United States v. Jackie McGeorge ( 1999 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-4238
JACKIE MCGEORGE,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
No. 98-4239
RONALD LEE JONES, a/k/a Crow
McGeorge,
Defendant-Appellant.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-4240
NORMA MARIE UNDERWOOD,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
Samuel G. Wilson, Chief District Judge.
(CR-97-51)
Argued: December 4, 1998
Decided: February 12, 1999
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, KING, Circuit Judge,
and WILLIAMS, United States District Judge for the
District of Maryland, sitting by designation.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: James Robert Cromwell, VOGEL & CROMWELL,
L.L.C., Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellant Underwood; Raphael Ellis
Ferris, RIDER, THOMAS, CLEAVELAND, FERRIS & EAKIN,
Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellant McGeorge; Mark Claytor, Salem,
Virginia, for Appellant Jones. Joseph William Hooge Mott, Assistant
United States Attorney, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Robert P. Crouch, Jr., United States Attorney, Roanoke, Vir-
ginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Jackie McGeorge, Ronald Lee Jones, and Norma Marie Under-
wood were convicted by a jury of a variety of felonies relating to a
cocaine conspiracy. On appeal, they raise challenges to their convic-
tions and sentences. For the reasons below, we affirm the judgment
of the district court.
I.
After the June 1994 arrest of Anthony Payton, a major cocaine sup-
plier operating in Roanoke, Virginia, the Drug Enforcement Adminis-
2
tration (DEA) Task Force began investigating the operations of Mac
Brothers Complete Car Care, Inc. (Mac Brothers). Mac Brothers was
owned and operated by appellants McGeorge and Jones. Payton had
begun supplying cocaine to McGeorge and Jones in January 1994. At
trial, Payton testified that appellant Underwood, a secretary employed
at Mac Brothers, had accompanied McGeorge on occasion to conduct
cocaine transactions with Payton.
Following Payton's arrest, the Mac Brothers operation was forced
to find another supplier. During the summer of 1994, Underwood
made trips to a supplier in Richmond to retrieve cocaine for the Mac
Brothers operation. Her former boyfriend, Donald Willis, testified
that Underwood told him of the drug runs and that Underwood sug-
gested that they steal from the Mac Brothers operation. Underwood
proposed faking a robbery of drugs or money during one of her trips
to Richmond. In order to make it a convincing fake, Underwood pro-
posed that Willis shoot her during the robbery. Willis, however,
declined Underwood's invitation.
Also during the summer of 1994, Ronald Tucker, a mechanic at the
Mac Brothers business, approached the Roanoke City police with
information about the illegal activities of Jones and McGeorge. With
the aid of the Roanoke Police and the DEA Task Force, Tucker made
two controlled buys under police surveillance at the Mac Brothers
establishment.
During 1995, the DEA Task Force learned of arrests in Jamaica
which gave it reason to believe that the Mac Brothers operation was
being supplied by sources in Jamaica. In the summer of 1995, the
DEA Task Force used Mary Stores to make two controlled buys of
cocaine from the Mac Brothers business. A surveillance tape captured
Stores' second buy. Shortly after the buys, officers obtained a search
warrant for the Mac Brothers building. On August 14, 1995, the war-
rant was executed in the presence of Jones and McGeorge. Several
firearms were discovered during the search. Among them, a .357
magnum revolver was found in an office desk drawer next to a pre-
scription bottle for Ronald Lee Jones.
While the search was underway, Underwood arrived at the busi-
ness. She consented to the search of her purse and home. Her purse
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contained notes with the name and phone numbers of key players sus-
pected in the conspiracy, including Doris Lynch, a mule used by the
Mac Brothers operation to smuggle cocaine into the United States
from Jamaica. It also contained flight schedules and a bottle of Inosi-
tol, commonly used by drug dealers for cutting cocaine. In her apart-
ment, officers found an ounce of cocaine, scales commonly used for
weighing drugs, Jamaican currency, boarding passes in Underwood's
name for flights to Jamaica, and money wires in her name totaling
approximately $8,600 to Kingston, Jamaica.
On May 20, 1997, a federal grand jury in the Western District of
Virginia indicted McGeorge, Jones, Underwood, and four other
defendants on ten counts, including conspiracy to import and distrib-
ute cocaine as well as substantive drug and firearms counts. Prior to
trial, McGeorge and Jones moved to dismiss two conspiracy counts
on double jeopardy grounds based upon their prior prosecution and
conviction of a cocaine conspiracy in the Eastern District of Virginia.
The district court denied the motion and the case proceeded to a jury
trial.
The jury convicted McGeorge of conspiracy to possess with intent
to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846, and marijuana pos-
session, id. § 844; he was sentenced to 168 months in prison. Jones
was convicted of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute
cocaine, conspiracy to import cocaine, id.§§ 952(a), 963, distribution
of cocaine, id. § 841(a)(1), and two counts of possession of a firearm
by a felon, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He was sentenced to 360 months
in prison. Underwood was convicted of conspiracy to import and pos-
sess with intent to distribute cocaine and simple possession of
cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 844. She was sentenced to 151 months imprison-
ment. McGeorge, Jones, and Underwood appeal.
II.
McGeorge and Jones first argue that their prosecutions for conspir-
acy in this case violate the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth
Amendment because they were previously prosecuted in the Eastern
District of Virginia for a conspiracy to distribute cocaine. They argue
that the conspiracy in the Eastern District and the conspiracy charged
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here are in fact a single conspiracy: one headed by McGeorge and
Jones to distribute cocaine in Virginia during 1994 and 1995.
We disagree. In United States v. MacDougall, this circuit adopted
a five-factor, totality-of-the-circumstances test to determine whether
a single conspiracy or multiple conspiracies exist for double jeopardy
purposes. 790 F.2d 1135, 1144 (4th Cir. 1986). Under this test, we
consider
1) [the] time periods in which the alleged activities of the
conspiracy occurred; 2) the statutory offenses charged in the
indictments; 3) the places where the alleged activities
occurred; 4) the persons acting as co-conspirators; and
5) the overt acts or any other descriptions of the offenses
charged which indicate the nature and scope of the activities
to be prosecuted.
Id. These factors are to be applied flexibly to determine whether the
charged conspiracies are in fact a single offense. United States v.
McHan, 966 F.2d 134, 138 (4th Cir. 1992).
An application of these factors to the facts of the conspiracy
charged in this case and the one previously prosecuted in the Eastern
District demonstrates that the two prosecutions deal with different
conspiracies. It is true that the statutory drug conspiracy offenses in
each case are similar. There may also be some small overlap in time
between the events in the Eastern District, which began sometime
during the summer of 1995 and extended until March 1996, and those
here, which started by January 1994 and ended in August 1995.
Yet we are persuaded that there are sufficient dissimilarities to
indicate the existence of two separate conspiracies. First, the two con-
spiracies occurred in two different locations. The Eastern District con-
spiracy dealt with the sale of drugs in Hampton, Virginia. The
conspiracy at issue in this case, however, deals with the distribution
of drugs in Roanoke -- a city almost 250 miles away from Hampton.
Second, the two conspiracies had different sources for their supply of
cocaine. The Eastern District conspiracy received the bulk of its
cocaine from Florida, while the evidence in this case tied much of the
cocaine to Jamaica and Richmond. Third, the players in the two con-
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spiracies differed significantly. The Eastern District indictment named
McGeorge, Jones, and Gregory Simms as defendants, and Lynch as
an unindicted co-conspirator. The Western District indictment again
named McGeorge, Jones, and Lynch, but also named five other defen-
dants not named in the Eastern District conspiracy. In addition,
Lynch's involvement in the Western District conspiracy was limited
to a single trip to Jamaica and Lynch testified at trial that she did not
know any of the participants in the Western District conspiracy other
than McGeorge and Jones. Finally, the organizational scope and
activities of the two operations illustrate that two different conspira-
cies existed. The Roanoke conspiracy masked itself as a legitimate
car-wash company with a vast organizational structure, including
relationships with international drug suppliers and a number of local
distributors. The Eastern District conspiracy, by contrast, had a smal-
ler organizational structure and was narrowly focused, dealing pri-
marily with one drug dealer. Given these differences, we hold that
two separate conspiracies existed and that McGeorge and Jones' pros-
ecution in this case is consistent with the Fifth Amendment.
III.
Jones next challenges his conviction of being a felon in possession
of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). To prove a viola-
tion of section 922(g)(1), the government must show that Jones "vol-
untarily and intentionally possessed a firearm." United States v.
Langley, 62 F.3d 602, 604 (4th Cir. 1995) (en banc). Jones argues that
the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to support a jury finding
that he possessed the .357 caliber revolver found in the office drawer
at the Mac Brothers business. He argues that although he had access
to the premises, he did not have exclusive possession of the building
and therefore the jury could not conclude beyond a reasonable doubt
that he -- and not someone else with access -- possessed the weapon.
We hold that the jury had sufficient evidence to determine that
Jones possessed the handgun. To establish possession for purposes of
section 922(g)(1), the government must show actual or constructive
possession. United States v. Blue, 957 F.2d 106, 107 (4th Cir. 1992)
("[T]o establish constructive possession, the government must pro-
duce evidence showing ownership, dominion, or control over the con-
traband itself or the premises or vehicle in which the contraband is
6
concealed." (internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration in origi-
nal)). Such possession may be singular or joint , id., and may be
proved by circumstantial evidence, United States v. Rahman, 83 F.3d
89, 94 (4th Cir. 1996). The question is whether Jones "was aware of
the firearm[ ] contained in the [drawer] and also had a right of physi-
cal access to th[e] firearm[ ]." United States v. Mills, 29 F.3d 545, 550
(10th Cir. 1994).
Here, Jones was co-owner of the Mac Brothers business. He ran the
legitimate and illegitimate operations that were centered at the Mac
Brothers business. Jones used the office in which the gun was found
to conduct his affairs, including drug transactions. Although Jones
claimed not to occupy the office exclusively, a prescription drug bot-
tle bearing his name was found in the desk drawer next to the firearm.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the government,
a jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Jones possessed
the firearm for purposes of section 922(g)(1).
IV.
Underwood challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
her conviction for conspiring to import cocaine. To prove a conspir-
acy to import cocaine, the government must prove that 1) there was
an agreement to import cocaine, 2) the defendant knew of the conspir-
acy, and 3) the defendant knowingly and voluntarily became part of
the conspiracy. See United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 857 (4th
Cir. 1996) (en banc). Underwood admits that the evidence was suffi-
cient to show that she worked at the Mac Brothers business and that
she became a part of a conspiracy to distribute cocaine, but claims the
evidence was insufficient to show beyond a reasonable doubt that she
knew of the conspiracy to import cocaine. She claims that all of the
evidence tying her to Jamaica is consistent with legitimate purposes.
Thus, the jury was left only to speculate that Underwood knew of the
illegal purposes for the trips to Jamaica.
We disagree. The government presented sufficient evidence at trial
that tied Underwood to the Mac Brothers' activities in Jamaica and
from which a jury could conclude that she was aware of the importa-
tion of cocaine. That evidence indicated that Underwood wired
approximately $8,600 to Jamaica, she possessed Jamaican currency,
7
and she took multiple trips to Jamaica. Additionally, Underwood had
the name and number of Lynch, a mule who smuggled cocaine into
the United States from Jamaica. Moreover, Underwood's former boy-
friend, Willis, testified that Underwood repeatedly acquired drugs for
the Mac Brothers operation. The evidence below also demonstrated
that Underwood, as a secretary for Mac Brothers, was at the center
of the illegal operation. Given all of this, a reasonable jury could find
beyond a reasonable doubt that Underwood knew of the illegal con-
spiracy to import cocaine.
V.
Underwood also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence sup-
porting her sentence. The district court attributed 10 kilograms to the
conspiracy, estimating that the conspiracy handled one-half kilogram
of cocaine per month from January 1994 to August 1995. The court
also attributed the entire amount of cocaine to Underwood because
she was at the nerve center of the operation. Underwood argues that
she should not be responsible for the entire quantity attributed to the
conspiracy because she did not know or participate in the full scope
of the conspiracy. Nor, she asserts, was that scope reasonably foresee-
able as a necessary or natural consequence of the conspiracy. Thus,
for her subordinate role only a fraction of the 10 kilograms should be
attributed to her.
We find no error. For sentencing purposes in a conspiracy case, a
trial court should look at all jointly undertaken criminal conduct,
including the acts of the defendant and all reasonably foreseeable acts
of others taken in furtherance of the jointly undertaken activity.
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). Here, Underwood was at the center of the
illegal operations of the conspiracy -- receiving calls for the business
and setting up drug deals. She arranged trips to Jamaica and took
them herself. In her purse were the names and telephone numbers of
co-conspirators. In her bedroom were scales, cocaine cutting agents,
and cocaine. Given all of this, the trial court did commit clear error
by finding that she was at the "nerve center" of the operation and that
the entire amount of the conspiracy was foreseeable and attributable
to her.
Nor was the amount of drugs attributed to Underwood without evi-
dentiary support. In drug conspiracy cases, the government must
8
prove by a preponderance of the evidence the amount attributed to
each defendant. United States v. Gilliam, 987 F.2d 1009, 1013 (4th
Cir. 1993). The presentence report in this case attributed 31.2 kilo-
grams to the conspiracy based upon the testimony of participants and
reasonable inferences from the physical evidence. The trial court con-
servatively attributed 10 kilograms to the conspiracy, noting that "[i]t
very well may be a whole lot more than that." The district court's
finding is not clearly erroneous and it therefore must stand.
VI.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
hereby
AFFIRMED.
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