United States v. Stephon Williams , 902 F.3d 1328 ( 2018 )

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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 15-12130
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-00051-WLS-TQL-4
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
STEPHON WILLIAMS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Georgia
________________________
(September 4, 2018)
Before TJOFLAT and JORDAN, Circuit Judges, and HUCK,∗ District Judge.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge:
∗
Honorable Paul C. Huck, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Florida,
sitting by designation.
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Divided loyalties often prove to be a source of mischief in human relations.
As this case illustrates, they can also cause serious trouble for an attorney and his
client.
Following a seven-day trial, a jury convicted Stephon Williams of a federal
narcotics conspiracy offense. See 21 U.S.C. § 846. Kim Minix represented Mr.
Williams at trial. At the time of trial, Mr. Minix was also representing Tyree
Bennett, a government witness who was then appealing his own sentence after
pleading guilty to federal narcotics charges. Although Mr. Minix knew that Mr.
Bennett had been found to have obstructed justice in his own criminal case, he did
not ask him about the obstruction scheme at Mr. Williams’ trial. In fact, Mr. Minix
asked Mr. Bennett no questions whatsoever.
On appeal, Mr. Williams—represented by different counsel—contends that
he is entitled to a new trial because Mr. Minix, due to his simultaneous
representation, passed up a valuable opportunity to cross-examine and impeach
Mr. Bennett. We conclude that Mr. Minix labored under a conflict, and that Mr.
Williams is entitled to an evidentiary hearing to explore whether this conflict
adversely affected Mr. Minix’s performance. 1
I
1
Donterius Toombs was tried and convicted together with Mr. Williams. We consolidated the
appeals of Mr. Toombs and Mr. Williams for briefing and oral argument, but now sever the
appeals, and decide Mr. Toombs’ appeal in a separate opinion.
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We begin by summarizing the proceedings in the cases of Mr. Williams and
Mr. Bennett.
A
In September of 2013, Mr. Bennett, pursuant to charges filed in a
superseding information, pled guilty to conspiring with others to possess cocaine
and marijuana with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. The
information alleged that the conspiracy, which was based in southern Georgia,
lasted from sometime in 2009 to December of 2011. After entry of the plea, the
district court appointed Mr. Minix to represent Mr. Bennett at sentencing. [One
month later, in November of 2013, a grand jury charged Mr. Williams with
participating with others (including Mr. Toombs) in a conspiracy to possess
cocaine and crack cocaine with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
846. The conspiracy, according to the indictment, was based in Albany, Georgia,
and spanned from January of 2010 to December of 2012. The district court
appointed Mr. Minix to represent Mr. Williams. The sentencing hearing for Mr.
Bennett took place in early 2014. At the hearing, the district court imposed an
obstruction of justice enhancement on Mr. Bennett pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1
and denied him an acceptance of responsibility adjustment pursuant to U.S.S.G. §
3E1.1. These two decisions were based on a letter that Mr. Bennett sent in July of
2013 to Mr. Toombs—Mr. Williams’ alleged co-conspirator—asking him to
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cooperate on Mr. Bennett’s behalf as a third party in exchange for a substantial
payment, and to market a cooperation-for-hire scheme to inmates seeking sentence
reductions. The district court sentenced Mr. Bennett to 156 months’
imprisonment, and he appealed. Mr. Bennett’s appeal, which was handled by Mr.
Minix, was pending in the Eleventh Circuit at the time of Mr. Williams’ trial in
October of 2014.
B
The joint trial of Mr. Williams—still represented by Mr. Minix—and Mr.
Toombs lasted seven days. The jury heard testimony from more than a dozen
witnesses, including a number of persons who had been charged with narcotics
offenses and were cooperating with the government.
The evidence presented by the government showed that from approximately
2010 through 2012 a group of individuals—with one Curtis Donaldson at the
center—agreed to work together to distribute cocaine to their overlapping customer
bases. To further this goal, the co-conspirators took on various and shifting roles
in fulfilling the scheme’s necessary tasks, including lending money to each other to
purchase cocaine from suppliers, making purchases of cocaine, transporting the
cocaine to a “headquarters” and cooking it there, monitoring for and
communicating about law enforcement activity to avoid detection, selling cocaine
and crack cocaine, and conducting accountings of relevant financial transactions.
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Mr. Williams and Mr. Donaldson bought and transported drugs and paraphernalia
together numerous times. Mr. Williams acted as a marketer for Mr. Donaldson’s
crack cocaine, and he once went alone, on behalf of Mr. Donaldson, to deliver an
ingredient for another individual to use in cooking crack cocaine.
Mr. Bennett, still represented by Mr. Minix, was one of the government
witnesses at Mr. Williams’ trial. Just before Mr. Bennett took the stand, Mr.
Minix, the prosecutor, and the district court engaged in the following colloquy:
MS. McEWEN: Government calls Tyree Bennett, Your Honor.
MR. MINIX: Your Honor, may we approach real quick?
THE COURT: Yes.
(Bench conference as follows.)
MR. MINIX: As the Court is aware, I’m representing
Mr. Bennett on an appeal. I was his second
counsel, and he’s been sentenced. I think we had
an agreement that there wasn’t going to be any
questions that would create a conflict.
MS. McEWEN: The government is not going to ask him any
questions about Mr. Williams, Mr. Minix’s client.
MR. MINIX: I just wanted to be sure the government wasn’t
going to ask him about anything I represented
him on.
MS. McEWEN: We aren’t.
THE COURT: I recall that’s the understanding.
(Bench conference ends.)
THE COURT: All right. You may proceed.
MS. McEWEN: Thank you, Your Honor.
D.E. 323 at 158.2
2
We have not been able to locate anything in the record that documents a prior discussion or
agreement regarding the scope of Mr. Bennett’s testimony. Nor have we found any indication in
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Mr. Bennett told the jury that he decided to cooperate with the government
by testifying in Mr. Williams’ trial in pursuit of the same goal that inspired him to
appeal—a reduced sentence. In his testimony on direct examination, Mr. Bennett
did not mention Mr. Williams by name. But he supported the government’s case
against both Mr. Williams and Mr. Toombs by directly describing (and by
corroborating other witnesses’ testimony concerning) the drug-distribution
conspiracy alleged in the indictment. For example, Mr. Bennett testified about the
general way that a drug-distribution conspiracy operates, about the types and
quantities of drugs distributed in connection with the charged conspiracy, and
about the roles or duties of certain individuals in that conspiracy. Mr. Bennett
further explained that he obtained drugs from Mr. Donaldson, among others. He
also said that he had known Mr. Toombs since the two were about 12 years old;
that he and Mr. Toombs dealt drugs that they obtained from Mr. Donaldson and
others named in the Donaldson-led conspiracy until he was arrested in late 2011;
and that Mr. Toombs and Mr. Donaldson continued selling drugs to his customers
when he was incarcerated.
the record that Mr. Williams was aware of the possibility that Mr. Minix had a conflict due to his
simultaneous representation of Mr. Bennett, let alone any indication that he knowingly and
intelligently waived his right to conflict-free counsel. See United States v. Alred, 144 F.3d 1405,
1411 (11th Cir. 1998) (describing the waiver process).
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On direct examination, Mr. Bennett made no mention of his letter to Mr.
Toombs or how he had received an obstruction of justice enhancement at
sentencing. When Mr. Toombs’ counsel cross-examined Mr. Bennett, he did not
ask about any of these topics either. Mr. Minix declined to cross-examine
Mr. Bennett on behalf of Mr. Williams.
The government, in its re-direct examination, posed about a dozen questions
to Mr. Bennett concerning the letter and the obstruction of justice enhancement.
Mr. Bennett’s testimony concluded with this exchange:
BY MR. HAMILTON:
Q: So you lost that three level reduction; is that
correct?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: And that was as a result of a letter that you
wrote?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: To Toombs? Does that perhaps leave you with
any animosity toward Mr. Toombs?
A: No, sir.
Q: So you and him are straight even though you
wrote that letter?
A: Yes, sir.
MR. HAMILTON: No further questions, Your Honor.
MS. McEWEN: Nothing further of this witness, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Any --
MR. MINIX: Nothing, Your Honor.
THE COURT: All right. Any reason this witness cannot be
excused?
MS. McEWEN: None from the government, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Any objection?
MR. HAMILTON: No objection.
MR. MINIX: No objection.
THE COURT: All right.
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D.E. 323 at 183–84.
Mr. Minix called one witness in Mr. Williams’ defense case. That witness
testified that Mr. Williams drove her to work each day for several years. Between
her direct examination and cross-examination, the witness’ testimony spanned just
over five of the roughly 1,000 pages in the trial transcript.
C
The jury found Mr. Williams guilty of the § 846 conspiracy charge. The
district court sentenced him to 20 years’ imprisonment—the minimum term of
imprisonment required pursuant to the information that the government filed
pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851—followed by 10 years’ supervised release.
In February of 2015, after Mr. Williams’ trial but before sentencing, Mr.
Minix submitted Mr. Bennett’s initial brief to the Eleventh Circuit. Several months
later, we affirmed Mr. Bennett’s sentence. See United States v. Bennett, 614 F.
App’x 403 (11th Cir. 2015).
II
Mr. Williams contends that Mr. Minix had a conflict of interest due to his
simultaneous representation of Mr. Bennett, and that this conflict had an adverse
effect on his performance at trial. This “conflict of interest claim is subject to de
novo review.” Mills v. Singletary, 161 F.3d 1273, 1287 (11th Cir. 1988).
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A
Under the Sixth Amendment, a defendant in a criminal case has the right to
the effective assistance of trial counsel. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687–88 (1984); Freund v. Butterworth, 165 F.3d 839, 858 (11th Cir. 1999)
(en banc). This right includes having counsel whose work is not affected by a
conflict of interest. See Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 350 (1980). A defendant
claiming that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance due to a conflict of
interest must, except in rare cases, establish an “actual conflict,” i.e., a “conflict
[that] adversely affected his counsel’s performance.” Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S.
162, 174 (2002). See also id. at 171 (an “actual conflict” is “a conflict that affected
counsel’s performance—as opposed to a mere theoretical division of loyalties”)
(emphasis omitted).3
To demonstrate adverse effect, Mr. Williams must point to some “plausible
alternative defense strategy or tactic that might have been pursued.” Freund, 165
F.3d at 860 (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). To be “plausible,”
the alternative strategy or tactic must have been “reasonable under the facts. . . .
[But Mr. Williams] need not show that the defense would necessarily have been
3
Under Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475 (1978), an “automatic reversal rule”—pursuant to
which we conclusively presume that the conflict affected counsel’s representation—applies
“only where defense counsel is forced to represent codefendants over his timely objection, unless
the trial court has determined that there is no conflict.” Mickens, 535 U.S. at 168.
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successful [if the alternative strategy or tactic] had been used[;] rather he only need
prove that the alternative possessed sufficient substance to be a viable alternative.”
Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, Mr. McWilliams
“must show some link between the . . . conflict and the decision to forgo the
alternative strategy of defense. In other words, he must establish that the
alternative defense was inherently in conflict with or not undertaken due to [Mr.
Minix’s] other loyalties or interests.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). See also Porter v. Singletary, 14 F.3d 554, 561 (11th Cir. 1994)
(requiring that a defendant “point to specific instances in the record which suggest
an impairment or compromise of his interests for the benefit of another party”).
In contrast to most ineffective-assistance-of-counsel cases, the foregoing
rule governing conflicts of interest is “prophylaxis,” Mickens, 535 U.S. at 176, so
that the defendant must establish “adverse effect,” but “need not demonstrate
prejudice in order to obtain relief.” Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 349–50. Where there is a
“breach[ of] the duty of loyalty, perhaps the most basic of counsel’s duties,” and
“it is difficult to measure the precise effect on the defense of representation
corrupted by conflicting interests, . . . it is reasonable for the criminal justice
system to maintain a fairly rigid rule of presumed prejudice for conflicts of
interest”—although “the rule [still] is not quite the per se rule of prejudice that
exists for [certain other] Sixth Amendment claims.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692.
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The question is whether “the verdict [is] unreliable, [irrespective of whether]
Strickland prejudice c[ould] be shown.” Mickens, 535 U.S. at 173.
B
As we have just said, an “actual conflict” is one that adversely affected
counsel’s performance. See Mickens, 535 U.S. at 171, 173–74. As we have done
in some of our post-Mickens cases, see, e.g., Ferrell v. Hall, 640 F.3d 1199, 1244
(11th Cir. 2011), we think it is useful to first determine whether there was a
conflict, and then to analyze whether that conflict ripened into an “actual conflict”
because it had an adverse effect on counsel’s performance.
On the issue of conflict, i.e., divided loyalties, the record before us—though
not fully developed—shows several things. First, at the time of Mr. Williams’
trial, Mr. Minix represented both Mr. Williams and Mr. Bennett (whose appeal on
the obstruction of justice issue was pending before the Eleventh Circuit). Second,
Mr. Bennett testified on behalf of the government in Mr. Williams’ trial. So Mr.
Minix simultaneously represented a defendant in a criminal trial and a witness for
the prosecution at that trial. Third, Mr. Minix was faced with the choice of
whether to cross-examine one of his clients (Mr. Bennett) while representing
another (Mr. Williams). These undisputed facts allow us to begin to address Mr.
Williams’ conflict of interest claim. See United States v. Camacho, 40 F.3d 349,
355 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Generally, we do not consider claims of ineffective
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assistance of counsel on direct appeal, because there usually has been insufficient
opportunity to develop the record regarding the merits of these claims. We will,
however, consider an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct appeal if the
record is sufficiently developed.”) (citation omitted).
“A conflict may arise from a lawyer’s simultaneous or successive
representation of adverse interests.” McConico v. State of Alabama, 919 F.2d
1543, 1546 (11th Cir. 1990). As we explain below, Mr. Minix had a conflict of
interest at Mr. Williams’ trial.
The governing ethical canons of the legal profession, see, e.g., Waters v.
Kemp, 845 F.2d 260, 263 (11th Cir. 1988), provide that, except under specified
circumstances, “a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation involves a
concurrent conflict of interest,” i.e., if “there is a significant risk that the
representation of one or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s
responsibility to another client[.]” Model Rules Prof’l Conduct R. 1.7(a)(2)
(2014). We have noted that “[a]n attorney who cross-examines a former client
inherently encounters divided loyalties.” Lightbourne v. Dugger, 829 F.2d 1012,
1023 (11th Cir. 1981). Here the situation was more problematic because Mr.
Bennett was Mr. Minix’s current client.
At trial, Mr. Minix was “placed in the equivocal position of having to cross-
examine his own client as an adverse witness. His zeal in defense of his client the
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accused [Mr. Williams] [wa]s thus counterpoised against solicitude for his client
the witness [Mr. Bennett].” Castillo v. Estelle, 504 F.2d 1243, 1245 (5th Cir.
1974) (Wisdom, J.) (concluding that defense counsel’s “divided loyalties”—the
simultaneous representation of a criminal defendant and of the victim/witness of
the defendant’s alleged crime in unrelated litigation—“amount[ed] to a denial of
the right to effective representation essential to a fair trial”). In addition, Mr.
Minix faced the possibility that Mr. Bennett “might take umbrage at a vigorous
defense of [Mr. Williams] and dispense with [his future] services.” Zuck v. State of
Alabama, 588 F.2d 436, 439 (5th Cir. 1979). See also Wheat v. United States, 486
U.S. 153, 163–64 (1988) (upholding district court’s decision to not allow a
defendant to substitute his counsel with counsel for his co-defendants because of
the ethical problems which would be faced by the latter in cross-examining his
clients if they testified as government witnesses at the defendant’s trial). Contrary
to the government’s argument, see Br. for the United States at 32–33, by the time
of Mr. Bennett’s testimony at Mr. Williams’ trial, the conflict was no longer
hypothetical.
In McConico, a simultaneous representation case similar in some ways to
this one, we noted that “[t]he inherently antagonistic task of cross-examining a
client was made more serious” because the cross-examination “called into
question” the litigation position that the very same attorney was advancing for that
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client. McConico, 919 F.2d at 1543, 1547–48. James McConico was charged with
the murder of his brother-in-law, Ricky Morton, and claimed self-defense. James’
wife, Brenda—who was Ricky’s sister—retained the same attorney who was
representing James on the murder charge to recover insurance proceeds from
Ricky’s insurance policy. That policy, however, contained an exclusion that
denied payment if the death was related to Ricky’s commission of an assault or
felony—such as what would have prompted James to kill Ricky in self-defense.
Prior to trial, the insurance company paid Brenda and the attorney some of the
proceeds from the policy. After James’ trial, Brenda and her other brother Rodney
signed a document releasing the insurance company from any further liability
arising out of the insurance claim. See id. at 1544–45.
At James’ trial, the attorney argued that James shot Ricky (who was
allegedly the aggressor) in self-defense. Brenda testified for the prosecution at
trial, so the attorney who represented both her (on the insurance matter) and James
(on the murder charge in the criminal case), and who was asserting contradictory
theories on behalf of each client, had to cross-examine her. The jury found James
guilty, and the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment. See id. at 1545.
On these facts, we held that the opposing litigation positions of James and
Brenda McConico presented “a situation of inherent conflict.” Id. at 1547. We
noted that the attorney “did not vigorously impeach” or otherwise attack Brenda’s
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testimony as much as he might have. Id. at 1549. Indeed, we said that the conflict
“forced [him] to choose evidence less convincing for [James’] case . . . than was
available.” Id. at 1547.
As in McConico, here the undisputed facts establish a conflict of interest:
Mr. Minix represented two clients concurrently, and when one of them testified at
the other’s trial, Mr. Minix had to decide whether to cross-examine.
C
That leaves the question of adverse effect. Mr. Williams argues that the
conflict faced by Mr. Minix adversely affected his performance, and his argument
proceeds as follows: Mr. Minix failed to cross-examine Mr. Bennett; cross-
examination was a viable option, given that, for example, Mr. Bennett left himself
open to impeachment based on his post-detention criminal activity, which reflected
a willingness to lie to the government; and it would have been impossible for Mr.
Minix to cross-examine Mr. Bennett on this matter without both violating his duty
of loyalty to Mr. Bennett and undermining his ongoing attempt to obtain a reduced
sentence in the pending appellate proceedings (or, the reason that Mr. Minix did
not cross-examine Mr. Bennett was specifically that he did not wish to violate his
duty of loyalty to him, or that he did not wish to undermine Mr. Bennett’s ongoing
attempt to reduce his sentence). See Freund, 165 F.3d at 860.
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As noted earlier, an adverse effect resulting from a conflict is not the same
thing as prejudice in the run-of-the-mill Strickland sense. See Mickens, 535 U.S. at
173; Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 349–50; Freund, 165 F.3d at 860. We conclude that, on
the existing record, Mr. Williams has made out a strong case of adverse effect.
Mr. Minix chose not to cross-examine Mr. Bennett and, in the words of Freund,
cross-examination appears to have “possessed sufficient substance to be a viable
alternative” given the facts that led to Mr. Bennett’s obstruction of justice
enhancement. 165 F.3d at 860 (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition,
cross-examination appears to have been “inherently in conflict with . . . [Mr.
Minix’s] other loyalties or interests” or appears to have “‘not [been] undertaken
due to th[os]e . . . other loyalties or interests.’” Id. Indeed, it appears that there
was an agreement or understanding that Mr. Bennett would not testify about Mr.
Williams, and this may have been an attempt to eliminate or at least minimize the
conflict Mr. Minix faced due to his simultaneous representation. See McConico,
919 F.2d at 1547–49; Castillo, 504 F.2d at 1245. We note, as well, that “it is
generally easier to prove actual conflict arising from simultaneous representation
than from successive representation.” McConico, 919 F.2d at 1546.
The government argues that there was no harm, and therefore no foul,
because Mr. Bennett stayed away from directly incriminating Mr. Williams during
his testimony. As a result, says the government, there was “nothing to be gained”
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from cross-examination. See Br. for the United States at 33. This argument
mistakenly applies the general Strickland prejudice standard to Mr. Williams’
conflict of interest claim. What matters is whether cross-examination “possessed
sufficient substance to be a viable alternative.” Freund, 165 F.3d at 860. The
government’s argument also overlooks the fact that Mr. Bennett’s testimony
helped establish the existence of the charged conspiracy (one of the key elements
of the § 846 offense) and the role of various players in the scheme. Impeaching
Mr. Bennett with his obstructive conduct (which involved deception) would have
at least served the purpose of undermining his credibility (and possibly a portion of
the government’s case). The government’s argument might be on more solid
footing if Mr. Williams were required to show Strickland prejudice, but that is not
a burden that he shoulders. The same goes for the fact that the government, on re-
direct examination, asked Mr. Bennett some questions about the obstruction of
justice enhancement. See, e.g., Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 349–50.
Nevertheless, we do not award Mr. Williams the relief he seeks—a new
trial—at this time. We think it is best to remand the case to the district court so
that it can hold an evidentiary hearing and flesh out all of the relevant facts relating
to Mr. Williams’ conflict of interest claim. See, e.g., Burden v. Zant, 871 F.2d 956,
957 (11th Cir. 1989) (remanding for an evidentiary hearing to determine the facts
concerning a conflict of interest claim). Among other things, we do not know if
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Mr. Minix told Mr. Williams about his simultaneous representation of Mr. Bennett,
or if Mr. Williams, having been so informed, was afforded a hearing under United
States v. Garcia, 517 F.2d 272, 278 (5th Cir. 1975), or given the opportunity to
seek independent legal advice about the conflict. We do not know the specifics of
the agreement or understanding amongst the parties and the district court to limit
Mr. Bennett’s testimony at trial. We do not know if there were any discussions
between Mr. Minix and Mr. Bennett concerning the latter’s testimony at Mr.
Williams’ trial. And we do not know what other reasons Mr. Minix might have
had—aside from the divided loyalties resulting from his simultaneous
representation—to forgo cross-examination of Mr. Bennett.4
III
We remand for the limited purpose of having the district court conduct an
evidentiary hearing on whether Mr. Minix’s conflict resulted in an adverse effect.
Once the district court has concluded the evidentiary hearing, it should prepare an
4
We are cognizant of the possibility that, due to the existence of the attorney-client privilege
between Mr. Minix and both of his clients, the district court may not be able to answer all of the
questions we have set out in the text (or others it deems relevant). That possibility is one of the
reasons why the actual conflict standard does not demand a showing of traditional Strickland
prejudice. See Mickens, 535 U.S. at 168 (“[C]ounsel’s conflicting obligations to multiple
defendants ‘effectively sea[l] his lips on crucial matters’ and make it difficult to measure the
precise harm arising from counsel’s errors”) (alterations in original, quoting Holloway, 435 U.S.
at 489–90). It requires only some “link between the . . . conflict and the decision to forgo the
alternative strategy of defense . . . [i.e., a showing] that the alternative defense was inherently in
conflict with or not undertaken due to [Mr. Minix’s] other loyalties or interests.” Freund, 165
F.3d at 860.
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order detailing its findings and conclusions and transmit that order, along with a
supplemental record, to the clerk of this court. The panel will retain jurisdiction
over the appeal and permit the parties, at the appropriate time, to file supplemental
briefs.5
REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
5
At this time we choose not to address the other issues Mr. Williams raises on appeal.
19