United States v. Jerry Douglas, Jr. ( 2021 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 20-4361
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
JERRY DOUGLAS, JR.,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at
Greensboro. Thomas D. Schroeder, Chief District Judge. (1:19-cr-00283-TDS-1)
Submitted: April 14, 2021 Decided: May 13, 2021
Before MOTZ, RICHARDSON, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
George E. Crump, III, Rockingham, North Carolina, for Appellant. Matthew G.T. Martin,
United States Attorney, Nicole R. DuPre, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF
THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Jerry Douglas, Jr., appeals his jury conviction and the 120-month sentence imposed
for being a felon in possession of ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1),
924(a)(2). Douglas first asserts that the district court erroneously denied his motion to
suppress evidence of a bullet found in his possession and, absent evidence of the bullet,
there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction. Douglas also argues that the
district court erroneously denied his request for a justification defense jury instruction, and
erred when it calculated the offense level used to calculate his Sentencing Guidelines range.
Finding no error, we affirm.
In “reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, this Court reviews
conclusions of law de novo and underlying factual findings for clear error. If, as here, the
district court denied the motion to suppress, this Court construes the evidence in the light
most favorable to the government.” United States v. Fall, 955 F.3d 363, 369-70 (4th Cir.),
cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 310 (2020) (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets
omitted). We find that law enforcement possessed probable cause to believe that Douglas
assaulted a government official and, thus, we discern no error in the district court’s decision
to deny Douglas’ motion to suppress evidence found incident to the lawful arrest. Having
discerned no error in the district court’s decision to deny the motion to suppress, we reject
Douglas’ argument that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction.
We also discern no error in the district court’s refusal to instruct the jury regarding
the justification defense. “As a general proposition a defendant is entitled to an instruction
as to any recognized defense for which there exists evidence sufficient for a reasonable
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jury to find in his favor.” Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 63 (1988). “The
requirement of a threshold showing on the part of those who assert an affirmative defense
to a crime . . . is a testament to the importance of trial by jury and the need to husband the
resources necessary for that process by limiting evidence in a trial to that directed at the
elements of the crime or at affirmative defenses.” United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394,
416 (1980). Accordingly, “[i]f . . . an affirmative defense consists of several elements and
testimony supporting one element is insufficient to sustain it even if believed, the trial court
and jury need not be burdened with testimony supporting other elements of the defense.”
Id.Declining to give a proposed instruction amounts to reversible error, therefore,
“only if [the proposed instruction] (1) was correct, (2) was not substantially covered by the
charge that the district court actually gave to the jury, and (3) involved some point so
important that the failure to give the instruction seriously impaired the defendant’s
defense.” United States v. Raza, 876 F.3d 604, 614 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation
marks omitted). “We review a district court’s decision to give [or not give] a particular
jury instruction for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Miltier, 882 F.3d 81, 89 (4th Cir.
2018).
In order for a defendant to be entitled to a jury instruction on the affirmative defense
of justification, the defendant must put forth sufficient evidence that: (1) he “was under
unlawful and present threat of death or serious bodily injury;” (2) he “did not recklessly
place himself in a situation where he would be forced to engage in criminal conduct;” (3)
he “had no reasonable alternative (to both the criminal act and the avoidance of the
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threatened harm);” and (4) there was a “direct causal relationship between the criminal
action and the avoidance of the threatened harm.” United States v. Crittendon, 883 F.2d
326, 330 (4th Cir. 1989). As Douglas failed to make a threshold showing of all the elements
necessary to establish a justification defense, we discern no error stemming from the
district court’s refusal to instruct the jury regarding the defense. See United States v.
Mooney, 497 F.3d 397, 404 (4th Cir. 2007) (construing the affirmative justification defense
very narrowly when it comes to felon in possession of firearm cases); United States v.
Gilbert, 430 F.3d 215, 219 (4th Cir. 2005) (finding that justification defense is applicable
in only the rarest of circumstances and that “the scenarios in which a defendant could even
colorably assert its applicability are extraordinarily uncommon”).
Douglas last assigns error to the district court’s calculation of the base offense level
attributable to his crime of conviction by arguing that the court erroneously determined
that Douglas constructively possessed firearms. Douglas further asserts that the district
court erroneously enhanced his offense level: (1) two levels, pursuant to U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual (USSG) § 2K2.1(b)(1)(A) (2018), based on the three firearms he argues
he did not constructively possess; (2) four levels, pursuant to USSG § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B),
based on his possession of ammunition in connection with another felony offense; and (3)
six levels, pursuant to USSG § 3A1.2(c)(1), for assaulting a law enforcement officer during
his crime of conviction.
In considering Guidelines challenges, we review the district court’s legal
determinations de novo and its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Dennings,
922 F.3d 232, 235 (4th Cir. 2019). A factual finding is clearly erroneous when, “although
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there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Wooden,
887 F.3d 591, 602 (4th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). “If the district court’s
account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety, the court
of appeals may not reverse it even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of
fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.” United States v. Ferebee, 957 F.3d
406, 417 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted).
We discern no error in the district court’s determination that Douglas was in
constructive possession of firearms located within the common areas of the residence in
which he was found on the evening of his arrest. See United States v. Hall, 858 F.3d 254,
259 (4th Cir. 2017) (recognizing that, under the “constructive possession theory,” the
Government must “prove that Defendant knew of the contraband’s presence and had the
power to exercise dominion and control over it” (internal quotation marks and brackets
omitted)). We also discern no error in the district court’s decisions to reject Douglas’
objections to the remaining offense level enhancements. See, e.g., United States v.
Manigan, 592 F.3d 621, 629 (4th Cir. 2010) (recognizing that the location or proximity of
a seized firearm is relevant to a sentencing court’s analysis of whether it was possessed “in
connection with” drug activities); United States v. Jenkins, 566 F.3d 160, 162 (4th Cir.
2009) (recognizing that the “in connection with” requirement of USSG § 2K2.1(b)(6) is
met “if the firearm facilitated or had the potential of facilitating the other offense,”
including it being “present for protection or to embolden the actor” (internal quotation
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marks omitted)). We therefore find no error in the calculation of Douglas’ Guidelines
range.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the criminal judgment. We dispense with oral
argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials
before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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