Elliott's Enterprise v. Flying J Inc ( 1998 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
ELLIOTT'S ENTERPRISES,
INCORPORATED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 97-1865
FLYING J, INCORPORATED; CFJ
PROPERTIES,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
Richard L. Williams, Senior District Judge.
(CA-97-193)
Argued: January 26, 1998
Decided: April 6, 1998
Before ERVIN and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and GOODWIN,
United States District Judge for the
Southern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Robert Henry Smallenberg, AYERS & STOLTE, Rich-
mond, Virginia, for Appellant. Douglas R. Cox, GIBSON, DUNN &
CRUTCHER, L.L.P., Washington, D.C., for Appellees. ON BRIEF:
F. Joseph Warin, Eugene Scalia, GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER,
L.L.P., Washington, D.C., for Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Elliott's Enterprises, Inc. (Elliott's) operates two Exxon retail out-
lets off Interstate 95 in Carmel Church, Caroline County, Virginia. In
1994, Elliott's CEO Carroll Elliott became aware that Flying J, Inc.
(Flying J), a Utah corporation, planned to build a travel plaza directly
across the street from an Elliott's retail outlet. Flying J proposed that
the travel plaza would include a restaurant, convenience store, and
fueling facilities for both cars and trucks. Before beginning construc-
tion, Flying J invited community members to an open house to dis-
cuss Flying J's plans. Mr. Elliott became convinced that Flying J's
travel plaza would increase overall traffic volume at the highway
interchange, thereby increasing revenues for all retail outlets at the
intersection, including his own. Mr. Elliott wrote a letter to Caroline
County authorities endorsing Flying J's proposal and urging its
approval. J.A. at 62-63. In his letter, Mr. Elliott explained: "Speaking
of pricing on the market: I have been faced with this pricing strategy
on the eastside. . . . I am the only dealer-operated business on the exit.
. . . All the rest of the businesses buy petroleum as a jobber or mar-
keter. This gas is normally priced 6 to 15 cents cheaper tha[n] I can
buy it. The truck stops and other jobbers, Amoco and Citgo, sell mil-
lions of gallons of petroleum at a much higher margin of profit than
I do. However, I am still in business. . . . This new plaza can only
move my gross business up. . . . I can grow." J.A. at 62-63. Mr. Elliott
forwarded a copy of his letter to Craig Call, Flying J's community
liaison. J.A. at 61.
In August 1994, Flying J wrote Mr. Elliott that it had received zon-
ing approval for the site and would begin building in 1995. J.A. at 44.
By May 1995, Flying J had obtained a building permit and begun
construction directly across the street from and in plain view of the
Elliott's outlet. J.A. at 47, 50-51, 129. After eight months of construc-
tion costing millions of dollars, Flying J opened for business in Janu-
2
ary 1996. J.A. at 43, 47. Flying J sold petroleum products more
profitably than Elliott's, as Mr. Elliott had expected. J.A. at 62-63.
Within a few months, Mr. Elliott realized that the increased traffic on
the interchange did not have the desired effect on his business. In late
1996, Mr. Elliott allegedly discovered that either Flying J or its affili-
ates were "refiners" of crude oil. Cf.VA. CODE ANN.§ 59.1-
21.16:2(A) (Michie 1997) (prohibiting petroleum refiners from oper-
ating retail outlets within a one and one-half mile radius of existing
retail outlets). Further, Mr. Elliott allegedly discovered that CFJ Prop-
erties (CFJ) owned the property on which Flying J operated its retail
outlet and that CFJ's partners included oil refiners, one of which sup-
plied Flying J with petroleum products. Despite his earlier support for
Flying J's efforts, Mr. Elliott decided to sue for legal and equitable
relief. On December 26, 1996, Elliott's filed a bill of complaint
against Flying J and CFJ in Caroline County Circuit Court. After
Elliott's amended its complaint, Flying J and CFJ timely removed the
action to federal court based on diversity between the parties.
In its amended complaint, Elliott's claimed that both Flying J and
CFJ were petroleum refiners or were affiliated with such refiners and
that they operated a retail outlet within one and one-half miles of
Elliott's franchised outlets in violation of the Virginia Petroleum
Products Franchise Act. Elliott's sought injunctive relief enjoining
Flying J and CFJ from operating the retail outlet, actual damages,
attorney fees, and other unspecified relief. J.A. at 5-7. Flying J and
CFJ countered with a motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, a
motion for summary judgment. Flying J and CFJ contended that the
Act extended only to franchisee's relationships with their own
franchisors and that the doctrines of acquiescence and laches barred
Elliott's claim. J.A. at 9-39. At a hearing held on May 29, 1997, the
district court granted Flying J and CFJ's motion for summary judg-
ment. J.A. at 140-41. By order dated May 30, 1997, the district court
held that the Virginia Petroleum Products Franchise Act does not pro-
tect a franchise dealer from encroachment by franchisors or refiners
other than the franchisor from whom the dealer obtained its franchise.
In the alternative, the court granted summary judgment based on
Elliott's laches. J.A. at 144. On June 6, 1997, the Virginia Supreme
Court issued an opinion holding that the Virginia Petroleum Products
Franchise Act protects franchises from encroachment by all franchi-
sors and refiners, not just those from whom the franchise dealer
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obtained its franchise. See Crown Central Petroleum Corp. v. Hill,
488 S.E.2d 345 (Va. 1997). Accordingly, the district court vacated its
May 30, 1997 order. J.A. at 145. After a conference with the parties,
the court entered a final order granting summary judgment on June
19, 1997. J.A. at 146. In its order, the district court concluded that
laches barred Elliott's claim for legal and equitable relief.
The Court reviews a district court's grant of summary judgment de
novo. See Shafer v. Preston Mem'l Hosp. Corp. , 107 F.3d 274, 276
(4th Cir. 1997) (citing Higgins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 863
F.2d 1162, 1167 (4th Cir. 1988)). In reviewing a grant of summary
judgment, the Court may affirm on any legal ground supported by the
record, and the Court is not limited to the grounds relied on by the
district court. Jackson v. Kimel, 992 F.2d 1318, 1322 (4th Cir. 1993).
However, summary judgment is proper only when material facts are
not in dispute. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477
U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). In deciding whether material facts are in
dispute, "[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all
justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." See Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). To avoid summary
judgment, the nonmovant's evidence must be of sufficient quantity
and quality as to establish a genuine issue for trial. Id.
Elliott's bill of complaint requested legal damages and attorney
fees, as well as injunctive relief. In granting Flying J and CFJ's sum-
mary judgment motion, the district court correctly reasoned that
laches barred Elliott's claim for equitable relief:"[A]fter the CEO of
Elliott advocated zoning approval and publicly supported building the
truck stop, and then [sat] idly by while the defendant spent 9 million
dollars building it, and then waited to see the effect that the truck stop
would have on his company's profits. . . . [Elliott's] cannot be heard
to complain that the same . . . truck stop violates its rights under the
Petroleum Products Franchise Act." J.A. at 141. However, laches gen-
erally is regarded as an inappropriate defense to claims for legal dam-
ages. See City of Portsmouth v. City of Chesapeake, 349 S.E.2d 351,
354 (Va. 1986) ("A proceeding to enforce a legal right is not subject
to the equitable defense of laches.") (citing Grenco Real Estate Inv.
Trust v. Nathaniel Greene Dev. Corp., 237 S.E.2d 107, 111 (Va.
1977); Finkel Outdoor Prods., Inc. v. Bell, 140 S.E.2d 695, 699 (Va.
1965)); 1 DAN B. DOBBS, LAW OF REMEDIES § 2.4(4), at 104 (2d ed.
4
1993) ("When laches does not amount to estoppel or waiver, it does
not ordinarily bar legal claims, only equitable remedies."). But see
Maksym v. Loesch, 937 F.2d 1237, 1247-48 (7th Cir. 1991) (noting
that "[l]aches is an equitable doctrine but one increasingly applied in
cases at law," although ultimately determining that laches could not
be applied in a suit for purely legal damages). Further, when a com-
plainant presents mixed claims--that is, legal and equitable--courts
have held that laches may be raised as a defense to the equitable
claims alone. Nilsen v. City of Moss Point, 674 F.2d 379, 388 (5th
Cir. 1982); Crot v. Byrne, 646 F. Supp. 1245, 1253 (N.D. Ill. 1986).
Even if laches may not be asserted against claims for legal dam-
ages, the defense of equitable estoppel bars both legal and equitable
claims. See Massachusetts Bonding & Ins. Co. v. Piedmont Serv. Sta-
tion, Inc., 181 S.E. 397, 400 (Va. 1935). Estoppel is a theory similar
to laches and acquiescence. See 1 DOBBS , supra, § 2.3(5), at 88-89
(noting that courts refer to the doctrines of estoppel, laches, waiver,
and acquiescence loosely and interchangeably and that "[e]stoppel is
closely related to and sometimes identical with laches"); 2 id.
§ 6.4(6), at 106; see also City of Portsmouth, 349 S.E.2d at 354.*
Supreme Court of Virginia has defined the doctrine of equitable
estoppel as "the consequence worked by operation of law which
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*Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c) requires affirmative defenses to
be raised in responsive pleadings. However, when an affirmative defense
is raised at the trial court in a manner that does not result in unfair sur-
prise, technical failure to comply precisely with Rule 8(c) is not fatal.
Dresser Indus. v. Pyrrhus AG, 936 F.2d 921, 928 (7th Cir. 1991); Allied
Chem. Corp. v. Mackay, 695 F.2d 854, 855-56 (5th Cir. 1983). In this
case, Flying J and CFJ's summary judgment motion raised the defense
of acquiescence, a notion similar to estoppel. 1 D OBBS, supra, § 2.3(5),
at 88. Although the appellees labeled the defense as acquiescence, the
parties set forth facts establishing equitable estoppel. See J.A. at 41-63.
Indeed, Elliott's interpreted the appellees' assertion of acquiescence as
an equitable estoppel defense. See J.A. at 76. Thus, it is appropriate for
the Court to rely on estoppel in affirming the district court's grant of
summary judgment. Cf. Home Ins. Co. v. Matthews, 998 F.2d 305, 309
(5th Cir. 1993) (finding pleading that raised defense of estoppel suffi-
cient to raise defense of waiver); 5 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R.
MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1275 (2d ed. 1990) (noting
liberality with which courts construe pleadings under Federal Rules).
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enjoins one whose action or inaction has induced reliance by another
from benefiting from a change in his position at the expense of the
other." Employers Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Great Am. Ins. Co.,
200 S.E.2d 560, 562 (Va. 1973). Thus, a party will be prevented by
its own conduct from asserting a right that causes detriment to a party
who justifiably relied on such conduct and acted accordingly.
Princess Anne Hills Civic League, Inc. v. Susan Constant Real Estate
Trust, 413 S.E.2d 599, 603 (Va. 1992); Webb v. Webb, 431 S.E.2d 55,
61 (Va. Ct. App. 1993). Absent a showing of fraud or deception, the
elements of equitable estoppel are (1) a representation, (2) reliance,
(3) change of position, and (4) detriment. Princess Anne, 413 S.E.2d
at 603 (citation omitted). "To establish equitable estoppel, it is not
necessary to show actual fraud, but only that the person to be estop-
ped has misled another to his prejudice, or that the innocent party
acted in reliance upon the conduct or misstatement by the person to
be estopped." Waynesboro Village, LLC v. BMC Properties, No.
970343, 1998 WL 24141, *4 (Va. Jan. 9, 1998) (quoting T... v. T...,
224 S.E.2d 148, 152 (Va. 1976)). The party who relies upon estoppel
must prove each element by clear, precise, and unequivocal evidence.
Princess Anne, 413 S.E.2d at 603. Intent to relinquish a known right
is not an element of equitable estoppel. Employers Commercial
Union, 200 S.E.2d at 562 (distinguishing equitable estoppel from
waiver). Courts may presume that a party possessed knowledge of
facts basic to the exercise of a right when the facts would cause a rea-
sonably prudent person to pursue an inquiry and to acquire knowl-
edge. Id.
In this case, Elliott's CEO Carroll Elliott overtly and publicly rep-
resented to Flying J that he was in favor of Flying J's plans to build
a travel plaza directly across the street from an Elliott's Exxon station.
J.A. at 42, 61-63. Although Mr. Elliott was aware that Flying J could
sell gas more profitably than Elliott's, J.A. at 62 ("Speaking of pricing
on the market: I have been faced with this pricing strategy on the east-
side. . . . I am the only dealer-operated business on the exit. . . . All
the rest of the businesses buy petroleum as a jobber or marketer. This
gas is normally priced 6 to 15 cents cheaper than I can buy it. The
truck stops and other jobbers, Amoco and Citgo, sell millions of gal-
lons of petroleum at a much higher margin of profit than I do. How-
ever, I am still in business."), he actively encouraged Caroline County
officials to approve Flying J's proposal. J.A. at 63 ("This new plaza
6
can only move my gross business up. . . . I can grow. . . . I think we
should all get on [Flying J's] side and let this project exist to support
the county tax base. . . . If [Flying J] does not come here, then it will
be put at another exit close by and out of this county."). Flying J,
believing that Elliott's acquiesced in its construction plans and acting
with Elliott's encouragement, invested $9 million in building a travel
plaza, while Mr. Elliott presumably watched the blocks being laid
from across the street. J.A. at 42, 47. Elliott's belated demand that
Flying J shut down its multi-million dollar travel plaza and pay dam-
ages, if granted, would greatly prejudice the appellees. Further,
although Mr. Elliott knew that the travel plaza would compete with
Elliott's retail outlets by selling petroleum products more profitably,
J.A. at 62-63, a fact that would cause a reasonably prudent person to
inquire how Flying J was able to compete so effectively, he refrained
from investigation until after Elliott's began to lose money and after
Flying J spent millions. Flying J and CFJ have proved these facts by
clear and unequivocal evidence, and Elliott's cannot now be heard to
complain about a competing business that it so actively solicited.
Accordingly, the Court finds Elliott's claim for relief barred by the
defenses of laches and equitable estoppel. The Court affirms the judg-
ment of the district court.
AFFIRMED
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