United States v. Eric Turner ( 1999 )

PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 98-4320
ERIC MICHAEL TURNER, a/k/a Boo,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Martinsburg.
W. Craig Broadwater, District Judge.
(CR-97-20)
Argued: October 26, 1999
Decided: December 2, 1999
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and
WIDENER and KING, Circuit Judges.
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Affirmed by published opinion. Judge King wrote the opinion, in
which Chief Judge Wilkinson and Judge Widener joined.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Stephen Douglas Herndon, Wheeling, West Virginia, for
Appellant. Zelda Elizabeth Wesley, Assistant United States Attorney,
Clarksburg, West Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: William D.
Wilmoth, United States Attorney, Clarksburg, West Virginia, for
Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
KING, Circuit Judge:
Eric Michael Turner appeals from his convictions and sentence in
the Northern District of West Virginia for engaging in a continuing
criminal enterprise; intentionally killing an individual while engaging
in a continuing criminal enterprise; interstate travel in aid of a racke-
teering enterprise; and using and carrying a firearm during a crime of
violence.1 These charges arose from Turner's operation of a multi-
state drug trafficking organization and the related murder of Jennifer
Folmar, a crack cocaine user who had purchased drugs from Turner's
organization and who was rumored to be a government informer. Tur-
ner was sentenced on these convictions to life imprisonment plus five
years.
On appeal, Turner asserts two errors: first, he claims that his trial
was unfairly prejudiced when the district court limited his lawyer's
cross-examination of a key prosecution witness about her understand-
ing of penalties she faced before she decided to cooperate; and sec-
ond, he claims that the district court committed error in his sentencing
by applying a two-point adjustment for his role in the offense. As
explained below, we find no reversible error and affirm Turner's con-
victions and sentence.
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1 Turner was convicted by a jury on December 10, 1997, on each of the
five counts in the indictment:
a) Count One -- continuing criminal enterprise, 21 U.S.C.
§ 848;
b) Count Two -- drug conspiracy, 21 U.S.C.§ 841(a)(1);
c) Count Three -- killing while engaging in a continuing crim-
inal enterprise, 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A);
d) Count Four -- interstate travel in aid of racketeering enter-
prise, 18 U.S.C. § 1952; and
e) Count Five -- using or carrying a firearm during a crime of
violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
Turner's conviction on Count Two was subsequently vacated and dis-
missed.
2
I.
At the jury trial conducted in December 1997, in Martinsburg,
West Virginia, the Government presented evidence from thirty-eight
witnesses. The testimony of the prosecution witnesses, other than
Denise Grantham (whose testimony is challenged here), established
the following:
During 1995 and 1996, Turner and several others distributed crack
cocaine to customers in Maryland and West Virginia. They purchased
their drugs from contacts in Washington, D.C., New York, and Flor-
ida, and they shared the financing, profits, and organizational respon-
sibilities of their drug distribution business. One of their haunts was
a "crack house" on a hill on Ray Street, in Shepherdstown, West Vir-
ginia. Ms. Folmar, the deceased victim, had purchased drugs from
Turner's organization. Turner's jointly tried co-defendant, "PJ" Sell-
ers, regularly sold crack cocaine for Turner and his organization.
On the evening of October 24, 1996, Turner and several other per-
sons were outside the Ray Street crack house. Ms. Folmar arrived in
a car, drove up and down Ray Street in front of the house, and
attempted to purchase crack. She was told repeatedly to leave the
area; indeed, several persons at the crack house were apparently yell-
ing at Folmar, alleging that she was a "cop" or an informant. Folmar
became agitated, stated that she was not a snitch, and spun her car's
wheels as she left the area. Turner made the statement, "That's hot,"
as he watched Ms. Folmar leave, meaning that the police would be
coming for her. Ms. Folmar then parked her car a short distance down
the hill, where it was visible from the crack house.
Someone present said that Julian Pace, who had a bicycle, should
go down the hill to find out what Ms. Folmar was doing. Turner
placed a handgun in his pocket, hopped on the back of Pace's bicycle,
and rode with Pace down the hill towards Ms. Folmar's car. At the
time, Turner was wearing a white leather coat, one that he usually
wore. Earlier in the day, Turner had placed a plastic surgical glove in
his pants' pocket (Turner and others often used surgical gloves when
handling their cocaine product). Turner and Pace found Ms. Folmar
in her car at the bottom of the hill; she was crying. Turner placed the
surgical glove on his right hand and grasped his handgun. The driv-
3
er's window of the car was down, and Turner stood beside the car
door and fired twice at Ms. Folmar.
George Johnson, a friend of Ms. Folmar's, was nearby and learned
that Folmar's car was a few blocks up the street. He then found Fol-
mar sitting in her car, bloodied and dazed. Her eyes were open and
she was breathing heavily, but she did not respond to Johnson. When
Johnson saw blood coming from Ms. Folmar's mouth, he opened the
door and began wiping the blood away. Several other persons were
near the car, including PJ Sellers. Johnson was then grabbed and
directed to keep moving before he got in trouble. He immediately left
the scene.
Pace and Turner returned from Ms. Folmar's car to the crack
house; Turner's hand was bloodied. Turner said,"I got her" and "I got
the bitch" and then said that he was just joking. A short while later,
Turner asked Sellers if he still had the razor; Sellers said that he did.
Turner stated he was going to finish what he had started, and the two
men, Turner and Sellers, went down the hill together. About ten to fif-
teen minutes after the first gunshots were fired, two more gunshots
were heard. Turner and Sellers came back up the hill; while doing so
Turner made a throwing motion with his hands. The police were right
behind them, also coming up the hill. Turner then asked a friend to
get the gun that Turner said he had thrown next to a specific house
on Ray Street. Turner stated that the gun did not have fingerprints on
it.
On arrival at the Ray Street crack house scene, the police found
Denise Grantham, Sellers, and Turner on a porch, along with a white
leather coat. Turner falsely identified himself to the police using a
Muslim name. As the police continued their interviews with others,
Turner paid a friend to drive him past the police crime-scene road-
blocks, and when the police stopped the car and asked for identifica-
tion, Turner again used a Muslim name. After the police informed
Turner that he would be detained until he provided identification,
Turner produced a driver's license that correctly identified him as
Eric Turner.
Ms. Folmar was found in her car, suffering from three gunshot
wounds and eleven knife wounds. Two of the gunshot wounds were
4
contact wounds above her ear that would have been lethal; the third
gunshot wound was a head and neck wound just below her jaw. The
stab wounds were made by a single-edge blade that was at least four
inches long. Several of the stab wounds were around her right arm
and shoulder area, indicating that Ms. Folmar may have attempted to
defend herself. Ms. Folmar could have survived most of the stab
wounds. Ms. Folmar was in a non-responsive condition when she
arrived at the hospital's emergency room, and medical personnel were
unable to save her.
The police later found the .25 caliber handgun near the location
where Turner had been seen making the throwing motion with his
hands. Four empty shell casings were also found, two inside Folmar's
car and two outside the car. Three bullets were recovered from Ms.
Folmar's body. Both the casings and the bullets were from the .25
handgun. Turner's white leather jacket had a mixture of his and Ms.
Folmar's blood inside its right cuff, as well as gunshot residue. Tur-
ner's fingerprint was found on the windshield of Ms. Folmar's car.
II.
Turner's first claim on appeal is that the district court improperly
limited his lawyer's cross-examination of Grantham, a key prosecu-
tion witness, who had been Turner's girlfriend. Turner alleges that he
was prevented from effectively undermining Grantham's credibility.
He contends he was precluded from showing the jury that Grantham
was cooperating with the authorities -- and testifying against him --
because she feared the death penalty if she were prosecuted for
involvement in Ms. Folmar's murder.
A.
We first examine the question of whether the limitation placed on
the cross-examination of Grantham constituted error. We review a
district court's exclusion of evidence for abuse of discretion. See, e.g.,
United States v. Crockett, 813 F.2d 1310, 1312 (4th Cir. 1987).
It is elementary that trial judges possess wide latitude to impose
reasonable limits on cross-examination, based on concerns including
5
harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, repetition, or marginal
relevance. See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986).
However, prohibiting a criminal defendant from cross-examining a
witness on relevant evidence of bias and motive may violate the Con-
frontation Clause, if the jury is precluded from hearing evidence from
which it could appropriately draw adverse inferences on the witness's
credibility. Cf id. at 680.2
In this trial, Turner's lawyer sought to cross-examine Grantham
about her perceived exposure to criminal liability and penalties for
engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise or for a killing resulting
from engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise: 3
Q: So your choices were to talk with the police or be
indicted for continuing criminal enterprise and for mur-
der; is that right?
A: Yes.
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2 " `Relevant evidence' means evidence having any tendency to make
the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of
the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the
evidence." Fed. R. Evid. 401.
The partiality of a witness is always relevant as discrediting the wit-
ness and affecting the weight of his testimony.See, e.g., Davis v. Alaska,
415 U.S. 308, 316 (1974); United States v. Caudle, 606 F.2d 451, 457
n.3 (4th Cir. 1979) (a "major function" of cross-examination is "to show
that the witness is biased, prejudiced, or untrustworthy for any reason.").
Exploration of possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motives of the wit-
ness as they relate directly to issues or personalities in the case at hand
is a particular means to attack the witness's credibility, and the evidence
thus adduced is admissible. See Davis, 415 U.S. at 316-18; Fed. R. Evid.
402 (relevant evidence is generally admissible).
3 Grantham's knowledge of her indictment risks was also raised on re-
direct examination, when the Government asked, "[W]hen you went into
your plea agreement with the Government, did anyone specifically say
that you were going to be charged with a murder?" She replied, "No. I
believe it was conspiracy." J.A. 220. Grantham's belief or knowledge of
the nature of the suggested conspiracy charge is not in the record.
6
Q: Did you have some idea what the penalties might be at
that time?
A: My understanding was --
J.A. 201-02. At this point, the prosecution objected, asserting that the
penalties were not relevant. The court sustained the objection, stating
that "sentencing on particular charges that are at issue in this case is
within the province of the Judge." Id. Grantham thereafter testified
that she knew the penalties were "pretty serious."4
We conclude that the prosecution's relevancy objection was merit-
less -- and the Government acknowledged as much at oral argument.
Put simply, the crux of the inquiry is the witness's state of mind. A
witness's understanding of the potential penalties faced prior to enter-
ing into a plea agreement may demonstrate bias and prejudice, as well
as the motive of the witness for testifying against the defendant and
for the prosecution. As such, this inquiry is, as a general proposition,
highly relevant to testing the witness's credibility.5 See, e.g., United
States v. Ambers, 85 F.3d 173, 176-77 (4th Cir. 1996) (approving
thorough cross-examination about the maximum and minimum penal-
ties the witness believed he faced, absent his cooperation with the
government); United States v. Cropp, 127 F.3d 354, 358 (4th Cir.
1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 898, 1344 (1998) (noting that the wit-
ness's expectations, rather than the actual sentence, were the potential
source of bias); Hoover v. Maryland, 714 F.2d 301, 305-06 (4th Cir.
1983) (reversing due to the court's refusal to permit inquiry into a
principal witness's subjective understanding of his immunity agree-
ment with the government, and noting that the crux of the inquiry is
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4 Grantham also testified that she pled guilty to federal charges of pos-
session with intent to distribute crack cocaine; had been sentenced to 15
years imprisonment; was currently serving her sentence; and that she was
now testifying pursuant to her plea agreement. She said that she hoped
the court would reduce her sentence after her cooperation with the Gov-
ernment, and acknowledged she had previously lied about the relevant
events.
5 As a matter of trial strategy, many prosecutors, rather than objecting
to the relevancy of such an inquiry, would elicit this evidence on direct
examination of a cooperating witness.
7
the witness's state of mind). The Government offered no other
grounds for its objection here, and we find the district court's ruling
to be erroneous.
Although a trial court may properly exercise its discretion to limit
repetitive or otherwise unproductive cross-examination, in this
instance the court did not exercise its discretion. Rather, the court
based its exclusion of this evidence on an erroneous legal conclusion,
by definition an abuse of discretion. See Koon v. United States, 518
U.S. 81, 100 (1996) ("A district court by definition abuses its discre-
tion when it makes an error of law."). Here, the court was concerned
with the sentencing in this case, i.e., of Turner or Sellers, rather than
the relevant impeachment value of Grantham's testimony concerning
her understanding of her sentencing risks. See Cropp, 127 F.3d at 358
("we do not credit . . . [that allowing the questioning] would impinge
upon [the court's sentencing] discretion").
B.
Having found error in the limitation on cross-examination of the
witness Grantham, we must carefully examine whether this error was
prejudicial to Turner's right to a fair trial and therefore a basis for
reversal. Turner asserts that the error is of constitutional dimension,
affecting his Sixth Amendment confrontation rights. However, this
error was not of constitutional magnitude. Here, the district court per-
mitted substantial and thorough examination of Grantham's biases, as
required by the Sixth Amendment.6See, e.g., supra, notes 3-4.
When an error is not of constitutional dimension, it is merely a trial
error, with a correspondingly lesser threshold for harmlessness. A
trial error that does not affect Turner's substantial rights is harmless.
See 18 U.S.C. § 3741; Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a) ("Any error, defect,
irregularity or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall
be disregarded."); see also 28 U.S.C.§ 2111.
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6 Even if the record had established constitutional error, and Grantham
understood she risked the death penalty and her cooperation resulted
directly therefrom, we conclude that such error would be harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 681.
8
Turner contends that Grantham believed and understood that she
risked the death penalty for involvement in Ms. Folmar's killing, and
that this understanding resulted in her testifying against Turner. The
record, however, is incomplete on what Grantham actually understood
regarding her potential sentence had she been prosecuted for the kill-
ing of Ms. Folmar. And Turner's trial counsel made no proffer in this
regard to the trial court.7 However, the jury heard that Grantham
understood the sentence she faced would have been"pretty serious."
We cannot, in these circumstances, conclude that the error affected
Turner's substantial rights, or that a more specific response from
Grantham would have significantly changed the jury's impression of
her credibility. See id. at 680.
The evidence of Turner's guilty involvement in Ms. Folmar's death
is simply overwhelming. Indeed, most of the testimony of Grantham
is cumulative of evidence given by other witnesses at Turner's trial,
with minor embellishments or variations.8 Although Turner asserts
that only Grantham provides the required nexus between the continu-
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7 At oral argument, Government counsel informed the Court that they
had not discussed with Grantham the potential penalties associated with
her possible prosecution for involvement in the killing of Ms. Folmar.
8 In summary, Grantham testified to the following: Turner purchased
and distributed crack cocaine in 1995 and 1996; he bought the drugs
from Washington, D.C. and New York; a number of other people were
involved in Turner's drug business; and Turner had a gun and used surgi-
cal gloves to cut the cocaine. Turner was the father of her infant daugh-
ter. On the night of Ms. Folmar's killing, Grantham saw Ms. Folmar on
Ray Street and told her to leave. Ms. Folmar was high on drugs, and peo-
ple were yelling that she was a snitch. After Ms. Folmar left, Grantham
heard two "cap gun" sounds. Turner and Sellers arrived, and Sellers told
Turner that "when you sing someone a lullaby, aren't you supposed to
put them to sleep." Turner then described how Ms. Folmar was sitting in
the car and looking at him. The two then left. Later Turner came back
up the hill, wearing his white coat, and washed something inside at the
kitchen sink. Turner asked someone to get rid of some surgical gloves for
him. The police talked to Grantham, Turner, and Sellers while they were
on the porch, and Turner gave them a false name. Afterwards, Turner
told Grantham that Ms. Folmar had seen Turner sell cocaine to someone
that day; Grantham understood from Turner and Sellers that Turner shot
Ms. Folmar and Sellers stabbed her.
9
ing criminal enterprise and the killing of Ms. Folmar, we conclude
from the record that the jury could reasonably infer the required nexus
from the other available evidence in this case, including: (1) Ms. Fol-
mar's failed attempt on October 24, 1996, to purchase crack cocaine
at the crack house that Turner and his associates frequented; and (2)
the public labelling of Ms. Folmar as a snitch on October 24, 1996,
at the crack house in Shepherdstown. See Glasser v. United States,
315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942) ("The verdict of a jury must be sustained if
there is substantial evidence, taking the view most favorable to the
Government, to support it.").
As a consequence, viewing the record as a whole, we conclude that
the district court's limitation on the cross-examination of Grantham
did not adversely affect Turner's substantial rights, and was also
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
III.
Turner also asserts that the district court erred in his sentencing,
because the court's application of a two-point increase in his offense
level pursuant to the United States Sentencing Guidelines § 3B1.1(c)
constitutes impermissible double counting. Turner contends that the
associated offense of conviction, Count Three -- intentionally killing
and causing the intentional killing of an individual while engaging in
a continuing criminal enterprise -- already includes a defendant's
supervisory position as an element. Whether the§ 848(e)(1)(A)
offense includes a supervisory role as an element is a question of law
that we review de novo. We review for clear error the district court's
decision to apply an adjustment for Turner's role in the offense.
United States v. Harriott, 976 F.2d 198, 202 (4th Cir. 1992).
The district court found a base offense level of 43 for the grouped
Counts One, Three, and Four, and then added two levels for Turner's
leadership role in the murder of Ms. Folmar.9 See USSG §§ 2A1.1
(first degree murder); 3B1.1(c) (two-point increase if defendant was
an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity).
The district court found that "§ 3B1.1(c) applies in that defendant was
an organizer and leader in the death of Ms. Folmar."
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9 Turner had a Criminal History category of III.
10
Any person who intentionally kills or causes the intentional killing
of another person while engaging in or working in furtherance of a
continuing criminal enterprise violates 21 U.S.C.§ 848(e)(1)(A). This
offense is a substantive crime of violence, and is not a penalty
enhancement under the continuing criminal enterprise statute, 21
U.S.C. § 848(a). See United States v. NJB, A Male Juvenile, 104 F.3d
630, 634 (4th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1223 (1997).
Although the continuing criminal enterprise offense includes a super-
visory role as an element, the § 848(e)(1)(A) offense does not. See 21
U.S.C. 848(c)(2)(A). Because the § 848(e)(1)(A) offense does not
include a supervisory role as an element, the district court's applica-
tion of an adjustment for Turner's role in this offense is neither dou-
ble counting nor impermissible. We accordingly conclude that the
district court did not err by increasing the offense level by two points
pursuant to § 3B1.1(c).
IV.
Pursuant to the foregoing, we affirm Turner's convictions and sen-
tence.
AFFIRMED
11