United States v. Brant ( 1997 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
RAMONA BRANT,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 94-5813
NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR THE
DEFENSE OF BATTERED WOMEN;
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL
DEFENSE LAWYERS; NATIONAL LEGAL
AID AND DEFENDER ASSOCIATION,
Amici Curiae.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 95-5128
DONALD RAY BARBER,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Graham C. Mullen, District Judge; Richard L. Williams,
Senior District Judge, sitting by designation.
(CR-93-124)
Argued: March 6, 1997
Decided: May 5, 1997
Before MICHAEL and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and
GOODWIN, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.
Affirmed in part and vacated and remanded in part by unpublished
per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Kenneth Hall Epple, Jr., Charlotte, North Carolina, for
Appellants. Gretchen C. F. Shappert, Assistant United States Attor-
ney, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Randolph
Marshall Lee, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant Barber. Mark
T. Calloway, United States Attorney, Charlotte, North Carolina, for
Appellee. Haakon Thorsen, Charlotte, North Carolina; Jill Spector,
NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR THE DEFENSE OF BAT-
TERED WOMEN, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Fred Warren Bennett,
Associate Professor of Law, Columbus School of Law, CATHOLIC
UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Donald Barber and Ramona Brant, who married after their arrest
and indictment, were convicted in a jury trial of conspiracy to possess
with the intent to distribute and to distribute cocaine. See 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846. The district court sentenced both to life impris-
onment. Barber appeals his sentence, claiming that the district court
improperly applied the sentencing enhancement provision, see 21
U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), and the sentencing guidelines. Brant appeals
her conviction and sentence, claiming that her rights to due process
and effective assistance of counsel were violated when the district
court failed to provide an ex parte hearing on, and then denied, her
motion for appointment of a psychiatrist. She also contends that the
district court applied the sentencing guidelines incorrectly. Finding no
2
error with regard to Barber, we affirm his sentence. We affirm Brant's
conviction but vacate her sentence and remand for resentencing.
I.
Neither Barber nor Brant argue that the evidence was insufficient
to convict them of conspiracy. Three of Barber and Brant's co-
conspirators (Christopher Durante, Orlando McClarity, and Louis Gil-
more), one of Barber's customers (Wesley Hunter), and several police
officers testified for the government. Barber's telephone and credit
card records were introduced to corroborate testimony about trips to
buy drugs and contacts with members of the conspiracy. The evidence
established that Barber and Brant operated an extensive cocaine dis-
tribution ring in the Charlotte, North Carolina, area. They obtained
drugs from suppliers in New York and Florida. Bodyguards armed
with guns often accompanied them on their drug runs. Once the bulk
quantities of drugs reached Charlotte, Barber and Brant supplied the
members of their distribution network.
II.
Barber raises several challenges to his sentence.
Because Barber was found guilty of violating 21 U.S.C. § 841(a),
the district court applied the sentencing enhancement provision, 21
U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). Section 841(b)(1)(A) provides that if the
defendant has two or more prior felony drug convictions and the
instant offense involves drug amounts reaching certain quantities, the
district court must impose a sentence of life imprisonment. Before his
conviction in this case, Barber had three convictions in state court
arising from three cocaine sales he made to an undercover officer
over a period of forty-two days. The district court accepted the gov-
ernment's argument that the three prior convictions constituted three
separate offenses and therefore sentenced Barber to life imprison-
ment. Barber contends that his three prior convictions should be
treated as one offense so that the enhancement under§ 841(b)(1)(A)
does not apply.
We noted in United States v. Blackwood, 913 F.2d 139, 145-46
(4th Cir. 1990), that "Congress has indicated both in § 841(b) itself
3
and elsewhere that the language `prior' or `previous convictions,'
when used for sentencing enhancement, means separate criminal epi-
sodes, not separate convictions arising out of a single transaction."
Later, in United States v. Ford, 88 F.3d 1350 (4th Cir. 1996), we said
that "separate acts of distribution that occur on different days or even
at different times on the same day constitute separate criminal epi-
sodes." Id. at 1365-66. Here, the officer who made the undercover
buys in the state cases testified that he made three hand-to-hand buys
from Barber: one on October 10, 1986; one on October 13, 1986; and
one on November 20, 1986. Because the sales involved separate acts
and occurred on different days, the district court did not err when it
concluded that the prior convictions were for "separate criminal epi-
sodes." Id.; see also United States v. Garcia, 32 F.3d 1017, 1019 (7th
Cir. 1994) (noting that prior criminal activity involved separate crimi-
nal episodes for purposes of sentence enhancement because the sec-
ond and third events occurred after defendant had an opportunity to
cease criminal activity).
Barber next contends that the district court's findings as to the drug
amounts attributable to him were clearly erroneous. The district court
determined that 183 kilograms of powder cocaine and 97 kilograms
of crack cocaine were attributable to Barber. He maintains that there
are "credibility gaps" in the testimony of the witnesses the district
court relied on in arriving at its calculation. Barber's argument is
essentially futile. Because of his prior criminal record he was subject
to life imprisonment if the government showed that at least five kilo-
grams of cocaine or 50 grams of crack were involved in the offense.
See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). Virtually every witness who testified
referred to amounts greater than these statutory minimums. In any
event, there was ample testimony to support the district court's find-
ings on drug quantities attributable to Barber, and we have no basis
to conclude that the district court clearly erred. See United States v.
D'Anjou, 16 F.3d 604, 614 (4th Cir. 1994).
Finally, Barber challenges the district court's application of
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a), which requires a four-level enhancement if the
defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity involving
five or more participants. Barber contends that the evidence did not
support this enhancement. We disagree. The evidence was over-
whelming that Barber was a leader or organizer of a group that dis-
4
tributed drugs. For example, each co-defendant who testified
portrayed Barber as the leader of the ring. Barber recruited body-
guards and armed them. Additionally, he and Brant made drug runs
to Florida and New York where they acquired wholesale quantities of
cocaine. Brant, in turn, broke these quantities down and distributed
the drugs to his various sellers in the Charlotte area. The facts there-
fore support the four-level enhancement under § 3B1.1(a).
III.
We turn now to Brant, whose claims largely arise from her allega-
tion that Barber physically and mentally abused her during the period
of the conspiracy. Initially, Brant entered into a plea agreement,
signed August 11, 1994, in which she promised to help the govern-
ment with its case against Barber. In return, the government agreed
that evidence of duress or coercion would be presented to the court
at sentencing. However, at Brant's Rule 11 hearing, held on Septem-
ber 11, 1994, she refused to enter a guilty plea and instructed her law-
yer to cooperate with the lawyer defending Barber. Seven days later,
on September 18, 1994, Brant and Barber got married.
In light of these events, Brant's lawyer filed an ex parte motion,
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3006A(e), asking that a psychiatrist be
appointed to assist with Brant's defense.* Although section 3006A(e)
calls for such a motion to be determined in ex parte proceedings, the
district court conducted an off-the-record telephone conference with
Brant's lawyer and the prosecutor. The district court then issued an
order that said "for the reasons stated in the conference call the
motions are DENIED."
Brant contends that the district court erred when it failed to hold
an ex parte hearing on her motion and failed to appoint a psychiatrist.
In Lawson v. Dixon, 3 F.3d 743 (4th Cir. 1993), we said that
_________________________________________________________________
*Section 3006(A)(e) states that "[c]ounsel for a person who is finan-
cially unable to obtain investigative, expert, or other services necessary
for adequate representation may request them in an ex parte application.
Upon finding, after appropriate inquiry in an ex parte proceeding, that
the services are necessary and that the person is financially unable to
obtain them, the court . . . shall authorize counsel to obtain the services."
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§ 3006A(e) "virtually guarantee[s] that decisions on expert-
appointment motions will be made, as the statute requires, after
appropriate inquiry in an ex parte proceeding." Id. at 751. However,
while an appropriate inquiry is necessary, the statute does not require
the district court to "hold[ ] formal hearings for their own sake." Id.
at 753. In Brant's case, therefore, the absence of a formal hearing is
not dispositive. The question is whether the conference call was an
"appropriate proceeding" for purposes of section 3006(A)(e). Because
the conference call was not on the record, we have no indication of
the nature or extent of the inquiry into whether the appointment of a
psychiatric expert was necessary to Brant's defense. Nor do we have
any indication of the court's reasons for denying the motion for an
expert. Because we are in the dark, we cannot conclude that there was
an "appropriate inquiry in an ex parte proceeding." This does not end
our inquiry, however.
Brant's lawyer did not object (at the time of the conference call)
to the prosecutor's participation or to the nature of the proceeding. If
Brant's argument was limited to these procedural points, we would
apply a plain error analysis. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States
v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-32 (1993). Brant, however, preserved her
objection on the substantive issue, that is, on the denial of the motion
to appoint a psychiatric expert. In this instance the substantive issue
subsumes the procedural one because both issues require some level
of examination into the effect of the district court's refusal to appoint
a psychiatrist. As a result, we believe it is appropriate to accord Brant
the benefit of the usual analysis when a point has been preserved for
appeal.
We move, then, to the applicable standard: the decision not to
appoint an expert lies within the sound discretion of the district court
and will not be disturbed absent a showing of prejudice. United States
v. Bercier, 848 F.2d 917, 919 (8th Cir. 1988). Brant would have been
prejudiced by the denial of the motion only if it prevented the presen-
tation of a meritorious defense of duress or coercion. See United
States v. Pofahl, 990 F.2d 1456, 1472 (5th Cir. 1993). To succeed on
such a defense, Brant would have had to show (1) that she was under
a present threat of death or serious injury, (2) that she did not reck-
lessly place herself in a situation where she could be forced to engage
in criminal conduct, (3) that she had no reasonable legal alternative,
6
and (4) that a direct causal relationship existed between her criminal
conduct and the avoidance of threatened harm to her. United States
v. Perrin, 45 F.3d 869, 873-74 (4th Cir. 1995).
As far as the guilt phase of Brant's case is concerned, the general
allegations in her ex parte motion for the appointment of a psychia-
trist are all that bear on her claim of duress. See Pofahl, 990 F.2d at
1472. "General allegations supporting a request for court appointment
of a psychiatric expert, without substantive supporting facts, and
undeveloped assertions that psychiatric assistance would be beneficial
to the defendant will not suffice to require the appointment of a psy-
chiatrist to aid in preparation of a criminal defense." Liles v. Suffle,
945 F.2d 333, 336 (10th Cir. 1991).
Brant's motion alleges generally that there was a history of abuse,
but it fails to connect the alleged abuse with Brant's criminal acts. For
example, the motion states that Brant informed her lawyer that she did
not want to assert a defense of duress, that she wanted to cooperate
with Barber's lawyer, and that she did not want a psychiatrist
appointed. The motion, however, does not attribute these develop-
ments to threats or coercion by Barber. In fact, at the time of Brant's
motion Barber had been in jail for nearly nine months.
When we move from the motion and review the trial record, we
find no evidence to suggest that Brant could have mounted a success-
ful legal defense of duress. For example, Christopher Durante testi-
fied that Brant was the link to a drug supplier in New York. Wesley
Hunter testified that on at least one occasion he received "bad"
cocaine from Barber. When Hunter went to Barber's residence to
complain, he saw Brant holding what looked like an Uzi. It was Brant
who scolded Hunter for cooking the entire batch (one-half kilogram)
without test cooking a small quantity. She said,"why didn't you just
cook a little of it up and when it lost, then just bring it back then?"
Finally, Brant told Hunter that if he caused any more trouble he
"could get messed up." Brant presented no evidence of duress or
abuse, and her lawyer elicited no testimony from any of the witnesses
on cross-examination that they saw evidence of abuse. From all of
this, we conclude that Brant could not have made the requisite show-
ing for the appointment of a psychiatrist. She therefore suffered no
prejudice, and our inability to determine whether the district court
7
conducted an "appropriate proceeding" on the motion for a psychia-
trist is of no consequence.
Brant next argues that if we affirm her conviction, we should
vacate her sentence and remand for further proceedings because the
district court misapplied the sentencing guidelines when it prevented
her from presenting evidence of abuse at sentencing."[I]n reviewing
the application of the guidelines by a district court, we examine fac-
tual determinations for clear error; legal questions, however, are sub-
ject to a de novo standard of review." United States v. Blake, 81 F.3d
498, 503 (4th Cir. 1996).
Before sentencing Brant filed a motion requesting the issuance of
subpoenas to witnesses whom Brant says would have helped establish
duress and coercion for sentencing purposes. Brant also submitted
medical records and police reports to support the claim at sentencing.
U.S.S.G. § 5K2.12 allows a court to decrease the sentence below the
applicable guideline range if the defendant committed the offense
because of serious coercion, blackmail or duress, even if the circum-
stances do not amount to a complete legal defense. The district court
denied Brant's motion to subpoena witnesses, stating that "[a]t trial,
Ms. Brant made no effort to present a defense of coercion or duress.
Thus, presentation of such an argument at the sentencing phase of her
case would be inappropriate." Thus, the district court did not consider
whether Brant was subjected to coercion to a degree sufficient to war-
rant departure under § 5K2.12.
The district court made the legal determination that it could not
consider the duress argument because it had not been presented at
trial. This was error. The failure to present an argument at trial does
not preclude a defendant from presenting a similar argument at sen-
tencing. "In determining the sentence to impose within the guidelines
range, or whether a departure from the guidelines is warranted, the
court may consider, without limitation, any information concerning
the background, character and conduct of the defendant, unless other-
wise prohibited by law." See U.S.S.G.§ 1B1.4. This principle is par-
ticularly appropriate in the case of duress that does not qualify as a
complete legal defense. In such a case, the defendant might make the
decision to forego asserting duress at trial to avoid admitting the com-
mission of a criminal act. Section 5K2.12 of the sentencing guidelines
8
does not punish such a decision because it allows departure even if
the evidence is insufficient to establish a complete defense.
In light of the district court's erroneous conclusion that it could not
consider Brant's argument of duress at sentencing, we vacate her sen-
tence and remand for resentencing. See United States v. Cheape, 889
F.2d 477 (3d Cir. 1989) (vacating and remanding for resentencing
because district court misapprehended its authority to depart under
U.S.S.G. § 5K2.12). In resentencing, the district court should deter-
mine whether departure is warranted under U.S.S.G.§ 5K2.12. In
making that determination, the district court may consider the infor-
mation previously offered as well as any additional evidence that is
relevant.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, Barber's sentence is affirmed. Brant's
conviction is affirmed, but her sentence is vacated and remanded for
resentencing in light of this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED
AND REMANDED IN PART
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