United States v. Lamondes Williams , 547 F. App'x 251 ( 2013 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 12-4167
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
LAMONDES WILLIAMS,
Defendant - Appellant.
No. 12-4247
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
ERICA BROWN,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the District
of Maryland, at Baltimore. James K. Bredar, District Judge.
(1:11-cr-00162-JKB-1; 1:11-cr-00162-JKB-2)
Argued: September 20, 2013 Decided: November 27, 2013
Before GREGORY and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges, and Samuel G. WILSON,
United States District Judge for the Western District of
Virginia, sitting by designation.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Wilson wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Gregory and Judge Duncan joined.
ARGUED: John O. Iweanoge, II, IWEANOGE LAW CENTER, Washington,
D.C.; Judith Antwi Sakyi, LAW OFFICES OF JUDITH A. SAKYI,
Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appellants. Barbara Slaymaker Sale,
OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney,
OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for
Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2
WILSON, District Judge:
This is a consolidated appeal by Lamondes Williams and
Erica Brown challenging their fraud related convictions for
operating a vehicle “rent-to-own” program in which their
customers were not actually acquiring an ownership interest in
the vehicles they were renting. They claim that the evidence
was insufficient to show a scheme to defraud. In addition,
Williams claims the district court erred in permitting his
conspiracy conviction to stand in light of Brown’s acquittal of
that offense, admitting evidence that he had engaged in other
similar schemes, and in applying certain sentencing
enhancements. We reject their arguments and affirm.
I.
A grand jury of the United States District Court for the
District of Maryland indicted Williams and Brown on nineteen
counts of wire fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1343), eleven counts of mail
fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1341), and one count of conspiracy to commit
wire or mail fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1349) arising out of a rental
scheme that pawned rental cars as rent-to-own vehicles. 1
Williams and Brown pleaded not guilty. During a two-week jury
trial, including 22 witnesses for the government and four
1
We refer to the second superseding indictment as the
“indictment.”
3
witnesses for the defendants, the evidence tracked the seven
month operation.
In the light most favorable to the government, from
September 2010 to March 2011, Williams operated a vehicle rent-
to-own program that targeted individuals with poor credit
offering new or almost new vehicles for a low monthly fee.
Williams directed Brown to solicit “customers” by placing
advertisements for the rent-to-own program on craigslist.org and
in Pennysaver. Williams required customers to make an initial
down payment, called an “Administration Fee,” that ranged from
$1,000 to $5,000. In exchange for the Administration Fee and
low monthly payments, Williams promised customers an opportunity
to drive a late model vehicle that they could eventually own. 2
In reality, the customers were signing mere rental agreements
with Enterprise Rent-A-Car (hereinafter “Enterprise”).
Enterprise has no rent-to-own program, and the customers were
acquiring no right to eventually own the vehicles.
Earlier, Williams negotiated a corporate rate agreement
with Enterprise using a fictitious entity he called “2K Tech.”
2
The jury heard testimony from nine customer-witnesses,
most of whom stated that Williams or Brown told them they would
eventually own a vehicle.
4
Williams directed Brown and others 3 to present rent-to-own
customers to Enterprise as 2K Tech employees in order to obtain
the corporate rate and to assist those customers in filling out
Enterprise’s paperwork. The customers paid Williams or Brown
directly, who were, in turn, supposed to pay Enterprise.
Williams and Brown made payments to Enterprise, but these
payments were insufficient to cover the customers’ accruing
rental fees.
Eventually, Enterprise demanded that the customers return
the vehicles on pain of arrest and dispatched a repossession
team. Various customers sought an explanation from Williams or
Brown to no avail. Meanwhile, at Williams’ direction, Brown
continued to advertise the rent-to-own program, collect
administration and monthly fees, and accompany customers to
various Enterprise locations. Before the scheme had run its
course, Williams, with Brown’s assistance, had obtained no less
than $37,633 collectively from 46 customers.
3
Trial evidence established at least five potential
participants that Williams supervised, including: Brown,
Lucillious Williams, Candace McCullough, and two victim-
participants (Vanessa Sabastro and Donika Burriss). The
indictment also charged a conspiracy with “persons known and
unknown.”
5
At trial, the district court admitted evidence of Williams’
previous involvement in three similar schemes. 4 By stipulation
read into evidence, the jury heard that Williams negotiated a
corporate rate agreement with Thrifty Car Rental (hereinafter
“Thrifty”), rented more than 55 vehicles, and amassed a rental
arrearage of more than $44,000. 5 Three of the government’s
witnesses testified that Williams operated two apartment rental
schemes in which he marketed programs that purported to allow
customers to pay large administrative fees in exchange for
discounted rental payments for housing and utilities. In those
schemes, Williams continued to accept administrative fees even
though customers either never received an apartment or suffered
eviction within months. The district court instructed the jury
not to consider the evidence for any purpose other than
Williams’ intent. 6
4
One common thread was Williams’ repeated use of 2K Tech
(or some variation) to receive the benefits of corporate rate
agreements.
5
According to one of the government’s witnesses, after
Enterprise repossessed the vehicle she had acquired through
Williams’ rent-to-own program, Williams directed her to pick up
a second car from Thrifty. Thrifty repossessed this car within
the month.
6
The district court stated, in part: “Evidence of similar
acts may not be considered by you for any other purpose.
Specifically, you may not use this evidence to conclude that,
because Mr. Williams committed the other acts, he must also have
committed the acts charged in the indictment.” The district
(Continued)
6
In his defense, Williams testified in detail about his
schemes. 7 According to Williams, all of the schemes, including
the Enterprise scheme that is the subject of the current appeal,
were legitimate business ventures. He testified that the
Enterprise scheme failed because his customers did not
adequately promote his business by soliciting new customers. 8 He
asserted that the Enterprise scheme was simply a credit
improvement program and testified that he did not lead customers
to believe they would eventually own the rental cars.
The jury found Williams guilty on all counts of wire fraud,
mail fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire or mail fraud as
charged in the indictment. The jury also found Brown guilty of
nine counts of wire fraud and mail fraud, but not guilty of
conspiracy.
court gave another limiting instruction to the jury before
deliberation.
7
Williams testified about his prior convictions for theft
and running a pyramid scheme, which resulted from one of the
apartment rental schemes.
8
When asked how his business was supposed to work, Williams
said that the rent-to-own customers were “salespeople” and
explained “we’re in the business of recruiting salespeople to
sell products and services; to get production out of these
people so that we can make a high profit.” Williams further
testified: “Some people’s learning curve is slower than others .
. . they wouldn’t know a business opportunity from a job at
McDonald’s.”
7
The court set the case for sentencing, and a probation
officer prepared the presentence reports. Williams’ presentence
report calculated Williams’ base offense level to be 7, pursuant
to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 (2012). That
offense level was increased 14 levels based upon a loss of more
than $400,000 but less than $1,000,000, § 2B1.1(b)(1)(H);
increased 6 levels because the offense involved 250 or more
victims, § 2B1.1(b)(2)(C); increased 2 levels because there were
vulnerable victims, § 3A1.1(b)(1); and increased 2 levels for
obstruction of justice, § 3C1.1. These adjustments resulted in
a total offense level of 31, which, based on a criminal history
category III, produced a guideline imprisonment range of 135 to
168 months. Williams objected to the presentence report on
various grounds that are not a model of clarity.
At sentencing, the district court considered the
presentence report, Williams’ objections to that report, and
arguments of counsel. The district court then made a number of
findings that ultimately resulted in a substantial reduction in
Williams’ total offense level and his resulting guideline range.
First, the district court found the loss to be from $30,000 to
$70,000, which increased the base offense level by 6 rather than
14, § 2B1.1(b)(1)(D). Second, the district court found more
8
than 10 but fewer than 50 victims, 9 which increased the offense
level by 2 rather than 6, § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A). Third, the district
court found the offense involved a “large number” of vulnerable
victims, which increased the offense level by 4 rather than 2, §
3A1.1(b)(1)-(2). Fourth, the district court found Williams
played an aggravating role, which increased the offense level by
3, § 3B1.1(b). 10
Based on its findings, 11 the district court concluded
Williams had a total offense level of 24 (as compared to the
presentence report’s total offense level of 31) and a criminal
history category of IV, 12 resulting in a guideline range of 77 to
96 months (as compared to the presentence report’s range of 135
to 168 months). The district court expressly considered each of
the § 3553(a) factors, concluded that a sentence within the
applicable guideline range would be inadequate because the
9
The district court found 46 victims. (J.A. 2002)
10
The presentence report made no aggravating role
adjustment.
11
The district court ultimately adopted the recommended
increase for obstruction of justice based on Williams’ false
testimony at trial that the customers of the program were
actually working for his business and that none of them were
ever told they could own the car they were renting.
12
The district court increased the criminal history
category recommended in the presentence report after finding
Williams poses a substantial threat of recidivism because of the
heightened similarity of his schemes.
9
“[g]uidelines [did] not adequately address the threat that the
defendant poses for recidivism, which [the district court]
determine[d] to be extreme,” and imposed 120 months
incarceration. 13 The district court sentenced Brown to three
years of probation.
II.
Williams and Brown claim there is insufficient evidence to
show a scheme to defraud to support their convictions. We
conclude otherwise and reject the claim.
In considering whether evidence is sufficient to uphold a
conviction, we limit our review to determining whether “there is
substantial evidence, taking the view most favorable to the
government, to support it.” United States v. Beidler, 110 F.3d
1064, 1067 (4th Cir. 1997) (quoting Glasser v. United States,
315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942)). To obtain a conviction under 18 U.S.C.
13
At sentencing, the district court discussed the strong
need for deterrence at length:
The defendant is a serial fraudster. I don’t know how
else to express it. And I believe that he will
execute another fraud scheme as soon as he is able to
do so, with some minor hope on my part that the
imposition of a lengthy sentence might deter him from
doing that. Not because of any internal acceptance
that the conduct is wrong or against the law, but
because it just has proven to be so costly for him.
(J.A. 2060)
10
§§ 1341 (mail fraud) and 1343 (wire fraud), the government must
prove the defendant “(1) devised or intended to devise a scheme
to defraud and (2) used the mail or wire communications in
furtherance of the scheme.” United States v. Wynn, 684 F.3d 473,
477 (4th Cir. 2012). A scheme to defraud “may be inferred from
the totality of the circumstances and need not be proven by
direct evidence.” United States v. Godwin, 272 F.3d 659, 666
(4th Cir. 2001) (quoting United States v. Ham, 998 F.2d 1247,
1254 (4th Cir. 1993)). “A defendant challenging the sufficiency
of the evidence to support his conviction bears ‘a heavy
burden.’” Beidler, 110 F.3d at 1067 (quoting United States v.
Hoyte, 51 F.3d 1239, 1245 (4th Cir. 1995)).
A.
Williams’ argument that there is insufficient evidence to
show a scheme to defraud is a non-starter. Of the nine
customer-witnesses who testified, most stated that Williams or
Brown told them they would eventually own the vehicles, a
clearly false assertion. Williams directed Brown to place
advertisements referring to the scheme as a rent-to-own program,
even though there was no possibility that the customers would
acquire an ownership interest in the Enterprise vehicles. When
the scheme inevitably imploded, the customers’ money was gone,
their cars were gone, and for all intents and purposes Brown was
11
gone. 14 Williams, however, persevered. 15 In short, the jury
heard ample evidence from which it could reasonably conclude
that Williams’ rent-to-own program was nothing more than a
fraud. Consequently, in the light most favorable to the
government, there is substantial evidence to support Williams’
convictions of wire and mail fraud.
B.
Brown also maintains that the evidence was insufficient to
show she intended to defraud. We find her argument similarly
unavailing. Whatever her understanding might have been when she
began working with Williams, 16 by November 2010, Brown was
actively promoting a scheme that exhibited all of the hallmarks
of a fraud or swindle. Indeed, in the light most favorable to
the government, after Enterprise began repossessing vehicles,
Brown continued to collect fees, place ads calling the scheme a
rent-to-own program, and promise customers that they could
14
The jury heard testimony for the government from one
witness that after Enterprise repossessed her vehicle, Brown
abruptly stopped answering her calls. (J.A. 223)
15
The jury heard testimony that several customers called
Williams after Enterprise repossessed their cars, and Williams
told them to “hold tight” and he would “take care of it.” But
he did not take care of it. Williams refused to return the
customers’ money, and, in at least one instance, he took even
more money from a customer and brought her to Thrifty to pick
out another car. Thrifty repossessed that car within the month.
16
The government concedes Brown may not have initially had
the requisite intent.
12
eventually own the cars. It is clear under the circumstances
that the jury heard ample evidence from which it could conclude
that Brown knowingly advanced Williams’ fraudulent scheme.
III.
Williams further claims his conspiracy conviction cannot
stand because the jury did not find Brown, his only charged co-
conspirator, guilty. 17 We have rejected this argument on
multiple occasions and do so again here.
An inconsistent jury verdict does not, in and of itself,
require reversal or automatically subject the jury’s collective
judgment to review. United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65-6
(1984). Given the variables involved, it is “hardly
satisfactory to allow the defendant to receive a new trial on
the conviction as a matter of course” and “nothing in the
Constitution would require such a protection.” Id. at 65. For
these reasons, a defendant charged with conspiracy is not
entitled to an acquittal simply because the same jury acquitted
17
We note that Williams’ argument, which focuses on
sufficiency of the evidence, does not properly frame the issue.
Williams appears to contest whether his conviction for
conspiracy can stand despite the acquittal of his alleged co-
conspirator. To the extent Williams is alleging insufficient
evidence of agreement to support his conspiracy conviction, we
conclude there is substantial evidence of an agreement viewing
it in the light most favorable to the government.
13
his only charged co-conspirator. 18 United States v. Collins, 412
F.3d 515, 520 (4th Cir. 2005) (refusing to overturn a conspiracy
conviction merely because the same jury acquitted a co-
conspirator); United States v. Thomas, 900 F.2d 37, 40 (4th Cir.
1990) (holding that an acquittal of sole co-conspirator does not
require reversal of defendant's conviction); see also United
States v. Andrews, 850 F.2d 1557, 1561 (11th Cir. 1988) (en
banc) (“Consistent verdicts are unrequired in joint trials for
conspiracy: where all but one of the charged conspirators are
acquitted, the verdict against the one can stand.”).
Here, as the defendant in Collins argued, Williams argues
for reversal of his conspiracy conviction simply because the
jury acquitted his named co-conspirator. Relying on well-
settled precedent, we reject Williams’ argument.
18
Here, the indictment alleges that Williams conspired not
only with Brown but with others both known and unknown to the
grand jury. The government may prove a conspiracy even if the
defendant’s co-conspirator remains unknown, so long as it
presents evidence of an agreement between two or more persons.
Rogers v. United States, 340 U.S. 367, 375 (1951) (“[T]he
identity of the other members of the conspiracy is not needed,
inasmuch as one person can be convicted of conspiring with
persons whose names are unknown”); United States v. Rey, 923
F.2d 1217, 1222 (6th Cir. 1991). Apart from the allegations
here of a conspiracy involving Brown, the jury could have
concluded that a conspiracy existed between Williams and one or
more of the other uncharged participants in the scheme. Such a
determination was well within the prerogative of the collective
decision-making power of the jury based upon the evidence before
it.
14
IV.
Williams argues the district court erroneously admitted
evidence of his past fraudulent schemes. He alleges this
evidence is inadmissible under Federal Rules of Evidence 404(b)
(hereinafter “F.R.E”). We disagree.
We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion and
we will not find a district court “to have abused its discretion
unless its decision to admit evidence under Rule 404(b) was
arbitrary and irrational.” United States v. Byers, 649 F.3d 197,
206 (4th Cir. 2011). Although F.R.E. 404(b) excludes evidence
of other crimes, wrongs, or acts proffered solely to prove a
defendant’s bad character, “[s]uch evidence . . . may ‘be
admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident.’” United States v. Basham, 561
F.3d 302, 326 (4th Cir.2009) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)).
To establish intent, the government introduced evidence
that Williams previously operated two apartment rental schemes
and one car rental scheme (using Thrifty Rental Cars). Each of
those schemes was close enough in time and had substantial
enough similarities to the conduct charged in the indictment to
be probative of Williams' intent. See United States v. Queen,
132 F.3d 991 (4th Cir. 1997) (affirming the district court's
admission of evidence of prior similar acts with a high degree
15
of similarity to the charged act when the prior acts occurred
nine years before). Given that the district court properly
instructed the jury as to the limited purpose of this evidence
both following its admission and immediately before submitting
the case to the jury, we find no abuse of discretion in
admitting it.
V.
Finally, Williams maintains the district court erred in
applying two sentencing enhancements: one based on a finding
that there were vulnerable victims and the other based on a
finding that Williams played an aggravating role in the scheme. 19
19
To the extent Williams argues his sentence was
substantively unreasonable, we disagree. In considering the
substantive reasonableness of a sentence we take into account
the “totality of circumstances,” recognizing that “if the
sentence is outside the Guidelines range, the court may not
apply a presumption of unreasonableness.” Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007) (emphasis added). Instead, we “must give
due deference to the district court’s decision that the §
3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the variance.” Id. In
giving such due deference, we decline to disturb the district
court’s thoughtfully considered finding which included that:
[I]n this case, it’s my conclusion that the Federal
Sentencing Guidelines do not adequately address the
threat that the defendant poses for recidivism, which
I determine is extreme ... the consequence of this is
that I will place the guidelines to one side and
instead impose a sentence that I believe appropriately
meets that very legitimate public interest, that
adequately protects the public.
(J.A. 2061)
16
We review the district court’s factual findings on such issues
for clear error. United States v. Thorson, 633 F.3d 312, 317
(4th Cir. 2011); United States v. Edwards, 188 F.3d 230, 238
(4th Cir. 1999). Finding the district court did not commit
clear error as to either enhancement, we affirm Williams’
sentence.
A.
Williams contends the district court erred in applying the
vulnerable victims enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1). We
find no clear error in the district court’s factual finding of
victim vulnerability.
U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1) provides a two level enhancement
“[i]f the defendant knew or should have known that a victim of
the offense was a vulnerable victim.” The defendant receives an
additional two level enhancement if the offense involved a
“large number of vulnerable victims.” U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(2). A
victim may be “vulnerable” if he is “particularly susceptible to
criminal conduct.” U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1 cmt. n.2. In order to apply
the enhancement, the district court must also determine that
“the defendant knew or should have known of the victim’s unusual
vulnerability.” Id.
We have specifically held that individuals with poor credit
ratings who have been turned down elsewhere for loans, under
appropriate circumstances, may be considered vulnerable victims,
17
stating: “It is manifest that [such] persons ... would be
unusually vulnerable, that is, more prone than most to yield to
the melodious beseeching of a charlatan who assures them that
their dreams are within their grasp.” United States v. Holmes,
60 F.3d 1134, 1136-37 (4th Cir. 1995).
In the present case, the district court stated on the
record and with particularity the vulnerable nature of these
victims and that Williams targeted them:
I find that it was a scheme that was very much
targeted at people who were in dire personal financial
straits. People who had bad credit or people who had
no credit, and yet still need, sometimes desperately
needed, transportation. And so, yeah, the scheme in
the Court’s mind, based on the evidence that was
presented, was directed at people who were
particularly vulnerable to its appeal.
(J.A. 2013) These findings, coupled with the total number of
victims, 20 supported the court's four level increase pursuant to
section 3A1.1(b)(1) and (2). Accordingly, we reject Williams’
challenge.
B.
Williams also claims there is insufficient evidence to
support a three level aggravating role adjustment. Once again,
we find otherwise.
20
See supra note 9.
18
To apply an aggravating role enhancement under U.S.S.G §
3B1.1(b), the district court must find (1) that “the defendant
was a manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader)”
and (2) that “the criminal activity involved five or more
participants or was otherwise extensive.” (emphasis added).
In determining whether the defendant was a manager or
supervisor, “the aggravating role adjustment is appropriate
where the evidence demonstrates that the defendant controlled
the activities of other participants or exercised management
responsibility.” United States v. Llamas, 599 F.3d 381, 390 (4th
Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). The district
court heard considerable evidence of Williams’ managerial and
supervisory activities. Indeed, the district court could have
concluded the scheme was totally of Williams’ making and subject
to his supervision. 21 In any event, Williams solicited customers
through advertising, accepted payments from those customers,
directed Brown and others to assist the customers in filling out
Enterprise paperwork, and directed Brown and others to work with
Enterprise to open the fraudulent corporate account.
21
The district court found Williams was a manager or
supervisor under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b) rather than a leader or
organizer under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) as proposed in the
presentence report, which resulted in an enhancement by three
instead of four.
19
As to the breadth of the criminal activity, the defendant
need only have managed or supervised the activities of at least
one other person in a scheme that involved five or more
participants. United States v. Bartley, 230 F.3d 667, 673 (4th
Cir. 2000). Alternatively, the criminal activity can be
“otherwise extensive.” In assessing whether an activity is
otherwise extensive, we have held that courts may consider “all
persons involved during the course of the entire offense.”
United States v. Ellis, 951 F.2d 580, 585 (4th Cir. 1991)
(quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.3). “Thus, a fraud that
involved only three participants but used the unknowing services
of many outsiders could be considered extensive.” U.S.S.G. §
3B1.1(b), cmt. n.3.
As to whether the criminal activity involved five or more
participants or was otherwise extensive, the district court
could have properly found both. Trial evidence showed at least
five participants in addition to Williams: Brown, Lucillious
Williams, Candace McCullough, and two victim-participants
(Vanessa Sabastro and Donika Burris). Considerable evidence,
indeed the very nature of the scheme, also supports a finding
that the criminal activity was otherwise extensive (e.g., the
targeted advertising, the false statements made to individual
victims and to Enterprise, the sheer number of victims, the
number of payments secured, and the unknowing participation of
20
numerous victims and Enterprise employees). In light of this
evidence, we conclude the district court did not commit clear
error in making the factual findings that led it to apply the
three level aggravating role enhancement under U.S.S.G §
3B1.1(b).
VI.
For the reasons stated, we affirm in all respects. 22
22
Williams and Brown also raise a number of additional
arguments, all of which we have considered and find meritless.
Williams and Brown maintain Count 1 of the indictment is
duplicitous. We reject this argument because, as the Supreme
Court of the United States has held, “the conspiracy is the
crime, however diverse its objects.” Braverman v. United States,
317 U.S. 49, 54 (1942). See also United States v. Schlesinger,
2008 WL 244226(2d Cir. 2008); United States v. Smith, 891 F.2d
703, 712 (9th Cir. 1989).
Williams and Brown also claim Counts 2-31 of the indictment
are multiplicitous. We agree with the reasoning of the district
court and reject this argument. United States v. Williams, No.
1:11-162 (D. Md. Oct. 12, 2011).
Williams argues the district court erred in amending the
indictment’s references to “craigslist.com” to “craigslist.org.”
We agree with the reasoning of the district court that the
amendment was non-substantive and, therefore, permissible. (J.A.
1479-1495)
Brown argues the district court erred by failing to sever
the trial. We reject this argument because there is a
preference for joint trials of defendants who are indicted
together, particularly where they are alleged “to have
participated in the same act or transaction” constituting the
offense. Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 537 (1993);
United States v. Allen, 491 F.3d 178, 189 (4th Cir. 2007)
(“Without a strong showing of prejudice, severance is not
(Continued)
21
AFFIRMED
justified based on the mere disparity of the evidence adduced
against individual defendants.”).
22