Pineda v. INS ( 1998 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
JOSE SANCHEZ PINEDA,
Petitioner,
v.
No. 97-1019
U.S. IMMIGRATION & NATURALIZATION
SERVICE,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
(A73-733-544)
Argued: April 8, 1998
Decided: October 5, 1998
Before ERVIN and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges, and OSTEEN,
United States District Judge for the Middle District of
North Carolina, sitting by designation.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Donald Louis Schlemmer, Washington, D.C., for Peti-
tioner. Marion Edward Guyton, Office of Immigration Litigation,
Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Frank W. Hunger,
Assistant Attorney General, Richard M. Evans, Assistant Director,
Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Petitioner Jose Sanchez Pineda seeks reversal of a final order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), denying his application for asy-
lum and withholding of deportation. We affirm the BIA's order
because it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evi-
dence. Petitioner fails to show that the evidence before the BIA was
so compelling that a reasonable fact finder would have to conclude
that Petitioner was persecuted or that he possessed a well-founded
fear of persecution in his native country.
Petitioner, a native and citizen of El Salvador, illegally entered the
United States in 1993. In 1994, he applied for asylum, pursuant to
8 U.S.C. § 1158(a).
Respondent Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) com-
menced deportation proceedings against Petitioner in 1995. Petitioner
admitted the charges and conceded deportability. He then renewed his
application for asylum under § 1158(a) and applied for withholding
of deportation pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h)(1).
Petitioner was the only witness at a hearing before an immigration
judge (IJ). He alleged that he served in the El Salvador military from
1984 to 1991, during which time he and his family received numerous
death threats from the FMLN, a communist organization in El Salva-
dor. According to Petitioner, the FMLN subsequently killed his
brother because of Petitioner's military service. Petitioner further
alleged that after his brother's death, the FMLN continued to threaten
Petitioner and his family. Petitioner alleged that when he left the mili-
tary and joined ARENA, a pro-democracy political party in El Salva-
dor, the FMLN continued to make death threats. Petitioner further
alleged that he fled El Salvador because he feared the FMLN would
kill him because of his military service and membership in ARENA.
2
After hearing this testimony and reviewing Petitioner's asylum
application, the IJ found Petitioner, "in many respects," incredible.
Citing Petitioner's lack of credibility and the improved conditions in
El Salvador, the IJ held Petitioner ineligible for asylum or withhold-
ing of deportation because Petitioner failed to establish that he was
persecuted or that he possessed a well-founded fear of persecution.
The IJ ordered that Petitioner be deported. Petitioner appealed to the
BIA.
Relying on the IJ's express reasoning, the BIA affirmed the order
of deportation. The BIA found that Petitioner had"not specifically
refuted the inconsistencies that formed the basis of the Immigration
Judge's conclusion that he was not credible." The BIA held that Peti-
tioner was ineligible for asylum or withholding of deportation
because he failed to establish that he suffered persecution or that he
possessed a well-founded fear of persecution. This appeal followed.
Petitioner argues that the BIA erred when it affirmed the IJ's order
denying his application for asylum and withholding of deportation.
He contends that a fair reading of the record demonstrates that he was
persecuted and that he possesses a well-founded fear of persecution
in El Salvador. We disagree.
Generally, where the BIA conducts a de novo review of an IJ's
decision, we review only the BIA's findings and order, not those of
the IJ. Gandarillas-Zambrana v. Board of Immigration Appeals, 44
F.3d 1251, 1255 (4th Cir. 1995). However, where as here, the BIA
merely relies on the express reasoning of the IJ, the IJ's reasoning
will be the sole basis for our review. Id.Petitioner sought asylum under § 1158(a) and withholding of
deportation under § 1253(h)(1). The Attorney General may grant asy-
lum under § 1158(a) to any alien who demonstrates that he is a refu-
gee within the meaning of § 1101(a)(42)(A). 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1).
A refugee is an alien who is "unable or unwilling" to return to his
native country "because of persecution or a well-founded fear of per-
secution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
particular social group, or political opinion." 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A). The IJ, as the Attorney General's delegate, "is not
required to grant asylum to everyone who meets the definition of ref-
3
ugee. Instead, a finding that an alien is a refugee does no more than
establish that `the alien may be granted asylum in the discretion of the
Attorney General.'" INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428 n.5
(1987).
Under § 1253(h)(1),* the Attorney General must withhold deporta-
tion to a particular country if an alien demonstrates that his "life or
freedom would be threatened in such country on account of race, reli-
gion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
opinion." Subject to certain exceptions not relevant here, an alien who
satisfies this standard "is automatically entitled to withholding of
deportation." Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 443-44. The IJ, as the
Attorney General's delegate, is without discretion under § 1253(h)(1).
Id. at 429.
The standard for withholding of deportation is different from the
standard for asylum. Id. at 446. To qualify for withholding of deporta-
tion, the alien must "establish by objective evidence that it is more
likely than not that he or she will be subject to persecution upon
deportation." Id. at 430. The alien must show "a clear probability of
persecution." Tarvand v. U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Serv.,
937 F.2d 973, 975 (4th Cir. 1991). The IJ may not consider the sub-
jective mental state of the alien. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 430-
31.
The standard for asylum is less stringent. The alien must establish
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1158(b)(1), 1101(a)(42)(A). This standard contains both a subjec-
tive and an objective component. Cardoza-Fonseca , 480 U.S. at 430-
31. An alien may satisfy the subjective element through credible and
persuasive testimony demonstrating persecution or a"genuine" fear of
persecution. Figeroa v. U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 886
F.2d 76, 79 (4th Cir. 1989). The objective component is satisfied by
credible, direct, and specific documentary evidence of persecution or
threat of persecution. Id. We recognize, however, that:
_________________________________________________________________
*In 1996, Congress amended § 1253 by deleting subsection (h) and
adding provisions relating to penalties related to removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1253 (West Supp. 1998) (historical and statutory notes).
4
refugees sometimes are in no position to gather documen-
tary evidence establishing specific or individual persecution
or a threat of such persecution. Accordingly, if documentary
evidence is not available, the applicant's testimony will suf-
fice if it is credible, persuasive, and refers to"specific facts
that give rise to an inference that the applicant has been or
has a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled out
for persecution . . . ."
Id. at 80 (quoting Cardoza-Fonseca v. U.S. Immigration and Natural-
ization Serv., 767 F.2d 1448, 1453 (9th Cir. 1985) (quoting Carvajal-
Munoz v. INS, 743 F.2d 562, 574 (7th Cir. 1984))). An applicant who
fails to satisfy the standard for asylum cannot satisfy the more strin-
gent standard for withholding of deportation. Huaman-Cornelio v.
Board of Immigration Appeals, 979 F.2d 995, 1000-01 (4th Cir.
1992).
We must uphold the BIA's decision if "supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a
whole." 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4). We reverse"only if the evidence
presented by [Petitioner] was such that a reasonable factfinder would
have to conclude that" he suffered persecution or possesses a well-
founded fear of persecution. INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481
(1992). This narrow scope of review "recognizes the respect we must
accord both the BIA's expertise in immigration matters and its status
as the Attorney General's designee in deportation decisions."
Huaman-Cornelio, 979 F.2d at 999.
We also review for substantial evidence the BIA's credibility find-
ings. Figeroa, 886 F.2d at 78. We give the BIA's credibility findings
substantial deference provided they are supported by"specific, cogent
reason[s]." Id. at 78-79 (quoting Turcios v. INS, 821 F.2d 1396, 1399
(9th Cir. 1987)).
Petitioner initially contests the IJ's credibility finding. The IJ found
Petitioner incredible because his uncorroborated testimony was incon-
sistent with his asylum application:
The statements which he gave in his asylum application
. . . are different in a dramatic fashion from his testimony
here today.
5
For example, he states in the asylum application that he does
not know who killed his brother Pedro. Here today,[Pineda]
testifies that it was the FMLN. Similarly, he states in [his
asylum application] that he was "accused" of belonging to
a political party. Here, he states that he was a member of the
Arena Party . . . .
In any event, it is not clear why or how Pedro died. I would
note that this fact, along with everything else in this case
lacks corroboration . . . .
To the extent that corroboration has not been supplied in this
case, it certainly undermines any claim made by[Pineda] --
especially in view of the conflicting information given in his
asylum application and his oral testimony.
(A.R. at 53-54.)
The BIA agreed with the IJ's finding with respect to Petitioner's
credibility:
As noted by the Immigration Judge, there are significant dis-
crepancies between [Pineda's] asylum application and his
testimony which he has not resolved on appeal. We further
agree that the lack of corroborating evidence is significant
in light of these discrepancies.
While every asylum claim will be accorded a thorough and
compassionate consideration, neither the Immigration Judge
nor this Board is at liberty to ignore such evidentiary gaps
as are presented here (citation omitted). [Pineda's] contra-
dictory testimony regarding what happened to him in El Sal-
vador does not substantiate his specific claim of persecution.
Where there are significant, meaningful evidentiary gaps,
applications will ordinarily have to be denied for failure of
proof.
(A.R. at 2-3.)
6
Petitioner argues that when he stated in his asylum application that
he did not know who killed his brother, he meant that he did not know
the exact person within the FMLN who killed his brother. He con-
tends that his subsequent testimony that the FMLN killed his brother
is not inconsistent with his application. He further argues that his
statement in the asylum application that he was accused of being a
member of a political party is not inconsistent with his testimony that
he was a member of ARENA. According to Petitioner, one can be
accused of being a member of a political party and at the same time
be a member of such party. He further contends that even if his testi-
mony were inconsistent with his application, "minor inconsistencies"
in an asylum application are not grounds for an adverse credibility
finding.
We conclude that substantial evidence supports the IJ's credibility
finding. When he applied for asylum and withholding of deportation,
Petitioner did not allege that the FMLN killed his brother or that he
belonged to ARENA. Yet, when he testified, he asserted that the
FMLN killed his brother and that he belonged to ARENA. These are
not minor inconsistencies. Petitioner's claims for asylum and with-
holding of deportation hinge on these two most important allegations.
Given these significant inconsistencies plus Petitioner's failure to pro-
duce any corroborating evidence, the IJ reasonably and properly
found Petitioner incredible. We defer to this conclusion because it is
supported by specific, cogent reasons and substantial evidence.
The IJ ruled that even assuming Petitioner's testimony was credi-
ble, he failed to establish that he was persecuted or that he possessed
a well-founded fear of persecution. We conclude that reasonable, sub-
stantial, and probative evidence supports this ruling. Petitioner failed
to present evidence that would compel a different conclusion.
First, Petitioner failed to satisfy the objective component of the
asylum standard because he did not provide the IJ with specific and
credible documentary evidence of persecution or of a threat of perse-
cution. He merely relied on his own uncorroborated testimony, which
the IJ found incredible, and El Salvador's history of civil and political
unrest. As the IJ noted, however, the conditions in El Salvador have
improved in recent years. Relying on a recent State Department pro-
file of El Salvador, the IJ noted:
7
The civil war is over. The State Department advisory states
very clearly that "there are no confirmed cases of politically
motivated cases." (Citation omitted.)
Whatever problems there may have been years ago, the situ-
ation is much improved in El Salvador, and there is no
showing that [Petitioner] currently has any legitimate objec-
tive fears of returning to his native country.
(A.R. at 54-55.)
The State Department report is substantial evidence that the civil
and political unrest in El Salvador has largely subsided in response to
peace accords and democratic elections. Petitioner failed to produce
any objective evidence confirming political killings in El Salvador or
showing that his brother's death was politically motivated.
Next, Petitioner failed to satisfy the subjective component of the
asylum standard. Even assuming that documentary evidence was
unavailable, substantial evidence supports the IJ's finding that Peti-
tioner's testimony did not credibly and persuasively demonstrate per-
secution or a genuine fear of persecution. Significant inconsistencies
between Petitioner's asylum application and his testimony undermine
his claim that he was persecuted or that he possesses a well-founded
fear of persecution.
Petitioner's lack of credibility and failure to produce corroborating
evidence, and the recent State Department profile of El Salvador are
reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence that support the IJ's
ruling that Petitioner is ineligible for asylum. Because Petitioner
failed to establish eligibility for asylum under§ 1158(a), he cannot
satisfy the more stringent standard for withholding of deportation
under § 1253(h)(1). We affirm the BIA's order denying Petitioner's
application for asylum and withholding of deportation.
AFFIRMED
8