United States v. Key ( 1998 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 96-4845
STEVEN J. KEY,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Beckley.
Elizabeth V. Hallanan, Senior District Judge.
(CR-95-195)
Argued: September 25, 1998
Decided: October 29, 1998
Before NIEMEYER and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and
MAGILL, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Robert F. Cohen, Jr., COHEN, ABATE & COHEN, L.C.,
Fairmont, West Virginia, for Appellant. Philip Judson Combs, Assis-
tant United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Natalie J. Sal, COHEN, ABATE & COHEN, L.C., Fair-
mont, West Virginia, for Appellant. Rebecca A. Betts, United States
Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Steven Key pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a fire-
arm in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g) (West Supp. 1998). On
appeal, Key challenges only his sentence. Key specifically contends
that the district court erred (1) in increasing his base offense level by
four levels for using a firearm in connection with another felony
offense, and (2) in refusing to allow standby counsel to resume repre-
sentation at the sentencing hearing. Finding no error, we affirm.
I.
On May 7, 1995, Key became involved in an argument with Mark
Adkins while drinking beer at the Pioneer Inn. The argument led to
a fight and, ultimately, to Key's ejectment from the bar. Some time
thereafter, Key returned to the Pioneer Inn with a shotgun. During his
search for Adkins, Key threatened the bar's patrons by pointing the
shotgun at them. The owner of the Pioneer Inn reported the distur-
bance to the Nicholas County Sheriff's Department.
While Deputy David Moore was en route to the Pioneer Inn, he
was advised by dispatch that Key had left the bar in a red Mercury
Cougar. Soon thereafter, Deputy Moore observed Key driving the
Cougar south on Route 41. Eventually, Deputy Moore followed Key
into a parking lot. At that time, Deputy Moore shined his spotlight
into the vehicle and saw what appeared to be the barrel of a shotgun.
Deputy Moore ordered Key to exit the vehicle. When Key
attempted to drive out of the parking lot, Deputy Moore pointed his
service revolver at Key and again ordered him to exit the vehicle.
Although Key stopped the car, he remained in the vehicle. As a result,
Deputy Moore was forced to physically remove Key from the car.
Once Key was placed on the ground and handcuffed, the shotgun was
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removed from the vehicle. One unspent shell was discovered in the
chamber of the shotgun, two unspent shells were found in Key's right
front pants pocket, and four unspent shells were found in Key's left
front pants pocket. Deputy Moore then transported Key to the Nicho-
las County Jail. Later, Key was charged in state court with driving
under the influence of alcohol (DUI), see W. Va. Code § 17C-5-2
(1996), and seven counts of wanton endangerment involving a fire-
arm, see W. Va. Code § 61-7-12 (1997).
On December 6, 1995, a federal grand jury indicted Key on one
count of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18
U.S.C.A. § 922(g) (West Supp. 1998). Prior to trial, Key, through
counsel and acting pro se, filed numerous pretrial motions. Of partic-
ular importance here, Key moved to dismiss his attorney, Hunt L.
Charach, on March 20, 1996. The district court denied the motion. On
March 26, 1996, the day his trial was scheduled to begin, Key pleaded
guilty.1
On May 13, 1996, Key, acting pro se, filed a petition for a writ of
mandamus, ordering the district court to dismiss Mr. Charach as his
attorney at the sentencing hearing. Key's writ of mandamus was for-
warded to this Court for consideration and his sentencing hearing was
stayed. While his case was stayed, Key continued to file various pro
se motions -- including a motion to withdraw his guilty plea -- with
the district court. The majority of those motions were placed under
seal to be addressed by the district court after this Court ruled on the
writ of mandamus.
On September 26, 1996, this Court dismissed Key's petition for a
writ of mandamus pursuant to his motion of voluntary dismissal. As
a consequence, the district court directed Mr. Charach to resume
active participation as Key's counsel. In addition, the district court
lifted the stay that it had previously ordered and set the sentencing
hearing for October 23, 1996.
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1 Key pleaded guilty to the single count in the federal indictment in
exchange for the dismissal of the DUI count and six of the seven counts
of wanton endangerment involving a firearm pending against him in the
Circuit Court of Nicholas County.
3
On October 8, 1996, Mr. Charach moved to withdraw all of the pro
se motions filed by Key while Key's petition for a writ of mandamus
was pending before this Court. Key, however, objected to his coun-
sel's motion and once again requested permission to proceed pro se.
After a hearing on the matter, the district court allowed Key to pro-
ceed pro se. Although the district court did order Mr. Charach to par-
ticipate as "standby counsel," the district court expressly informed
Key that standby counsel was not to act as his assistant. The district
court then set October 29, 1996, as the date for both Key's sentencing
and the resolution of his pro se motions.
On October 29, 1996, the district court denied all of Key's pro se
motions, including his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. The district
court then sentenced Key pursuant to the firearms guideline. See U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1 (1995). Due to his prior con-
viction for a crime of violence, the district court set Key's base
offense level at twenty. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). Because the
district court found that Key used the shotgun in connection with
another felony offense, it increased his base offense level an addi-
tional four levels. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5). With an adjusted base
offense level of 24 and a criminal history category of VI, Key's
guideline range was 100-125 months. The district court sentenced
Key to a 120 month term of imprisonment.
After Key was sentenced, he argued, for the first time, that he had
not received the revised presentence report prior to sentencing.
Because the district court could not conclusively establish whether
Key had received the revised presentence report, it agreed to continue
sentencing until November 8, 1996. In so doing, the district court spe-
cifically informed Key that he was required to raise all of his objec-
tions to the presentence report by November 5, 1996. Key indicated
that he understood the deadline.
Prior to November 5, 1996, Key filed several objections to the pre-
sentence report. At no point prior to the sentencing hearing on
November 8, 1996, did Key ask either standby counsel for assistance
or the district court to allow him to cease representing himself. Once
the sentencing hearing began, however, Key informed the district
court that he was nervous and wanted to turn his defense back over
to Mr. Charach. Mr. Charach informed the district court that he had
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had no prior notice of Key's intent to cease his pro se representation.
Because Key simply wanted Mr. Charach to argue Key's own pro se
objections, the district court denied Key's request. The district court
then overruled the majority of Key's objections to the presentence
report and once again sentenced Key to 120 months imprisonment.2
On appeal, Key contends that the district court erred (1) in increas-
ing his offense level by four levels for using a firearm in connection
with another felony offense, and (2) in refusing to allow standby
counsel to resume representation at the sentencing hearing. We
address Key's arguments in turn.
II.
The district court sentenced Key under U.S.S.G.§ 2K2.1. A four
level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5) is appropriate when
"the defendant used or possessed any firearm . . . in connection with
another felony offense." U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5). Subsection (b)(5)
was added to the Guidelines in 1991 to "reflect increased concern
about firearms, crimes of violence, and drug offenses." United States
v. Condren, 18 F.3d 1190, 1198 (5th Cir. 1994) (noting that "the
unlawful use or possession of firearms represents an ever increasing
assault on public safety"). Here, the district court specifically found
that Key used the shotgun in connection with the West Virginia fel-
ony offense of wanton endangerment involving a firearm. Cf. United
States v. Nale, 101 F.3d 1000, 1003-04 (4th Cir. 1996) (identifying
what is necessary to sustain a finding that a defendant used or pos-
sessed a firearm in connection with another offense). As a result, the
district court increased Key's base offense level by four points.
On appeal, Key claims that wanton endangerment involving a fire-
arm cannot be "another felony offense" within the meaning of
§ 2K2.1(b)(5).3 In particular, Key cites Application Note 18 to
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2 The objections sustained by the district court had no substantive effect
on Key's sentence.
3 Although Key objected to the four level increase pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(5), he did so on the grounds that he did not commit the West
Virginia felony offense of wanton endangerment involving a firearm.
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§ 2K2.1(b)(5), which states: "As used in subsections (b)(5) . . .
`another felony offense' and `another offense' refer to offenses other
than explosives or firearms possession or trafficking offenses." Thus,
according to Application Note 18, a district court should not add a
four point enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(5) if the other felony
offense is a firearms possession offense.
The other felony offense here is wanton endangerment involving a
firearm. If that offense is a firearms possession offense, the district
court erred in giving Key the four level enhancement. Whether wan-
ton endangerment involving a firearm is a firearms possession offense
is a legal question subject to de novo review. See United States v.
Blake, 81 F.3d 498, 503 (4th Cir. 1996).
West Virginia defines the crime of wanton endangerment involving
a firearm as follows:
Any person who wantonly performs any act with a firearm
which creates a substantial risk of death or serious bodily
injury to another shall be guilty of a felony.
W. Va. Code § 61-7-12 (1997). Thus, a violation of § 61-7-12
involves two elements: (1) a person wantonly performs an act with a
firearm; (2) which creates a substantial risk of death or serious bodily
injury. Based on the language of the statute, we have little difficulty
concluding that § 61-7-12 is not a "firearms possession offense."
Indeed, the mere possession of a deadly weapon would not of itself
implicate § 61-7-12.
Wanton endangerment involving a firearm simply does not crimi-
nalize the possession of a firearm. Instead, the statute criminalizes the
use of a firearm in a way that creates the"substantial risk of death or
serious bodily injury." It is indisputable that Key used, and not merely
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Key did not argue, as he does on appeal, that even if he had violated the
statute, wanton endangerment involving a firearm cannot be "another fel-
ony offense" within the meaning of § 2K2.1(b)(5). As a result, our
review is for plain error. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731-
32 (1993).
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possessed (as by carrying concealed in his pocket), a deadly weapon.
Cf. United States v. Kuban, 94 F.3d 971, 975-76 (5th Cir. 1996)
(holding that "aggravated assault with a deadly weapon" was not a
firearms possession offense because it required the"use" of a fire-
arm). Therefore, the district court properly increased Key's base
offense level by four points pursuant to § 2K2.1(b)(5).
III.
Next, Key contends that the district court erred in refusing to allow
Mr. Charach to resume representation at the sentencing hearing. In
particular, Key argues that he had a Sixth Amendment right to coun-
sel at every critical stage of his criminal proceeding, including sen-
tencing. Thus, although he had elected to proceed pro se, Key argues
on appeal that he had a right to re-assert his right to counsel. We dis-
agree.
Although a defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to counsel at
sentencing, see United States v. Burkley, 511 F.2d 47, 51 (4th Cir.
1975), a defendant may waive his constitutional right to counsel and
proceed pro se, see Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 834 (1975).
Once a defendant exercises his right to proceed pro se, however, it is
within the discretion of the district court to determine whether the
defendant is entitled to withdraw his request and receive substitute
counsel. See United States v. Corporan-Cuevas , 35 F.3d 953, 956 (4th
Cir. 1994) (noting that the denial of a motion for substitute counsel
is reviewed for abuse of discretion); United States v. Hanley, 974 F.2d
14, 16-17 (4th Cir. 1992) (same); see also United States v. Tolliver,
937 F.2d 1183, 1187-88 (7th Cir. 1991); United States v. Reddeck, 22
F.3d 1504, 1510-11 (10th Cir. 1994). This is particularly true when,
as here, the defendant's motion is untimely. See United States v.
Merchant, 992 F.2d 1091, 1095 (10th Cir. 1993).
During the course of the underlying proceedings, Key made numer-
ous requests to proceed pro se. For example, on March 20, 1996, and
again on May 13, 1996, Key filed motions with the district court seek-
ing permission to represent himself. In October 1996, Key once again
requested permission to proceed pro se. As a result of this request, the
district court scheduled a hearing on the matter. During that hearing,
the district court strongly advised Key that he would be better served
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to proceed with counsel. Similarly, Mr. Charach urged Key not to
proceed pro se. Despite those warnings, Key stated his desire to pro-
ceed pro se at his sentencing.
Pursuant to his wish, the district court allowed Key to proceed pro
se. Although the district court ordered Mr. Charach to participate as
"standby counsel," the district court expressly informed Key that
standby counsel was not to act as his assistant:
Remember, now, if you do this thing, if I allow you to do
it, you are on your own. . . . You can't ask Mr. Charach.
You're on your own.
(J.A. at 301.)
At Key's first sentencing hearing, the district court specifically
informed Key that he was required to raise all of his objections to the
presentence report by November 5, 1996. Key acknowledged that he
understood the deadline. Prior to November 5, 1996, Key filed several
objections to the presentence report. In fact, it was not until Novem-
ber 8, 1996, at the sentencing hearing itself, that Key informed the
district court (and Mr. Charach) that he was nervous and wanted to
turn his defense back over to Mr. Charach.
Under these circumstances, it was not an abuse of discretion for the
district court to refuse Key's request to proceed with standby counsel.
First, Key repeatedly asked for leave to proceed pro se. In fact, Key
took the extraordinary (but unsuccessful) step of petitioning this
Court for a writ of mandamus ordering the district court to allow him
to represent himself. Second, Key's request was untimely. Key sought
leave for standby counsel to take over representation during the sen-
tencing hearing with no prior notice to either the district court or
standby counsel. Because the deadline for filing objections to the pre-
sentence report had passed three days prior to Key getting cold feet,
there was no substantive work for Mr. Charach to do. Third, the dis-
trict court properly advised Key about the pitfalls of proceeding pro
se, and Key does not contend that his waiver of his Sixth Amendment
right to counsel was in any way defective. Finally, Key only wanted
standby counsel to argue his own pro se objections. Because the dis-
trict court had already considered the legal merits of Key's pro se
8
objections and was prepared to rule upon them, there was simply
nothing Mr. Charach could have done to change the outcome.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, Key's sentence is affirmed.
AFFIRMED
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