Potter Shackelford v. Law Engineering Inc ( 1996 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
POTTER-SHACKELFORD CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY, INCORPORATED,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 96-1073
v.
LAW ENGINEERING, INCORPORATED,
Defendant-Appellant.
POTTER-SHACKELFORD CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY, INCORPORATED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
No. 96-1112
v.
LAW ENGINEERING, INCORPORATED,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the District of South Carolina, at Greenville.
Henry M. Herlong, Jr., District Judge.
(CA-95-116-6-20)
Argued: October 29, 1996
Decided: December 23, 1996
Before MURNAGHAN and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges, and
DOUMAR, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
_________________________________________________________________
Remanded in part and affirmed in part by unpublished per curiam
opinion.
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Robert O'Neal Fleming, Jr., SMITH & FLEMING,
Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellant. Thomas H. Coker, Jr., HAYNS-
WORTH, MARION, MCKAY & GUERARD, L.L.P., Greenville,
South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Boyd B. Nicholson, Jr.,
Cynthia Buck Brown, HAYNSWORTH, MARION, MCKAY &
GUERARD, L.L.P., Greenville, South Carolina, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Potter-Shackelford Construction Co., Inc. ("Potter-Shackelford"),
sued Law Engineering, Inc. ("Law") for breach of contract, negli-
gence, professional negligence and negligent misrepresentation. The
basis of Potter-Shackelford's claim was Law's alleged failure to pro-
vide adequate recommendations regarding the suitability of a concrete
floor slab on a building, with which Potter-Shackelford was involved.
Punitive damages also were sought. At the close of evidence Law
made a motion for judgment as a matter of law as to punitive dam-
ages. The district court granted that motion. Thereafter, the jury
returned a compensatory verdict in favor of Potter-Shackelford for
$126,552.73. The district court denied Law's post-trial motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict holding that the liability of limi-
tation clause contained in the contract executed by the parties, which
limited Law's liability to $50,000, did not apply to the claims raised
by Potter-Shackelford against Law. Both Potter-Shackelford and Law
have appealed.
2
I.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 1988, Hart Corporation ("Hart"), a real estate development com-
pany, awarded Potter-Shackelford, a commercial general contractor,
a contract to build a "shell" building for speculative sale. The inside
of the building, to include a floor slab, was left unfinished in order
to allow a potential buyer flexibility in using the building. Hart hired
Law, an engineering company providing soils and construction mate-
rial testing and related engineering services, to provide geotechnical
engineering services in connection with the project. Before Potter-
Shackelford did any work on the site, Law examined the existing site
in order to make recommendations to Hart regarding, among other
things, the type of soil fill material to be placed in the building's sub-
grade. Law made recommendations regarding the physical character-
istics of the fill material, specifically including recommendations
concerning the "liquid limits" of the soil fill and its maximum "plas-
ticity index."1 Law recommended a maximum plasticity index of 15
for fill materials within the shell building.
In 1991, Hamilton Standard Company ("Hamilton"), a distributor
based in Connecticut, purchased the shell building. Hamilton
requested that Potter-Shackelford and other contractors submit bids to
upfit the building to suit Hamilton's specific needs. These upfits
included the construction of a concrete floor slab, offices, and other
facilities. After receipt of the bids, Hamilton asked Potter-Shackelford
to revise its proposal to provide assurances that the subgrade would
properly support a concrete floor slab. Potter-Shackelford agreed to
Hamilton's proposal, but conditioned its acceptance on Hamilton's
agreeing to pay extra for the removal of unsuitable material found in
the subgrade. Hamilton agreed to do so.
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1 Soils with a high plasticity index have a high potential for swelling
and also have inherent in them the opposite problem of shrinking when
moisture is lost. The plasticity index tells engineers the potential the soil
has for swelling when the soil becomes wet. Soil materials with high
plasticity indexes are generally undesirable for construction and are nor-
mally removed because the swelling of the soil causes the floor slab to
be raised in areas above the swelling soil.
3
After reaching its agreement with Hamilton, Potter-Shackelford
contacted Law to provide engineering services in connection with the
construction of a concrete floor slab in the building. On January 2,
1992, Art Baiden of Potter-Shackelford spoke with Michael Parker,
an engineer with Law. Baiden and Parker agreed to meet at the build-
ing site on January 7, 1992. No work order was executed before the
meeting.
At the site, Baiden, bearing in mind Hamilton's obligation to pay
for unsuitable material found in the subgrade, asked Parker what
needed to be done to make the existing subgrade suitable to support
the proposed concrete floor slab. At that time, Parker recommended
that the subgrade be reconditioned by evacuating the upper one to two
feet of soil, adding moisture, and then replacing and compacting the
soil. Parker also recommended that plateload testing be performed in
three areas, to make sure that the reconditioned soil would have ade-
quate strength to support the proposed concrete floor slab. Parker did
not recommend any further testing of the soil, nor did he discuss with
Baiden the existence of plastic soils within the subgrade.2 Based on
Parker's recommendation, Baiden authorized Law to perform the
plateload testing.
After the meeting, Parker returned to his office and prepared a writ-
ten proposal, under which Law would conduct field density testing
during preparation of test areas, to conduct plateload tests, and to
report the results. The proposal clearly related to two parts of a single
_________________________________________________________________
2 In October 1991, Parker prepared a report for David Rogers, a Law
customer, concerning the condition of the subgrade of the building.
Law's October 1991 report indicated that soil borings taken by Law had
a plasticity index of 53. The report also stated that the presence of plastic
soils "compromises the ability of the subgrade to provide proper support.
. . ." On December 20, 1991, Law prepared another report, in which Law
recommended that the soils used in compacted fills have a plasticity
index less than 15, and that the subgrade in its present condition did not
appear feasible to support a floor slab. Parker did not prepare the second
report, but was aware of the report. Parker had copies of both reports
when he met with Baiden, but did not discuss the reports with Baiden.
These reports, and Parker's failure to mention them to Baiden form the
basis for Potter-Shackelford's punitive damages claim to be discussed in
more detail hereafter.
4
obligation recommendation and the work authorization for accom-
plishing it. Law's proposal was printed on a form titled "Work Autho-
rization Sheet." That form stated: "The purpose of this sheet is to
obtain your authorization for the work verbally requested and confirm
the terms under which these services are provided as shown below
and on back." On the back of the form are Law's standard "Term and
Conditions," including the following provision:
PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY. Client agrees that Law
Engineering's liability to Client or any third party due to any
negligent professional acts, errors or omissions or breach of
contract will be limited to an aggregate of $50,000 or our
total fee, which ever is greater. If Client prefers to have
higher limits of professional liability, we agree to increase
the limit to a maximum of $1,000,000 upon Client's written
request at the time of accepting our proposal, providing that
Client agrees to pay an additional consideration of ten per-
cent of our total fee, or $500, whichever is greater. The
additional charge for the higher liability limit is because of
the greater risk assumed by us and is not a charge for addi-
tional professional liability insurance.
After completion of the plateload testing,3 in February 1992, Law
sent Potter-Shackelford a written report detailing the tests and making
recommendations based on the test results. The report made refer-
ences to the October 1991 and December 1991 reports, but made no
mention of the problems respecting the high plasticity index values of
the soil present in the subgrade. Prior to receiving the February 1992
report, Potter-Shackelford recompacted the subgrade and began pour-
ing the concrete slab floor over the original subgrade soil. By March,
1992, the concrete floor had been completed. Thereafter, a portion of
the concrete floor, began to buckle and shift, causing the owner
(Hamilton) to become aware of the building problems. After investi-
_________________________________________________________________
3 Potter-Shackelford contends that Law performed the plateload testing
and verbally reported the results of the testing before Baiden signed the
Work Authorization Form. Baiden signed the form on January 16, 1992.
Law's performance of the work before Baiden signed the form does not
appear to be material to the controversy at hand.
5
gations by several engineers,4 Potter-Shackelford and Hamilton con-
cluded that the high plastic soils in the subgrade were responsible for
the problems with the concrete floor slab. Potter-Shackelford then
removed and replaced approximately 8,500 square feet of the concrete
floor slab.
Potter-Shackelford sued Law for breach of contract, negligence,
professional negligence and negligent misrepresentation in the Court
of Common Pleas, in Greenville, South Carolina. Law removed the
case to the United States District Court for the District of South Caro-
lina based on diversity of citizenship. Law moved for partial summary
judgment limiting its liability to $50,000, in accordance with the limi-
tation of liability clause contained in the work authorization form.
Finding a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the limi-
tation of liability applied, on August 21, 1995, the district court
denied the motion.
On November 29, 1995, the district court granted Law's motion for
judgment as a matter of law as to punitive damages. At the close of
Potter-Shackelford's case, and again at the close of all the evidence,
Law sought judgment as a matter of law enforcing the limitation of
liability clause. The district court denied both motions. On November
30, 1995, the jury awarded Potter-Shackelford damages in the amount
of $126,552.73. On December 12, 1995, the district court denied
Law's post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law with respect
to the liability limitation clause contained in the work authorization
form. Law filed its notice of appeal on January 10, 1996, and Potter-
Shackelford filed its notice of cross-appeal on January 22, 1996.
_________________________________________________________________
4 Law also examined the concrete floor and expressed its belief that
curling may have been responsible for the floor's problems. Curling
occurs when the top of the concrete slab dries faster than its bottom. In
January, 1994, after performing additional tests on the subgrade, Law
issued a report concluding that expansive soils were not causing the
slab's problems because "no evidence [exists] that the overall moisture
content of the subgrade . . . changed significantly." Law's 1994 report
made reference to its October, 1991 and December, 1991 reports. Law's
report also recommended a desired plasticity index of 30.
6
II.
DISCUSSION
On appeal we must center on whether a limitation of liability provi-
sion on the back of Law's Work Authorization Form, which was
signed by Potter-Shackelford's representative is legal and applies. As
the issue raised is one of contract construction, the district court's
decision is subject to plenary review by the court. Bailey v. Blue
Cross & Blue Shield of Virginia, 67 F.3d 53, 54 (4th Cir. 1995), cert.
denied, 116 S.Ct. 1043 (1996). Preliminarily, the parties disagree on
what state law controls in the instant appeal.
A. Choice of Law
The aforementioned limitation of liability provision provides that
the agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Georgia.
As Law notes, South Carolina courts have long respected the consis-
tently enforced contractual choice of law provisions, except where the
stipulated law directly conflicts with South Carolina public policy.
Associated Spring Corp. v. Roy F. Wilson Avent, Inc. , 410 F.Supp.
967, 975 (D.S.C. 1976). Furthermore, Law argues that application of
Georgia law relating to exculpatory clauses does not violate South
Carolina public policy.5
The limitation of liability clause here is legal, and hence, Georgia
law will control. In any event, as Potter-Shackelford has candidly
admitted, Georgia's law respecting limitation of liability is no differ-
ent from that of South Carolina. Potter-Shackelford's Brief, at p. 17
n. 11.
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5 Law cites to two unpublished decisions from the Fourth Circuit to
support its proposition, Georgetown Steel Corp. v. Law Engineering
Testing Co., 7 F.3d 223 (Table), 1993 WL 358770 (4th Cir. Sept. 14,
1993), and Gibbes, Inc. v. Law Engineering, Inc., 960 F.2d 146 (Table),
1992 WL 78830 (4th Cir. Apr. 20, 1992). While the decisions are not
precedent, we find their holdings persuasive. Potter-Shackelford agrees
that they reiterate the general rule that exculpatory clauses like the one
involved in the present case are not void as a matter of public policy.
7
Under Georgia Law, contractual limitation of liability provisions
are valid and enforceable:
It is the paramount public policy of this state that courts will
not lightly interfere with the freedom of parties to contract.
A contracting party may waive or renounce that which the
law has established in his or her favor, when it does not
thereby injure others or affect the public interest. Exculpa-
tory clauses in Georgia are valid and binding, and are not
void as against public policy when a business relieves itself
from its own negligence. Parties to the contract are pre-
sumed to have read their provisions and to have understood
the contents. One who can read, must read, for he is bound
by his contracts.
My Fair Lady of Georgia, Inc. v. Harris, 364 S.E.2d 580, 581 (Ga.
App. 1987).
B. The Applicable Limitation of Liability Provision
In a nutshell, Potter-Shackelford argues that the limitation of liabil-
ity provision is limited to the performance of plateload tests, not to
Law's recommendations with respect to plateload tests, i.e., perfor-
mance vs. advice to perform. Potter-Shackelford expresses no dissat-
isfaction with the actual plateload testing performed by Law. Rather,
Potter-Shackelford argues that Law's recommendation of plateload
testing at the January 7 meeting was faulty, especially in light of
Law's prior experience with the concrete slab. Law was paid for that
recommendation and no limitation of liability form was executed for
that work, Potter-Shackelford contends.
Furthermore, Potter-Shackelford argues that "the most important
evidence on the issue is the authorization form itself." Potter-
Shackelford claims that the authorization form speaks only to Law's
performing and reporting of plateload tests. The form, Potter-
Shackelford contends, makes no mention of providing any consulta-
tion services.6
_________________________________________________________________
6 In addition, Potter-Shackelford argues that another authorization form
provided by Law to another client specifically mentions examining the
8
On the other hand, Law argues what Potter-Shackelford wanted
from Law was its engineering judgment necessary to determine what
needed to be done to the subgrade. Law argues that Law's recommen-
dation of plateload testing, and the subsequent implementation of that
recommendation, are complementary parts of a single transaction.7
Law maintains that the gravamen of Potter-Shackelford's complaint
is that Law's recommendation of plateload testing instead of other
kinds of testing which would have revealed the existence of plastic
soils in the subgrade, amounted to the result of the plateload testing
which Law represented would make the subgrade soils suitable to
support the concrete floor slab. Law responds there was one continu-
ous activity by it or two closely linked activities acting together. Par-
ker prepared a written proposal embodying Law's recommended
course of action and sent that proposal to Potter-Shackelford. The
_________________________________________________________________
subgrade conditions and rendering an opinion "on the suitability of the
soil subgrade to receive a concrete floor slab on grade." Notwithstanding
the irrelevance of another authorization form addressed to another client,
not involved with the present lawsuit, even if that other form was other-
wise relevant, the language included in that form bears no relevance to
the language in the present form. Undeniably, Law did not include simi-
lar language in the form Law provided to Potter-Shackelford. The lack
of that language, however, does not demonstrate in any way that the rec-
ommendations provided by Parker were not a part of the contract exe-
cuted by the parties. Law was approached by Potter-Shackelford to solve
a problem not to break it into two or more pieces. At best, the absence
of the language represents an oversight by Parker, or sloppy work, or else
perhaps avoidance of needless redundancy.
7 It is as though in baseball one hits a home run. That means a single
hit not four hits (a single, a double, a triple, and a four baser). Or a dou-
ble play where the ball passes from pitcher to batter, to shortstop, to sec-
ond baseman to first baseman is overall a single event though involving
different though complementary acts by five different players. In other
words, we are dealing with an A1 and A2 which coalesced into a com-
posite A. Even if we had a situation where two distinct items merged (A
+ B = a successor A), which neither of the parties nor the district judge
has addressed, we might well end up with the same conclusion. DeLong
v. Cobb, 111 S.E.2d 89, 93 (Ga. 1959) ("[Y]et it is a well-settled princi-
ple of law . . . that all pertinent representations and negotiations prior to
the preparation and execution of a written contract are merged therein."),
overruled sub nom. on other grounds, Long v. Walls, 177 S.E.2d 373(Ga. 1970).
9
proposal was signed and accepted by Potter-Shackelford and became
the contract between the parties. Included within that contract, Law
argues, is the limitation of liability clause.
In an oral ruling, the district court denied Law's motion for judg-
ment as a matter of law at the close of all the evidence on the grounds
that the limitation of liability provision "pertains purely to a separate
specific contract concerning plateload testing, which is not even
claimed in this case as far as the contract action by the plaintiff
against the defendant."8
In our view the ruling of the district court should be amended to
take account of the limitation of liability. Law correctly states that
contract language is to be evaluated in light of surrounding circum-
stances to ascertain the intention of the parties. Paul v. Paul, 219
S.E.2d 736 (Ga. 1975). Prior to constructing the concrete floor slab,
Potter-Shackelford turned to Law for its advice on the suitability of
the subgrade to support a concrete floor slab. After the January 7
meeting between Baiden from Potter-Shackelford and Parker from
Law, Parker prepared a written proposal in which Law was to provide
an engineer technician to conduct field density testing; conduct three
plateload tests; and report the results of those tests. On the back of the
proposal, the limitation of liability clause appears, as well as the
choice of law provisions.
It is a situation designed to lead to performance if feasible and
continuing to be performed when determined to be feasible. Potter-
Shackelford's argument seems merely an attempt to salvage its jury
verdict through resort to an unrealistic approach to the parties' agree-
ment. After Law completed its work, Law sent Potter-Shackelford a
single invoice in the amount of $3,582.28, which included a charge
of $225 for Parker's time on January 7. That indicated a belief by
Law that a single contract covering both the recommendation of plate-
load testing and the implementation of the recommendation was
_________________________________________________________________
8 In an earlier written ruling on Law's motion for partial summary judg-
ment on the limitation of liability provision, the district court denied that
motion on the grounds that "[a]t the very least, a genuine issue of mate-
rial fact exists as to whether the limitation of liability applies."
10
in existence. Agreement as to such an interpretation by Potter-
Shackelford is demonstrated by its payment without objection of the
entire bill without asking for a separation into distinct activities.
Potter-Shackelford stresses that no work authorization form was
completed with respect to the January 7 meeting, however, the lack
of a work authorization form weighs against Potter-Shackelford. The
fact that no separate work authorization form exists, or was created,
for the January 7 meeting suggests that Parker's January 7 meeting,
and his recommendations are a part and parcel of the proposal Parker
sent to Potter-Shackelford. Parker's recommendations were followed
on without interruption by the plateload testing itself. Potter-
Shackelford's argument that only the actual plateload testing--and
not the plateload recommendation itself--is covered by the limitation
of liability clause ignores the circumstances under which the plateload
testing was done in the first place.
Moreover, Baiden testified that he met with "Parker at the job site
to get his opinion as a geotechnical engineer as to what we needed to
do with the [soil] subgrade to make it suitable to accept the [concrete]
floor slab." Potter-Shackelford does not dispute that Parker recom-
mended plateload testing and Potter-Shackelford promptly accepted
the recommendation. Law argues persuasively that a single operation
needed to be done which included both the recommendation of plate-
load testing, as well as the performance of that testing and the report-
ing of the results.
The surrounding circumstances related to the formation and inter-
pretation of the contract include the fact that the parties acted to send
and pay only one invoice for the plateload testing work, including the
recommendation that the testing be done and the fact that Potter-
Shackelford engaged Law's expertise to determine how to make the
subgrade suitable for the concrete floor slab. They amply demonstrate
that the recommendation of plateload testing was part of a single con-
tract entered into between the parties, and hence, the limitation of lia-
bility provision should apply.
C. Punitive Damages
In its cross-appeal, Potter-Shackelford appeals the district court's
grant of Law's motion for judgment as a matter of law as to punitive
11
damages. Potter-Shackelford contends that the district court erred in
ruling as a matter of law on the punitive damages issue because the
record provided substantial evidence that Law withheld crucial infor-
mation from Potter-Shackelford.
The district court apparently passed over the matter whether breach
of contract would support punitive damages, Floyd v. County Square
Mobile Homes, Inc., 336 S.E.2d 502 (S.C. Ct. App. 1985); Vann v.
Nationwide Ins. Co., 185 S.E.2d 363 (S.C. 1971), ruling that insuffi-
cient evidence existed to create a jury question on the punitive dam-
ages issue. Potter-Shackelford argues that the standard of review
should be de novo, and we do not disagree. Benedi v. McNeil-PPC,
Inc., 66 F.3d 1378 (4th Cir. 1995).
In diversity cases federal law governs whether an issue is to be
determined by the court or the jury. Johnson v. Hugo's Skateway, 974
F.2d 1408, 1416 (4th Cir. 1992) (en banc). Under federal law, the
grant of judgment as a matter of law is appropriate only when the evi-
dence, viewed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party,
would support only one reasonable verdict. See Williams v. Cer-
beronics, Inc., 871 F.2d 452, 458 (4th Cir. 1989). The same standard
is applied by the Fourth Circuit in reviewing a district court's granting
judgment as a matter of law. Nehi Bottling Co. v. All American Bot-
tling Co., 8 F.3d 157, 162 (4th Cir. 1993). In determining whether
judgment as a matter of law is appropriate regarding punitive dam-
ages, however, a federal court in diversity must apply state substan-
tive law. Defender Industries, Inc. v. Northwestern Mutual Life
Insurance Co., 938 F.2d 502, 504-05 (4th Cir. 1991) (en banc). Under
South Carolina law, punitive damages are appropriate where the con-
duct of the defendant was willful, wanton or reckless. Barber v.
Whirlpool Corp., 34 F.3d 1268 (4th Cir. 1994). A demonstration of
"conscious wrongdoing" must be made by the plaintiff to justify an
award. Id. at 1278.
Potter-Shackelford argues that sufficient evidence existed to submit
the punitive damages issue to the jury. As support for its position,
Potter-Shackelford notes that at the time Parker met with Baiden,
Law, through its representative Parker, knew, and had reported in the
past, that the project's subgrade contained expansive, plastic soils
which rendered the subgrade unsuitable for a concrete floor slab. Law
12
failed to inform Potter-Shackelford of those facts. Potter-Shackelford
argues that "[t]he fact that Law withheld information concerning plas-
tic soils, standing alone, created an issue of fact for the jury to deter-
mine whether Parker, as a professional engineer, had willfully or
recklessly withheld information from Potter-Shackelford."
Furthermore, Potter-Shackelford contends that Law continued to
withhold the information about the plastic soils, even after the prob-
lems with the subgrade became manifest. In addition, according to
Potter-Shackelford, Law took an affirmative step further to mislead
Potter-Shackelford concerning the subgrade, by noting in its 1994
report, that the maximum plasticity index value for the project site
should be 30. The 30 figure was double the index value given in
Law's three prior reports in 1988, October 1991, and December 1991.
Potter-Shackelford argues that a jury could have reasonably con-
cluded that Law withheld information about the plastic soils in order
to hide the fact that Law performed faulty work on the project in
1988. Potter-Shackelford notes that in 1988, Law monitored the soil
fill placement for Hart, the owner of the site at the time. In 1988, as
well as 1991, Law recommended a maximum plasticity index of 15.
Based on the soil tests performed in 1993 and 1994 showing plasticity
index values ranging from 21 to 74, the jury could have reasonably
inferred that Law failed properly to monitor fill placement in 1988,
and that upon realizing this failure, worked to withhold the informa-
tion.
In response, Law argues the evidence viewed in a light most favor-
able to Potter-Shackelford permits only one reasonable conclusion:
Law's failure adequately to apprise Potter-Shackelford about plastic
soils in the subgrade resulted from miscommunication and misunder-
standing, not willful misconduct. Law claims that when Parker met
with Baiden from Potter-Shackelford, Parker believed that Baiden had
read both the October 1991 and December 1991 reports because Bai-
den knew of the existence of the reports. Therefore Parker thought
Baiden was aware of the plastic soils in the subgrade.9
_________________________________________________________________
9 Law relies on Parker's notes recorded contemporaneously with the
telephone conversation on January 2 between Parker and Baiden setting
up the January 7 meeting. The notes, unrebutted, state that "[h]e [Baiden]
does not have either report but obtained Oct copy from Steven Turner
. . . ." Law's Reply Brief, at 8. The notes also state that "he [Baiden]
needs to read both reports so he can determine what to do." Id.13
Moreover, Law contends that Law did not provide copies of the
October 1991 and December 1991 reports to Potter-Shackelford after
the concrete floor slab began manifesting problems because of Law's
standard policy that any report Law prepares is the property of the cli-
ent, and cannot be provided to a third party without the client's per-
mission. As for Potter-Shackelford's argument that Law failed
reasonably to monitor fill placement in 1988 and upon realizing that
failure, worked to withhold the information, Law contends that Law
was not hired to monitor the plasticity of fill soils during the 1988
construction.
The district court correctly granted Law's motion for judgment as
a matter of law on the punitive damages issue. While Law was proba-
bly negligent in not making sure that Baiden had read the October
1991 and December 1991 reports, Potter-Shackelford has not offered
any evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Law's
conduct rose to the level of willfulness or "conscious wrongdoing."
The district court should, therefore, as to punitive damages, be
affirmed.
Accordingly, the recovery judgment should be remanded to be cov-
ered by the limitation of liability at $50,000 and the denial of punitive
damages should be affirmed.
REMANDED IN PART AND AFFIRMED IN PART
14