United States v. Baker ( 1997 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 96-4627
ANTHONY MARCELLUS BAKER,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
Peter J. Messitte, District Judge.
(CR-94-361-PJM)
Submitted: June 3, 1997
Decided: August 28, 1997
Before WILKINS, LUTTIG, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
Kenneth M. Robinson, THE ROBINSON LAW FIRM, Washington,
D.C., for Appellant. Lynne A. Battaglia, United States Attorney, San-
dra Wilkinson, Assistant United States Attorney, Greenbelt, Mary-
land, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Anthony Marcellus Baker appeals from his conviction of being a
felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (1994), for which
he was sentenced to 240 months imprisonment. Baker claims, first,
that he was improperly cross-examined by the Government concern-
ing his pre-trial silence in violation of Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610(1976); and, second, that the trial judge coerced the jury into render-
ing its verdict. Finding no error, we affirm.
United States Park Police stopped Baker in January 1994 for run-
ning a red light. The officer noticed a bulge in Baker's pants which
turned out to be a .32 caliber handgun. Baker fled the scene before
he was arrested and was not indicted until September 1994. The dis-
trict court granted Baker's motion to suppress the firearm on the
grounds that the scope of the search was over-broad. Baker did not
testify at the suppression hearing. This court reversed the district
court, finding that it had improperly granted the motion to suppress.
United States v. Baker, 78 F.3d 135, 138 (4th Cir. 1996). Baker was
then tried by a jury.
Baker testified at his trial, giving contradictory testimony concern-
ing the events on the evening he was stopped by the park police. On
cross-examination, the Government's attorney asked Baker, in refer-
ring to the hearing on Baker's suppression motion,"Now, Mr. Baker,
you didn't testify at that December hearing, did you?" Baker's objec-
tion was sustained, and the district court gave a limiting instruction,
admonishing the jury not to consider Baker's prior silence as evidence
and not to draw any inference from the question or the answer. The
following exchange then took place:
Q. Mr. Baker, between the time of your arrest and the
charges in this case, until today . . . have you told anyone
from law enforcement, myself included, this story that you
told the jury here today?
A. Nobody from law enforcement, no.
2
Q. In fact, this is the first time that we've heard this story,
isn't it, Mr. Baker?
A. This was the first time I chose to testify.
Baker did not object to this line of questioning. Following Baker's
testimony, the defense rested.
The jury began deliberating at 11:50 a.m. on Friday. At 3:35 that
afternoon, the jury sent a note to the judge stating that it was dead-
locked. The judge denied Baker's motion for a mistrial, instead send-
ing a note to the jury to "Please continue your deliberations and
please save this note." At 5:40 p.m., the jury sent another note stating
that it was still deadlocked and that "Juror No. 5 and No. 2 have been
excused for next week." Before excusing the jury for the weekend, the
judge stated that jurors 2 and 5 would not be excused because "this
case will take priority." On Monday morning, the judge issued a mod-
ified Allen1 charge. The jury recessed at 10:10 a.m. and at 10:51 a.m.
announced it had reached a verdict. Baker appeals his conviction.
a. Doyle claim. Baker first claims that he was deprived of a fair
trial by the Government's questioning on cross-examination both as
to his failure to testify at the suppression hearing and as to his failure
to inform law enforcement authorities of his exculpatory explanation
of the events surrounding his arrest. We find this claim to be without
merit. Due process is not violated when a defendant who testifies in
his own behalf is impeached with his prior silence. Raffel v. United
States, 271 U.S. 494 (1926). The Supreme Court carved out an excep-
tion to this rule in Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 (1976), where it held
that the Due Process Clause was violated by the use of the defen-
dant's silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda2 warn-
ings, to impeach exculpatory testimony given for the first time at trial.
Nevertheless, Baker's claim with respect to the prosecutor's questions
regarding his failure to testify at the suppression hearing fails for two
reasons.
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1 Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896).
2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 346 (1966).
3
First, the Supreme Court has held that limited questioning concern-
ing a defendant's prior silence, followed by a curative instruction and
the absence of improper closing argument, does not violate Doyle.
Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756 (1987). Here, the district court sus-
tained Baker's objection and quickly gave a curative instruction. Fur-
ther, the prosecutor made no reference to Baker's silence at the
suppression hearing in her closing argument.
Second, there is no Doyle error where the defendant was not given
Miranda warnings. Fletcher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603, 607 (1982) ("In
the absence of the sort of affirmative assurances embodied in the
Miranda warnings, we do not believe that it violates due process of
law for a State to permit cross-examination as to postarrest silence
when a defendant chooses to take the stand."); see also Jenkins v.
Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 240-41 (1980) (the use of prearrest silence
to impeach a defendant's credibility does not violate the Constitu-
tion). Baker was never Mirandized--he fled the scene before he was
arrested and was indicted nine months later, only after the park police
officer identified him at an unrelated traffic stop. Baker voluntarily
surrendered to the United States Marshal's Office and was never
questioned by the police.
Baker did not object to the second line of questioning by the prose-
cutor. Accordingly, he waived appellate review of this claim, absent
plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52; United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725(1993). Baker cannot show any error--much less, plain error--
because, under Fletcher, the prosecutor's questions were not
improper.
b. Allen charge. Baker claims that the judge improperly coerced
the jury to render a verdict by (1) giving a modified Allen charge after
the jury had twice indicated it was deadlocked and (2) failing to
apprise Baker of the jury's numerical split prior to giving the modi-
fied Allen charge.
The necessity, extent, and character of any supplemental instruc-
tions are matters within the district court's discretion. United States
v. Horton, 921 F.2d 540, 546 (4th Cir. 1990). The district court may
provide a deadlocked jury with a modified Allen charge as long as the
charge was fair, neutral, and balanced. See United States v. Sawyers,
423 F.2d 1335, 1342 n.7 (4th Cir. 1970) (setting forth an acceptable
modified Allen charge).
4
The judge instructed all members of the jury--minority and
majority--to reconsider their views in light of the opinions of the
other side. Additionally, Baker's jury was instructed: "none of you
should surrender your honest conviction as to the weight or effect of
the evidence solely because of the opinion of your fellow jurors or for
the mere purpose of returning a verdict." We find that the instruction
was substantially similar to the instruction approved by this court in
Sawyers, 423 F.2d at 1342, and, therefore, was not unduly coercive.
Baker claims that the fact that the jury took only forty-one minutes
to reach a verdict establishes that it was coerced by the supplemental
instruction. However, the speed with which a jury returns a verdict
after receiving a modified Allen charge is not decisive. See, e.g.,
Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988) (fact that jury returned its
verdict thirty minutes after the court gave a supplemental instruction
was not coercive); United States v. Chigbo, 38 F.3d 543, 546 (11th
Cir. 1994) (affirming conviction when verdict returned fifteen min-
utes after the instruction). The fact that the jury deliberated forty-one
minutes after receiving the modified Allen charge suggests that the
jury listened to the others' viewpoints rather than the minority simply
being coerced into agreeing with the majority. Cf. United States v.
Rogers, 289 F.2d 433, 436 (4th Cir. 1961) (verdict few minutes after
Allen charge "hardly long enough to have permitted a painstaking re-
examination of the views which the minority had held steadfastly
until the charge was given").
Finally, Baker claims that the district court committed reversible
error by failing to disclose the numerical split in the jury (nine to
three) when it announced for the second time that it was deadlocked.
We disagree. A modified Allen charge following disclosure of the
jury split is not inherently coercive. See United States v. Lorenzo, 43
F.3d 1303, 1307 (9th Cir. 1995) (Allen charge following disclosure to
district court judge of numerical split held permissible); United States
v. Elkins, 885 F.2d 775, 784 (11th Cir. 1989) (same).
Accordingly, we affirm Baker's conviction. We dispense with oral
argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately pres-
ented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid in
the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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