added).
And it defines “full amount of the victim’s losses” to have
the same meaning as provided in section 2259(c)(2) [“mandatory
restitution”] and shall in addition include the greater of [1] the gross income
or value to the defendant of the victim’s services or labor or [2] the value of
the victim’s labor as guaranteed under the minimum wage and overtime
guarantees of the Fair Labor Standards Act (29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.).
Id. § 1593(b)(3). Section 2259(c)(2), in turn, defines “full amount of the victim’s losses”
to include “any costs incurred, or that are reasonably projected to be incurred in the future,
by the victim, as a proximate result of the offenses involving the victim,” including medical
expenses, attorneys fees, and lost income. Id. § 2259(c)(2). And the Fair Labor Standards
Act guarantees employees a federal minimum wage (currently $7.25 per hour) and
overtime compensation at one-and-one-half times the employee’s regular rate of pay for
work over 40 hours per week. 29 U.S.C. § 206 (addressing minimum wages); id. § 207
(addressing overtime compensation). The FLSA also provides that an employer who fails
to pay minimum wages and overtime compensation, as required by §§ 206 and 207, is
liable for “liquidated damages” in an amount equal to the unpaid minimum wages and
overtime compensation. Id. § 216(b).
In short, the TVPA mandates that a court order a person found guilty of obtaining
forced labor to compensate the victim for the “full amount of the victim’s losses,”
including, as one option of measurement, “the value of the victim’s labor as guaranteed
under the minimum wage and overtime guarantees of the [FLSA].” 18 U.S.C.
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§ 1593(b)(1), (3) (emphasis added). The question that we must now decide is whether that
“value” of labor includes an award of “liquidated damages” for an employer’s failure to
pay minimum wages and overtime compensation on time.
In contending that the district court erred, the government argues simply that the
“TVPA expressly incorporates by reference all of the FLSA’s minimum wage and
overtime guarantees, including the liquidated damages provisions in Section 216(b)”
(emphasis added), and in support, it cites United States v. Sabhnani, 599 F.3d 215, 259
(2d Cir. 2010).
Our analysis begins with the text. The TVPA mandates that the court order
restitution in “the full amount of the victim’s losses” resulting from the forced labor.
18 U.S.C. § 1593(b)(1) (emphasis added). And, as defined, the “full amount” includes, as
one option of measurement, “the value of the victim’s labor as guaranteed under the
minimum wage and overtime guarantees of the Fair Labor Standards Act (29 U.S.C. § 201et. seq.).” Id. § 1593(b)(3) (emphasis added). This section references the entire FLSA, not
just §§ 206 and 207 of the Act, which address minimum wages and overtime compensation,
respectively. To be sure, §§ 206 and 207 do fix the amount for compensating employees,
but when the employer fails to comply with those provisions, the FLSA adds to that
compensation liquidated damages of an amount equal to the unpaid wages and overtime
compensation. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b).
The FLSA’s liquidated-damages requirement makes perfect sense when considering
that the goal is to provide full compensation to employees. Minimum wages and overtime
compensation must be paid on a current basis as work is done, such that an employee
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receives the prescribed compensation without delay. But when an employer fails to pay
those amounts, the employee suffers losses, which includes the loss of the use of that
money during the period of delay. So fully compensating the employee requires
accounting for losses from the delay. These additional losses could, in part, be
compensated by interest. See, e.g., Calderon v. GEICO Gen. Ins. Co., 809 F.3d 111, 133
(4th Cir. 2015) (awarding prejudgment interest “to make the plaintiff whole” (cleaned up));
United States v. Smith, 944 F.2d 618, 626 (9th Cir. 1991) (“Foregone interest is one aspect
of the victim’s actual loss”). But the FLSA provides more fully for losses from delay by
providing liquidated damages, which can include not only interest but also other losses
caused by the delay.
As well understood, liquidated damages are, by definition, compensation for “a
reasonable estimation of actual damages.” Black’s Law Dictionary 490 (11th ed. 2019).
And in the case of the FLSA, they compensate for the employer’s “retention of a
workman’s pay” which “may well result in damages too obscure and difficult of proof for
estimate other than by liquidated damages.” Overnight Motor Transp. Co. v. Missel,
316 U.S. 572, 583–84 (1942). As the Supreme Court explained more particularly, the
FLSA’s liquidated-damages provision
constitutes a Congressional recognition that failure to pay the statutory
minimum on time may be so detrimental to maintenance of the minimum
standard of living necessary for health, efficiency, and general well-being of
workers . . . that double payment must be made in the event of delay in order
to insure restoration of the worker to that minimum standard of well-being.
Brooklyn Sav. Bank v. O’Neil, 324 U.S. 697, 707 (1945) (cleaned up) (emphasis added).
For this reason, awarding liquidated damages for violations of the FLSA’s minimum-wage
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and overtime provisions is the “norm.” See Mayhew v. Wells, 125 F.3d 216, 220 (4th Cir.
1997). They are awarded to provide employees full compensation for violations of the
FLSA and are therefore part of “the value of the victim’s labor as guaranteed” by the FLSA.
18 U.S.C. § 1593(b)(3). Therefore, they must be included when calculating restitution
under the TVPA according to “the value of the victim’s labor.” Id.; see also Sabhnani, 599
F.3d at 259–60; United States v. Toure, 965 F.3d 393, 404 (5th Cir. 2020).
Indeed, it would be inconsistent with the TVPA’s requirement of providing
restitution in “the full amount of the victim’s losses” not to compensate a victim for losses
incurred as a result of the delay in paying required wages and overtime compensation.
18 U.S.C. § 1593(b)(1); see also United States v. Ritchie, 858 F.3d 201, 215 (4th Cir. 2017)
(recognizing that restitution requires a defendant to compensate the victim for “all of the
actual losses that he caused”). And failing to compensate for delay would be particularly
egregious in this case, where Jack was not paid for many years.
In reaching the opposite conclusion, the district court reasoned that FLSA liquidated
damages are punitive and apply only in civil cases. Edwards joins in that argument, adding
that reimbursing Jack for the withheld minimum wages and overtime compensation
addresses “all of [Jack’s] actual losses that [Edwards] caused, but no more.” But this
argument fails to understand that liquidated damages are generally an amount determined
to be a reasonable estimation of actual damages that might be difficult to estimate or
calculate, and that is their role in the FLSA. The Supreme Court has long so held, stating
that “[t]he liquidated damages for failure to pay the minimum wages under sections [206
and 207] are compensation, not a penalty or punishment by the Government.” Overnight
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Motor Transp. Co., 316 U.S. at 583 (emphasis added); see also Roy v. Cnty. of Lexington,
141 F.3d 533, 548 (4th Cir. 1998) (same).
At bottom, we conclude that “the value of the victim’s labor as guaranteed under
the minimum wage and overtime guarantees of the [FLSA]” includes liquidated damages
provided by the FLSA. 18 U.S.C. § 1593(b)(3). This fulfills the defendant’s obligation to
compensate the victim for “the full amount of the victim’s losses,” which includes the full
value of his labor. Id. § 1593(b)(1). Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s award of
restitution and remand for its recalculation consistent with this opinion.
VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED
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